Intake Of Major Nutrients Research Articles

Dietary Factors and Cardiovascular Diseases: Comprehensive Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020 and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major public health concern. The impact of dietary components on CVD risk has been recognized, but their interactions require further investigation. This study aimed to examine the associations between major nutrient intake and CVD risk and to assess potential causal relationships via Mendelian randomization. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020, with a sample size of 5464 adult participants. Nutrient intake was derived from two 24 h dietary recalls. Associations between four principal nutrients and CVD risk were evaluated via Mendelian randomization analysis. Additionally, weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to adjust for potential confounders, including age, sex, BMI, and other lifestyle factors. An observational analysis revealed that increased log-transformed dietary fat intake was associated with reduced heart failure risk (OR = 0.722, 95% CI: 0.549-0.954). Log-transformed protein intake was protective against heart failure (OR = 0.645, 95% CI: 0.471-0.889), coronary artery disease (OR = 0.684, 95% CI: 0.504-0.931), and stroke (OR = 0.747, 95% CI: 0.568-0.988). IVW-MR analyses confirmed causal relationships between relative fat intake and heart failure risk (OR = 0.766, 95% CI: 0.598-0.982, p = 0.035) and between protein intake and stroke risk (OR = 0.993, 95% CI: 0.988-0.998, p = 0.010). MR analysis also revealed causal relationships between relative fat intake and coronary artery disease risk and between relative protein intake and hypertension risk. Both the observational and Mendelian randomization studies indicated that dietary fat is inversely associated with heart failure risk and that protein intake is correlated with reduced stroke risk. Future studies should investigate the optimal balance of macronutrients for CVD prevention, explore potential mechanisms underlying these associations, and consider long-term dietary interventions to validate these findings.

Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India.

The dietary patterns and quality of diets of women of reproductive age (WRA) significantly affect their health and that of their children. The suboptimal diet among women can lead to issues such as intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, and malnutrition. To examine the dietary patterns and nutrient intake of WRA in the indigenous communities of the Attappady tribal block in Kerala, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 20 randomly selected villages in 2022. The study involved 24 h dietary recall surveys, anthropometric measurements, and estimation of hemoglobin concentration to assess nutrient intake and nutritional status. A total of 446 women aged 15-49 from 423 households participated, with 92 households included in the diet survey. The findings indicated that the diet was primarily based on cereals and root-based starchy staples, with low consumption of dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. The estimated intakes of major nutrients, except for protein, were lower than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Nearly 50% of the WRA were malnourished. About 32% of non-pregnant and non-lactating (NPNL) women and 40% of lactating mothers suffered from chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). Conversely, 13.4% of NPNL women and 15% of lactating mothers were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). A total of 12.5% of adolescent girls aged 15-19 were thin (BAZ < -2 SD), and 10.5% were overweight or obese (BAZ > +1 SD). Since the co-existence of micronutrient deficiencies and undernutrition is rooted in the socio-cultural aspects of indigenous tribes, a culturally sensitive nutrition intervention model would be appropriate for the better health and wellbeing of women in the community.

한국 청소년의 신체이미지 왜곡에 따른 영양섭취실태

Objectives This study was conducted to examine why Korean adolescents have a distorted body image and assess the nutrient intake according to their body image recognition status.&#x0D; Methods Data of 2,337 adolescents aged 12-18 years who participated in the 6th and 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2013 to 2017 were analyzed. The body image distortion status of the participants was determined using the body mass index (BMI) and body image responses as objective and subjective indicators, respectively. The participants were divided into groups based on their body image recognition status: under-distorted group, normal group, and over-distorted group. The energy intake, three major nutrient intake and, nutrient intake to the dietary reference intake ratio, and proportion of patients with intakes below the dietary reference intake were calculated for each body image recognition group.&#x0D; Results Among the male adolescents, 24.3% were included in the under-distorted group and 9.2% in the over-estimated group, thus showing that the proportion of adolescents in the under-distorted group was higher. Among the female adolescents, 13.2% were included in the under-distorted group and 15.6% in the over-distorted group, thus showing that the proportion of adolescents in the over-distorted group was higher. The proportion of male adolescents who consumed less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) of riboflavin and that of female adolescents who consumed less than the EAR of protein and thiamine were significantly higher in the over-distorted group than those in the under-distorted group and the normal group, respectively. The NAR of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium were low (0.44-0.62) in all three body image recognition groups regardless of sex.&#x0D; Conclusions Thus, continuous education on healthy, well-balanced eating habits and body image is necessary for Korean adolescents to develop healthy mental and physical body image.

Changes in Dietary Intake of Major Nutrients and Food Sources among Costa Rican Adolescents in the Last 20 Years

Adolescence offers a window of opportunity to prevent adult obesity and noncommunicable disease risk factors. With the rising prevalence of adolescent obesity over the last 20 y, identifying any changes in dietary risk factors is crucial. We aimed to assess the dietary intake of major nutrients and their food sources in Costa Rican adolescents from 1996 to 2017. Means from 3-d food records from adolescents (ages 13-18 y) living in San José (the province with the highest concentration of adolescents in Costa Rica) were obtained in 1996 (n=276), 2006 (n=133), and 2017 (n=818). Differences in consumption of major nutrients and selected food groups by sex and survey period were tested using age- and area-adjusted ANOVAs. In 2017, adolescents consumed significantly (P<0.05) less saturated and trans fats [saturated: -3.2% of total energy (TE); trans: -1.4% TE], vegetables (-24g/d), beans (-42g/d), and white rice (22g/d) than in 1996. The 2017 adolescents also reported significantly higher consumption of unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs: up from 8.2% to 15.3% TE; PUFAs: up from 5.5% to 9.5% TE; P<0.05), sugary drinks (+134g/d), pastries/desserts (+55g/d), other refined starchy foods (+36g/d), and snacks/fast foods (+26g/d) than their 1996 counterparts. In 1996 and 2006, the main source of calories was white rice, whereas in 2017, it was sugary drinks (12% TE and 15% TE, respectively; P<0.05). The intake ratio of beans to white rice was significantly higher in 1996 (1:1.6) than in 2017 (1:3.5). The changes in the intake of major nutrients and food sources of Costa Rican adolescents present new public health challenges for cardiometabolic risk prevention. Costa Rica should prioritize the design of comprehensive strategies that target added sugar intake while simultaneously increasing access to and promotion of healthful items.

Mental health and nutritional intake according to sleep duration in adolescents - Based on the 2007-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

본 연구는 우리나라 중 · 고등학생의 수면시간의 특성과 정신건강 문제, 영양섭취 상태의 관련성을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 2007~2016년 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 바탕으로 총 5,489명(중학생 2,795명, 고등학생 2,694명)을 대상으로 분석하였다. 수면시간과 정신건강과의 연관성은 로지스틱 회기분석을 사용하여 분석하였고, 수면시간과 영양 섭취량의 연관성은 일반선형모델로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수면시간을 분석한 결과, 중학생이 고등학생보다 평균 수면시간이 더 많았다 (P<0.0001). 둘째, 수면시간과 정신건강 문제의 관련성은 중학생의 경우 수면시간이 증가할수록 스트레스 인지율(P<0.0001)과 자살생각 여부(P=0.0005)는 유의적으로 더 낮게 나타났다. 고등학생은 수면시간이 6-7시간인 그룹이 6시간 미만인 그룹에 비해 자살생각이 53% 더 적었고, 7-8시간인 그룹이 6시간 미만인 그룹에 비해 자살생각이 37% 더 적었다. 수면시간에 따른 스트레스 인지 여부의 연관성은 중학생과 고등학생 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(P for interaction=0.02). 셋째, 수면시간에 따른 주요 영양소 1일 섭취량은 고등학생의 경우 수면시간이 9시간 이상인 그룹에서 비타민C의 섭취량이 높은 것으로 나타났다(P=0.003). 넷째, 수면시간에 따른 영양소 섭취상태는 고등학생의 경우 수면시간이 길수록, 인, 리보플라빈, 나이아신, 비타민C가 영양소 적정비와 평균영양소 적정비가 증가하였다. 청소년의 수면시간과 스트레스 인지와 자살생각 그리고 영양소 섭취상태는 연관성이 있음을 알 수 있었으며 이러한 결과는 청소년기 수면이 가지는 정신적 중요성을 강조하고, 영양교육의 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.The purpose of this study was to examine the relevance of mental health and nutritional intake according to the sleep duration of Korean adolescents. This study was based on data from the 2007-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHNES), including 5,489 total subjects (2,795 middle school students, 2,694 high school students). The association between sleep duration and mental health was analyzed using a logistic regression analysis, and the link between sleep duration and nutritional intake was analyzed via a generalized linear model. An analysis of sleep duration showed that middle school students had a higher average sleep duration than high school students (P<0.0001). An analysis of the relationship between sleep duration and mental health showed that middle school students had lower rates of stress perception (P<0.0001) and suicidal ideation (P=0.0005) as their sleep duration increased. High school students had 53% less suicidal ideation in the group getting 6-7 hours compared to the group getting less than 6 hours, and 37% less suicidal ideation than the group getting 7-8 hours. The link between sleep duration and stress perception was statistically significant among both middle and high school students (P for interaction=0.02). An analysis of the daily intake of major nutrients according to sleep hours found high intake of vitamin C in groups where high school students slept more than nine hours (P=0.003). The state of nutritional intake according to higher sleep duration showed statistically significant differences between higher intake of phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C in Nutrient Adequacy Ratio for high school students. In conclusion, adolescents’ sleep duration is associated with stress perception, suicidal ideation and nutritional intake. Therefore, this study emphasizes the mental importance of adolescent sleep and can be used as a basis for nutrition education.

Novel Models of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in the Nutritional Environment.

Epigenetic memories are acquired information included in the chromatin or DNA such as methylation and histone modifications. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic memories determine the types of differentiated cells in each tissue. Moreover, the development of metabolic diseases induced by environmental factors during development is controlled by epigenetic regulation rather than the genetic regulation such as DNA sequence-dependent transcriptional regulation. In general, the demethylation of CpG islands induces histone acetylation, associated changes from heterochromatin to euchromatin, and enhances transcriptional activation. Under the classical model of epigenetics, these changes are induced by the binding of transcriptional factors to cis-elements located on promoter/enhancer regions and the associated binding of histone acetyl-transferase and the transcription initiation complex. This model is dependent on epigenetics in the promoter/enhancer region and is used to explain the induction of genes by lipophilic nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolites. However, recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetics in the gene body (transcribed region) also regulate transcription. This novel model postulates that histone acetylation and bromodomain-containing protein 4, which contains two bromodomains to bind acetylated histones, on the gene body enhance transcriptional elongation. Gene expression alterations induced by carbohydrate signals and changes to energy balance in the body accompanied by the intake of major nutrients are also regulated by this model. In this section, we introduce these epigenetic regulations and their relationship with nutrient intake and discuss the link between epigenetic regulation and the development of metabolic diseases.

Importance of Food Selection for Celiac Sprue Disease

Abstract A questionnaire survey was conducted among people with celiac disease. Questions were focused on dietary foods available and the preference of suitable grain food species. A one-week diet menu was prepared for the participants of the survey. Daily intake of major nutrients and energy was determined. Supermarkets have the largest selection of dietary foods, although in a narrow range. Celiac patients often rely on themselves to make and prepare food. The majority of respondents (57%) considered dietary restrictions as burdening; 43% have adapted to this situation. Food made of rice was the most popular among cereal foods for 50% of respondents, corn for 39%, and buckwheat and millet for only 7% of respondents. Nobody classified amaranth as the most popular food. The model diet for people with celiac disease exceeded the recommended daily intake of protein and undervalued lipid ingestion. This problem was mainly caused by the food composition of the evening meal. Total daily energy intake of 9900 kJ met the women’s needs. There were still 2100 kJ missing for men. The terms ‘gluten-free food or diet’ and ‘gliadin content’, which generally relate to the products of wheat, rye, oats, and triticale, are not accurate.

Relationship between epigenetic regulation, dietary habits, and the developmental origins of health and disease theory.

Environmental stressors during developmental stages are hypothesized to increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychiatric diseases during later life. This theory is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Recent studies suggest that accumulation of environmental stress, including those during developmental stages, is internalized as acquired information designated as "epigenetic memory." This epigenetic memory is generally indicated as DNA methylation and histone modifications in the chromatin. In general, the demethylation of CpG islands induces histone acetylation and associated changes from heterochromatin to euchromatin, and enhances transcriptional activation. These changes are induced by the binding of transcriptional factors to cis-elements located on promoter and enhancer regions and the associated binding of histone acetyl-transferase and the transcription initiation complex. Recent studies have demonstrated novel epigenetic modifications that regulate transcription elongation steps by activating histone acetylation and bromodomain-containing protein 4, which contains two bromodomains to bind acetylated histones, on the gene body (transcribed region). Gene expression alterations induced by carbohydrate signals and by changes in energy balance in the body are regulated by this model. In addition, induction of many metabolic genes, which are induced or reduced in adulthood by malnutrition during developmental stages, by intake of major nutrients, or development of lifestyle diseases in adulthood, are targeted by these novel epigenetic changes. In the present review, we introduce epigenetic regulations and the relationship with nutrient intake, and discuss links between epigenetic regulation and the development of metabolic diseases according to DOHaD.

Physiological Effect of Micronutrient on Uptake of Major Nutrient by Plant and Oil Content of Seed of Sesame Crop for Coastal Odisha Situation

An Action Research was conducted by the Plant Physiology Researchers in 2014-15 in the Dept. of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar in order to study the Physiological Effect of micronutrient on uptake of major nutrients by Sesame plant and micronutrient is the only key factor for enhancing oil seed content in the pod of Oil Seed Crops. Coastal Odisha situation is very good condition where Oilseed Crop can be grown well and cope up with the climatic condition. Here the Researchers want to draw the conclusion to transfer the technology based on How to increase oil content in Oil Seed Crop by applying appropriate amount of Micronutrient. There is a pool and energy inertia is working for the intake of Major Nutrients by Micronutrients.

Reproducibility and validity of an FFQ developed for adults in Nanjing, China.

We evaluated the reproducibility and validity of an FFQ used in a Chinese community-based nutrition and health survey. A total of ninety-nine males and 104 females aged 31-80 years completed four three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR, served as a reference method, one three consecutive 24-HDR for each season) and two FFQ (FFQ1 and FFQ2) over a 1-year interval. The reproducibility of the FFQ was estimated with correlation coefficients, misclassification and weighted κ statistic. The validity was evaluated by comparing the data obtained from FFQ2 with the mean 24-HDR (m24-HDR). Compared with the m24-HDR, the FFQ tended to underestimate intake of most nutrients and food groups. For all nutrients and food groups, the Spearman's and intra-class correlation coefficients between FFQ1 and FFQ2 ranged from 0·66 to 0·88 and from 0·65 to 0·87, respectively. Most correlation coefficients decreased after adjusting for energy. More than 90% of the subjects were classified into the same or adjacent categories by both FFQ. For all nutrients and food groups, the crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Spearman's correlation coefficients between FFQ2 and the m24-HDR ranged from 0·21 to 0·69, 0·19 to 0·58 and 0·25 to 0·71, respectively. More than 70% of the subjects were classified into the same and adjacent categories by both instruments. Both weighted κ statistic and the Bland-Altman plots showed reasonably acceptable agreement between the FFQ2 and the m24-HDR. The FFQ developed for adults in the Nanjing area can be used to reliably and validly measure usual intake of major nutrients and food groups.

Quality of Diet and Nutritional Intake and Mortality Risk among South Korean Adults Based on 12-year Follow-up Data

Objectives: Studies that reported the association between diet quality/nutritional intake status and mortality have rarely used long-term follow-up data in Asian countries, including Korea. This study investigated the association between the risk of mortality (all-cause and cause-specific) and the diet quality/nutritional intake status using follow- up 12-year mortality data from a nationally representative sample of South Koreans. Methods: 8,941 individuals who participated in 1998 and 2001 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were linked to mortality data from death certificates. Of those individuals, 1,083 (12.1%) had died as of December, 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relative risks of mortality according to the level of diet quality and intakes of major nutrients. Indicators for diet quality index and nutritional intake status were assessed using MAR (mean adequacy ratio) and energy and protein intake level compared with the 2010 Korean DRI. Results: Higher diet quality/nutritional intake status were associated with lower mortality; the mortality risk (95% confidence interval) from all-cause of lowest MAR group vs highest was 1.66 (1.27 to 2.18) among ≥ 30 year old, and 1.98 (1.36 to 2.86) among 30~64 year old individuals. Those with below 75% of energy and protein intake of Korean DRI had higher mortality risks of all-cause mortality compared to the reference group. Diet quality/nutritional intake status was inversely associated with mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

High Intake of Energy and Fat in Southwest Chinese Women with PCOS: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrinological disease with heterogeneous phenotype. Obesity contributes to the increased prevalence and severity of PCOS. Whether the intakes of major nutrients are higher in Chinese PCOS patients is still unknown.ObjectivesTo study the intakes of total energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate in Southwest Chinese PCOS patients.Methods1854 women were included in the cross-sectional study. A population-based case-control study was conducted. The dietary habits and nutrients intake status of 169 PCOS patients and 338 age-matched controls were investigated by the method of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.ResultsThe actual intake of total energy (P = 0.01) and fat (P = 0.01) were higher, but carbohydrate was lower (P = 0.01) in PCOS patients as compared with the controls. The energy percentage supplied by protein (12.33%±2.27% vs. 19.26%±5.91%, P<0.001) and carbohydrate (48.72%±6.41% vs. 68.31%±8.37%, P<0.001) were lower in Southwest Chinese PCOS patients than those of control, however, the energy percentage supplied by fat was higher (38.95%±5.71% vs. 12.42%±5.13%, P<0.001) in PCOS.ConclusionsLimit the intake of total energy and fat shall be recommended to the Southwest Chinese PCOS patients. Women with PCOS in Southwest China shall consult with the nutritionist for improving the dietary structure.

Why is it important to monitor the diet of overweight patients with depressive disorders?

Aim of the studyThe aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of weight reduction diet in patients with depressive disorders, including the assessment of changes in the intake of major nutrients that may promote alterations in body composition during a three-month observation.Subject or material and methodsThe study included 77 people with excessive body weight (45 women and 32 men; average age of women 49.3±10.3 years and men 47.1± 1.2 years) treated for recurrent depressive disorders and being on a 3-month weight reduction diet. The study patients underwent anthropometric measurements and their body composition was determined with electric bio-impedance.ResultsMean weight loss in women was 2.7±2.5kg, and in men 2.0±5.6kg. There was a decrease in fat mass in women by an average of 1.8±5.7kg and in men by 1.3±7.1kg. A statistically significant reduction was reported in the mean waist circumference (3.8±3.7cm) and hips (2.0 ± 1.9cm) among women. Diet modification brought a decrease in the energy value of daily diet and reduction in the supply of macronutrients.DiscussionDietary treatment consisting in reduced energy values, mainly by reducing fat intake, contributes to weight loss.ConclusionsThe long-term effect of the nutritional therapy indicates the need for intensified dietary education, both in terms of the number of dietary trainings and intensive cooperation between patient and dietician for proper selection of food products. The cooperation should not only be related to diet correction, but is also expected to motivate physical activity and lifestyle changes.

Energy and nutrient intakes among Sri Lankan adults.

IntroductionThe epidemic of nutrition related non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has reached to epidemic portion in the Sri Lanka. However, to date, detailed data on food consumption in the Sri Lankan population is limited. The aim of this study is to identify energy and major nutrient intake among Sri Lankan adults.MethodsA nationally-representative sample of adults was selected using a multi-stage random cluster sampling technique.ResultsData from 463 participants (166 Males, 297 Females) were analyzed. Total energy intake was significantly higher in males (1913 ± 567 kcal/d) than females (1514 ± 458 kcal/d). However, there was no significant gender differences in the percentage of energy from carbohydrate (Male: 72.8 ± 6.4%, Female: 73.9 ± 6.7%), fat (Male: 19.9 ± 6.1%, Female: 18.5 ± 5.7%) and proteins (Male: 10.6 ± 2.1%, Female: 10.9 ± 5.6%).ConclusionThe present study provides the first national estimates of energy and nutrient intake of the Sri Lankan adult population.

Relative validity and reproducibility of a quantitative FFQ for assessing nutrient intakes of vegetarians in Taiwan.

To assess the relative validity and reproducibility of the quantitative FFQ used in the Tzu Chi Health Study (TCHS). The reproducibility was evaluated by comparing the baseline FFQ with the 2-year follow-up FFQ. The validity was evaluated by comparing the baseline FFQ with 3 d dietary records and biomarkers (serum folate and vitamin B12). Median comparison, cross-classification and Spearman correlation with and without energy adjustment and deattenuation for day-to-day variation were assessed. TCHS is a prospective cohort containing a high proportion of true vegetarians and part-time vegetarians (regularly consuming a vegetarian diet without completely avoiding meat). Subsets of 103, seventy-eight and 1528 TCHS participants were included in the reproducibility, dietary record-validity and biomarker-validity studies, respectively. Correlations assessing the reproducibility for repeat administrations of the FFQ were in the range of 0·46-0·65 for macronutrients and 0·35-0·67 for micronutrients; the average same quartile agreement was 40%. The correlation between FFQ and biomarkers was 0·41 for both vitamin B12 and folate. Moderate to good correlations between the baseline FFQ and dietary records were found for energy, protein, carbohydrate, saturated and monounsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C, vitamin A, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn (average crude correlation: 0·47 (range: 0·37-0·66); average energy-adjusted correlation: 0·43 (range: 0·38-0·55); average energy-adjusted deattenuated correlation: 0·50 (range: 0·44-0·66)) with same quartile agreement rate of 39% (range: 35-45%), while misclassification to the extreme quartile was rare (average: 4% (range: 0-6%)). The FFQ is a reliable and valid tool to rank relative intake of major nutrients for TCHS participants.

A Pilot Study to Assess Alterations in Trace Element Status in Pediatric Patients with Malignancies.

AbstractAbstract 3183Nutritional status of children with cancer is a surprisingly understudied area. While overt malnutrition is not common among US children with cancer, many experience weight loss or mild nutritional deficiencies. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) noted in one study that only 46% of responding institutions conducted a nutrition assessment on newly diagnosed children with cancer and only 52% had criteria for intervention (Ladas et al. 2006). Accordingly, the COG has called for more clinical studies in order to provide evidence-based guidelines for nutritional assessment and interventions for these patients. Zinc, a trace mineral used in hundreds of proteins in the body, is rarely assessed in these children. We hypothesized that there is increased incidence of zn deficiency in US children with cancer compared with the general population, and that low zn levels may be associated with increased incidence of common toxicities of treatment, including diarrhea, mucositis or infection. We report here an interim analysis.We designed a prospective trial of children with cancers diagnosed and treated at Children's Hospital and Research Center Oakland (CHRCO) from January 2011 through August 2012. Fifty children aged 1 mo to 18 years were enrolled and followed over a six month period. Diagnoses included 33 leukemias, 2 lymphomas, 2 CNS tumors and 13 other solid tumors. Children were enrolled within two weeks of diagnosis and prior to start of any supplemental nutrition. Exclusion criteria included prematurity and known malabsorptive or zn wasting syndromes. A control group of 50 healthy children were also recruited. Approval was obtained from the CHRCO IRB.Anthropometric measurements recorded included height, weight, mid upper arm muscle circumference (MUM C) and skinfolds. Laboratory markers measured included plasma zn, copper (cu), ceruloplasmin, serum albumin, c-reactive protein (CRP) and urine zn, cu and creatinine. Dietary assessment was performed using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire.No significant differences were seen in baseline assessments between the case and control groups. Average body mass index (BMI), height z-score and weight z-score were the same between the two groups. However, subanalysis of the solid tumor group showed a decreased BMI of 16.3 vs. 18.5 in the control group, p=0.01. Similarly, there were no differences in dietary intake of major nutrients, with both groups averaging well above the estimated average requirement (EAR). One notable exception was Vitamin D which was low in both groups but significantly lower in the case group, 37% of EAR vs. 55% of EAR, p<0.01.As expected CRP was elevated in the case group at baseline, 0.85 vs. 0.09 in the control group, p=0.01. Similarly cu was elevated at 142.9 ± 51.2 vs. 111 ± 31.2, p<0.01. However, zn was not decreased at baseline, 85.1 ± 20.8 vs. 84.5 ± 10.4. A larger proportion of the case cohort had low zn levels (<70ug/dl) than did the control group (16% vs. 8%) but this did not reach statistical significance. However, zn decreased significantly in the case group over a six month period from 85.1 ± 20.8 to 72.7 ± 15.2, p=0.002. This difference was most marked in the adolescent leukemia/lymphoma group who demonstrated 30% decrease in zn levels and 60% of these subjects had low zn levels at 6 mo. Cu levels also dropped over the 6 month period, from 142.9 ± 51.2 to 123.5 ± 41.9, p=0.01. We performed ANOVA to evaluate zn and cu in the case cohort over time. Zn dropped significantly with a p value of 0.0015, as did cu with a p of 0.0001.Our data showed no significant deficiencies in plasma zn levels in children at diagnosis of cancer. However, plasma cu was elevated. Both zn and cu levels dropped over the initial 6 month course of treatment, most markedly in the leukemia/lymphoma group in contrast to a prior study which showed decreases only in a subgroup of solid tumors and not in the leukemia/lymphoma population (Malvy, et al. 1997). In multivariate analysis, variables correlating with low zn included plasma cu, age, MUMC and BMI. CRP did not correlate with plasma zn levels, suggesting that low zn was a consequence of true nutritional deficit rather than an acute inflammatory response. Not all the data are mature at this time and we have yet to evaluate the relationship between plasma zn levels and toxicities of cancer treatment. Further analyses are needed to identify the conditions contributing to and the consequences of zn deficiency in this population. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Home Cooking, Food Consumption, and Food Production among Retired Canadian Households

Utilizing the 1996 Canadian Food Expenditure Survey matched with the Canadian Nutrient File, we attempt to differentiate between food consumption and the observed food expenditure among retired Canadians. We look at the effect of retirement on food expenditure, production, and consumption to test the universality of results obtained by Aguiar and Hurst (2005) from US data. In contrast to US results, conditional on a similar vector of covariates, we find no evidence of a fall in food expenditure following retirement. Our results suggest that the quality of food consumed by Canadian households improves somewhat with retirement. Similar to US results, we observe that household calorie intake and major nutrient intake seem not to be adversely affected by changes in retirement status. We find evidence that retired households substitute food purchased for consumption away from home for food purchased for at-home consumption. Further, using the 1998 Time Use Survey, we find that individuals who are retired devote more time for food preparation.

Home Cooking, Food Consumption, and Food Production among Retired Canadian Households

Utilizing the 1996 Canadian Food Expenditure Survey matched with the Canadian Nutrient File, we attempt to differentiate between food consumption and the observed food expenditure among retired Canadians. We look at the effect of retirement on food expenditure, production, and consumption to test the universality of results obtained by Aguiar and Hurst (2005) from US data. In contrast to US results, conditional on a similar vector of covariates, we find no evidence of a fall in food expenditure following retirement. Our results suggest that the quality of food consumed by Canadian households improves somewhat with retirement. Similar to US results, we observe that household calorie intake and major nutrient intake seem not to be adversely affected by changes in retirement status. We find evidence that retired households substitute food purchased for consumption away from home for food purchased for at-home consumption. Further, using the 1998 Time Use Survey, we find that individuals who are retired devot...

Dietary adequacy in Asian Indians with HIV

Malnutrition is endemic in developing countries, which also bear the brunt of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. HIV and its complications have a significant impact on nutritional status. Malnutrition and HIV have deleterious interactions. Dietary inadequacy is a major cause of malnutrition and few studies have been done to assess dietary adequacy in HIV-infected individuals and the factors affecting intake. Dietary intake of 71 consecutive patients was determined using 24-hour dietary recall, with the help of a questionnaire and a structured interview, and then compared with the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). The dietary intake of energy, total fat, fibre, vitamin C and iron were significantly less than the recommended RDA. There was no difference in protein intake. Only 5.7% of males and 16.7% of females reached the recommended energy allowance. The recommended protein allowance was reached by 43.4% males and 44.4% females and 41.5% males and 38.9% females consumed more than the upper limit of the recommended fat intake. Intake of major nutrients was also significantly less when compared to the national average intake. On bivariate analysis, the factors affecting these inadequacies were found to be annual per-capita income, dependency on another for livelihood, CD4 counts more than 200/cubic millimeter and absence of antiretroviral therapy. On multivariate analysis, only dependency on another was found to significantly influence energy intake. Dietary intake of many food constituents is significantly less in HIV patients than that recommended. Dietary counselling and efforts to improve food security are important in management of these patients.

Development of a Food Frequency and Quantity Method for Assessing Dietary Habits of Japanese Individuals -Comparison with Results from 24hr Recall Dietary Survey

In a lifestyle modification program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, quantitative assessment of the diet is essential. We developed a new food frequency and quantity method using portion-sized food models to apply in a lifestyle modification program. We conducted a dietary survey using this method of Japanese middle-aged men and women (n=76) who had undergone four 24hr dietary recalls one year before, and compared the results from the two surveys. Total energy intake and gram intake of macronutrients determined by our method were significantly lower than those determined by 24hr recalls. Correlation coefficients between nutrient intake obtained by the two methods were significant: r=0.532 (p<0.001) for carbohydrate, r=0.327 (p=0.004) for protein, r=0.334 (p=0.003) for total fat, r=0.419 (p<0.001) for saturated fatty acid, and r=0.230 (p=0.046) for polyunsaturated fatty acid. Correlations of nutrient intake were significantly increased with energy adjustment (p<0.05). Correlation coefficients between major food group intake were also significant: r=0.682 (p<0.001) for cereals, r=0.261 (p=0.023) for meat, and r=0.333 (p=0.003) for fish and shellfish. This method was thought to be appropriate for quantitative assessment of the intake of major nutrients and food groups of individuals in Japan.