Dietary Sugar Intake Research Articles

Total sugar intake significantly associated with systolic blood pressure in small sample population

Abstract Background Hypertension contributes to 45% of all deaths from heart disease and up to 51% of deaths from strokes. Dietary factors, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) can play a role, but recent studies have also highlighted the importance of sugar intake on blood pressure. Very few studies have evaluated the impact of these factors and their ratio on cardiometabolic biomarkers. This study aims to assess the impact of dietary sugar intake, Na+, K+ and NA+/K+ ratio on hypertension and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Methods Fasting venous blood was collected to measure glucose, triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol, HDL-c, ApoA1, ApoB, or hs-CRP, with enzymatic and turbidimetric techniques, and oxidized LDL by ELISA, and IL-6 and TNFa by Luminex system, the latter’s in a subset sample. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and HR) was measured at least twice with an automatic recorder. Dietary intake was obtained using semi-quantitative FFQ, comprising 82 items, and reported to the previous year. Data was analysed using R software through descriptive analysis and partial correlations adjusted to the participant’s BMI. A significant level of 0.05 was used. Results 78 participants, aged from 19 to 80 years old (M = 48,5±13,5) were evaluated, with 47% taking hypertensive medication. BMI ranged from 19,7 to 41,1 Kg/m2 (M = 29,2±5,4). The average intake of Na+, K+ and NA+/K+ ratio were 3805±1397 mg, 3980±1300 mg and 1.65±0,38, respectively. Total mean sugar intake (% energy) represents 21,4%. No significant correlation was found between Na+ or K+ with SBP, HR, and the cardiometabolic biomarkers (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was found between % sugar intake and SBP (rs = 0,29, p < 0,05), which remains significant after adjusting for BMI, and a positive correlation, in the borderline of significance, with TAG (rs = 0,23, p = 0,0561). Conclusions N+, K+, and their ratio do not associate with SBP, HR and cardiometabolic biomarkers. However, % of sugar intake is positively associated with SBP. Key messages • Sodium and potassium may not always be associated with changes in blood pressure. • Sugar intake might have an important role in the etiopathology of hypertension.

Association of sugar consumption with risk of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sugar consumption has increased dramatically around the world, and at the same time, the prevalence of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety continues to increase. While previous research has explored the impact of various dietary factors on mental health, the specific impact of dietary sugar consumption on the risk of depression and anxiety disorders remains elusive. This study aimed to comprehensively assess this relationship through a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Network (CNKI), and WangFang were systematically searched for studies of the association between total dietary sugar intake and risk of depression and/or anxiety. The articles that meet the criteria are screened and included in the systematic review, and the data are extracted after assessing their quality. Stata 18.0 software was used for the meta-analysis. Forty studies with 1,212,107 participants were included in the analysis. Results showed that sugar intake increased the risk of depression by 21% (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.27), while the overall association between sugar intake and anxiety risk was not statistically significant (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.28). Despite high heterogeneity (I 2 = 99.7%), the results were statistically significant (p < 0.000). Subgroup analyses showed that the association between sugar consumption and depression risk remains consistent across different study designs (cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies) and different sample sizes (<5,000, 5,000-10,000, >10,000). Women have a higher risk of depression than men (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35). Among the different exposure measures, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) showed the most significant effect (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.67, I 2 = 99.7%, p < 0.000). The measuring tool of subgroup analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between sugar intake and risk of depression, PHQ-9 (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.42, I2 = 86.5%, p < 0.000), and CES-D (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.44, I 2 = 71.3%, p < 0.000). High-quality cross-sectional and cohort studies showed a significant association between sugar intake and depression risk, with most results being robust. While the overall analysis of sugar intake and anxiety risk was not significant, some subgroups approached significance, particularly in studies with a sample size of <5,000 (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.46) and studies using the FFQ questionnaire (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.89). Total dietary sugar consumption was significantly associated with increased risk of depression in the general population, whereas the association with risk of anxiety was not significant. Further high-quality studies are needed to verify these associations and ensure their reliability. This study highlights the impact of dietary sugar intake on mental health, identifies potentially high-risk groups through subgroup analysis, and provides new insights into the prevention of depression and anxiety. CRD42024540548.

A cross-sectional study of the relative availability and prominence of shelf space allocated to healthy and unhealthy foods in supermarkets in urban Ireland, by area-level deprivation

BackgroundDiet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of ill-health and death across Europe. In Ireland, dietary intakes of saturated fat, free sugar and salt exceed World Health Organization recommendations, and excess consumption follows a social gradient increasing population risk of diet-related NCDs. The retail food environment can influence consumer food choice and subsequent dietary intakes. In high income countries, supermarkets are an increasingly influential actor in consumer food availability, choice, purchase, and subsequent food intake. This study aims to assess the relative availability and prominence of healthy and unhealthy foods in Irish supermarkets, by area-level deprivation.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional study design, and applied a validated measure, as described in the INFORMAS Protocol: Food Retail – Food availability in supermarkets. Between October 2021 and February 2022, shelf space (m2) (height or depth (cm) × length (cm)) and prominence (visibility), of foods, classified as healthy and unhealthy and represented by a proxy indicator, were collected in supermarkets (n = 36) in County Dublin, Ireland. Overall the proportion of mean relative shelf space (m2), allocated to healthy and unhealthy foods, and its prominence, by area-level deprivation, and retailer, were determined. We used t-tests and one-way ANOVA to analyse possible differences between the proportion of relative shelf space available to healthy and unhealthy foods, and its prominence, by area-level deprivation and retailer.ResultsThe study found the proportion of shelf space measured allocated to unhealthy food was 68.0% (SD 10.6). Unhealthy foods were more likely to be in areas of high prominence. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the proportion of relative shelf space available to unhealthy foods in areas of high and low deprivation. A statistically significant difference in the proportion of relative shelf space allocated to healthy and unhealthy food by area level deprivation was found in one retailer.ConclusionUnhealthy foods had a higher proportion of shelf space and were more prominent than healthy foods in supermarkets in County Dublin, Ireland. The current availability and prominence of foods in supermarkets does not align with Food Based Dietary Guideline recommendations and does not support consumers to make healthier food choices. There is a need for supermarkets in Ireland to improve the availability and prominence of healthy foods to support consumers to make healthier food choices.

The relationship between dietary sugar consumption and anxiety disorders: A systematic review.

High-sugar intake is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, but less is known about its role in anxiety disorders. This systematic review aimed to systematically synthesise and assess the existing evidence regarding the association between dietary sugars intake and anxiety disorders. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycArticles and APA PsycINFO was conducted up to 19th August 2022. Study quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Eleven studies (10 cross-sectional and 1 randomised controlled trial [RCT]) were included. Seven cross-sectional studies had very good quality or good quality, and the quality of the RCT was at low risk of bias. These studies examined sugar-sweetened beverages (n = 7), sugar-sweetened foods (n = 4) and/or added sugar (n = 5). The findings suggest a possible positive relationship of added sugar consumption with anxiety disorders, with age as a potential moderator in such association. No conclusions can be drawn on the associations between sugar-sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened foods consumption and anxiety disorders. Due to the included studies being mostly cross-sectional, the conclusions drawn from the existing evidence should be interpreted with caution. The longitudinal design is warranted to investigate any causal relationship and the potential mechanisms underlying these heterogeneous results. The potential difference in effect at different ages observed in this review should be further examined.

Uncovering the Links Between Dietary Sugar and Cancer: A Narrative Review Exploring the Impact of Dietary Sugar and Fasting on Cancer Risk and Prevention.

Over the last several years, the scientific community has grown concerned about the relationship between dietary sugar intake and cancer development. The main causes of concern are the increasing intake of processed foods rich in sugar and the rising incidence of cancer cases. This study aims to uncover the complex relationship between sugar consumption and cancer development and its progression, with a particular focus on investigating whether fasting can protect against this condition. Our review provides a detailed discussion of the molecular aspects of the sugar-cancer relationship and an analysis of the existing literature. It explains how sugar affects cell signaling, inflammation, and hormonal pathways associated with the development of cancer. We also explored the new role of fasting in the prevention of cancer and its impact on cancer patients. This encompasses fasting-triggered autophagy, metabolic alterations, and possible health benefits, which form the major concern of this paper. Thus, by deepening the knowledge of these relations and providing the results of the analysis accompanied by concise and meaningful illustrations to facilitate the understanding of the data, we open the door to the further development of ideas to minimize the rates of cancer and improve overall well-being.

Associations of sugar intake, high-sugar dietary pattern, and the risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 210,832 participants

BackgroundLimited evidence demonstrated the potential relationship between dietary sugar intake and dementia. This association demands further clarification in a large-scale population.MethodsA total of 210,832 participants from the UK Biobank cohort were included in this prospective cohort study. Absolute and relative sugar intake and high-sugar dietary scores were utilized to reflect dietary sugar intake. Absolute sugar intake was identified by the Oxford WebQ in the UK Biobank. Relative sugar intake was calculated by dividing the absolute sugar intake by total diet energy. High-sugar dietary pattern was identified using the method of reduced rank regression. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and restricted cubic splines were performed to examine the longitudinal associations between dietary sugar intake and all-cause dementia and its main subtype, Alzheimer’s disease. Explorative mediation analyses were conducted to explore underlying mechanisms.ResultsIncreased absolute sugar intake (g/day) was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause dementia (HR = 1.003, [95%CI: 1.002–1.004], p < 0.001) and Alzheimer’s disease (1.002, [1.001–1.004], 0.005). Relative sugar intake (%g/kJ/day) also demonstrated significant associations with all-cause dementia (1.317, [1.173–1.480], p < 0.001) and Alzheimer’s disease (1.249, [1.041–1.500], 0.017), while the high-sugar dietary score was only significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause dementia (1.090, [1.045–1.136], p < 0.001). In addition, both sugar intake and high-sugar dietary score demonstrated significant non-linear relationships with all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (all p values for non-linearity < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study provided evidence that excessive sugar intake was associated with dementia. Controlling the excess consumption of dietary sugar may be of great public health implications for preventing dementia.

Association between different dietary carbohydrates and risk of gallstone: a case-control study in Iranian adults

PurposeDietary components have been mentioned as modifiable risk factors in the development of gallstone disease (GSD), but it has been less addressed. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between different types of dietary carbohydrate and the risk of gallstone.Design/methodology/approachIn this case-control study 189 patients diagnosed with GSD as a case group and 342 people as a control group were enrolled. Dietary intake of the participants was collected through a 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total intakes of calories, macronutrients and different types of carbohydrate were estimated. Crude and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association between carbohydrate intake and GSD.FindingsPatients with gallstone consumed significantly more fructose and sucrose and less fiber. After fully adjustment, the logistic regression indicated significant association between GSD with dietary intake of total carbohydrate (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.1–2.4, p = 0.009), sugar (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.8–1.7, p = 0.014), fructose (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7–3.9, p < 0.001), glucose (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3–2.9, p = 0.002) and sucrose (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.9–1.6, p = 0.042). Also, increasing intakes of lactose, galactose and maltose were associated with a decrease in the risk of GSD, but not statistically significant, although lactose was close to significance (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.48–1, p = 0.051).Originality/valueThere is a positive and significant relationship between total carbohydrate, sugar, fructose, glucose and sucrose intake and the occurrence of gallstone.

Insulin-Resistant Male LEW.1WR1 Rats Do Not Develop β-Cell Mass Expansion in Response to a Moderate Sucrose Diet

Characterizing changes in beta cell function during prolonged hyperinsulinemia and dietary stress is important to study to prevent diseases like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and insulin resistance. This research investigates how a moderate sucrose (MS) diet affects insulin resistance and β-cell mass in two rat strains: LEW.1WR1 and Wistar Furth (WF). LEW.1WR1 rats seem to be sensitive to beta cell disruptions as weanlings. Twenty-one male LEW.1WR1 rats and sixteen male WF rats were studied over 18 weeks. The rats were divided into groups and given either the control or MS diet. Their body weight was monitored twice a week. Insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) and fasting blood glucose measurements were taken at intervals. Urine samples were analyzed to assess metabolic shifts, and pancreas tissue was examined to evaluate changes in β-cell mass. The LEW.1WR1 rats became overweight and showed higher insulin resistance than the WF rats. Both strains of rats on the MS diet displayed changes in urine metabolite profiles in terms of levels of lactic acid and alanine. This study highlights the impact or lack thereof of a moderate sucrose diet on body mass, insulin resistance, and β-cell mass, with notable effects observed specifically in LEW.1WR1 rats. These findings contribute to our understanding of how dietary sugar intake can affect metabolism when observed in models sensitive to metabolic defects.

Associations Between Dietary Sugar Intake and Diet Quality Indexes: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature

Associations Between Dietary Sugar Intake and Diet Quality Indexes: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature

Characterization of Plasma Metabolites Associated with Dietary Sugar Intake

Characterization of Plasma Metabolites Associated with Dietary Sugar Intake

Dietary Sugar and Anthropometrics among Young Children in the Guelph Family Health Study: Longitudinal Associations.

Purpose: Our understanding of the influence of sugar intake on anthropometrics among young children is limited. Most existing research is cross-sectional and has focused on sugar-sweetened beverages. The study objective was to investigate longitudinal associations between young children's total, free, and added sugar intake from all food sources at baseline with anthropometric measures at baseline and 18 months.Methods: The Guelph Family Health Study (GFHS) is an ongoing randomized controlled trial and a family-based health promotion study. Food records and anthropometric data were collected at baseline (n = 109, 55 males; 3.7 ± 1.1 y, mean ± SD) and 18 months (n = 109, 55 males; 5.1 ± 1.1 y) of the GFHS pilots. Associations between sugar intakes and anthropometrics were estimated using linear regression models with generalized estimating equations adjusted for age, sex, household income, and intervention status.Results: Total sugar intake was inversely associated with body weight at 18 months (P = 0.01). There was no effect of time on any other associations between total, free, and added sugar intakes and anthropometrics.Conclusions: Early life dietary sugar intakes may not relate to anthropometric measures in the short term. Further investigation into potential associations between dietary sugar intakes and anthropometric variables over longer time periods is warranted.

Suppression of hepatic ChREBP⍺-CYP2C50 axis-driven fatty acid oxidation sensitizes mice to diet-induced MASLD/MASH

ObjectivesCompromised hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has been observed in human MASH patients and animal models of MASLD/MASH. It remains poorly understood how and when the hepatic FAO pathway is suppressed during the progression of MASLD towards MASH. Hepatic ChREBP⍺ is a classical lipogenic transcription factor that responds to the intake of dietary sugars. MethodsWe examined its role in regulating hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the impact of hepatic Chrebpa deficiency on sensitivity to diet-induced MASLD/MASH in mice. ResultsWe discovered that hepatocyte ChREBP⍺ is both necessary and sufficient to maintain FAO in a cell-autonomous manner independently of its DNA-binding activity. Supplementation of synthetic PPAR⍺/δ agonist is sufficient to restore FAO in Chrebp−/− primary mouse hepatocytes. Hepatic ChREBP⍺ was decreased in mouse models of diet-induced MAFSLD/MASH and in patients with MASH. Hepatocyte-specific Chrebp⍺ knockout impaired FAO, aggravated liver steatosis and inflammation, leading to early-onset fibrosis in response to diet-induced MASH. Conversely, liver overexpression of ChREBP⍺-WT or its non-lipogenic mutant enhanced FAO, reduced lipid deposition, and alleviated liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. RNA-seq analysis identified the CYP450 epoxygenase (CYP2C50) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism as a novel target of ChREBP⍺. Over-expression of CYP2C50 partially restores hepatic FAO in primary hepatocytes with Chrebp⍺ deficiency and attenuates preexisting MASH in the livers of hepatocyte-specific Chrebp⍺-deleted mice. ConclusionsOur findings support the protective role of hepatocyte ChREBPa against diet-induced MASLD/MASH in mouse models in part via promoting CYP2C50-driven FAO.

Association between Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphism (rs1800795 and rs1800796) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Ghanaian Population: A Case-Control Study in the Ho Municipality.

There is no conclusive evidence on the association between interleukin- (IL-) 6 gene polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the role of rs1800795 and rs1800796 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM among Ghanaians in the Ho Municipality. We recruited into this hospital-based case-control study 174 patients with type 2 DM (75 DM alone and 99 with DM+HTN) and 149 healthy individuals between 2018 and 2020. Demographic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric, and haemodynamic variables were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected for haematological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Genomic DNA was extracted, amplified using Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) technique, and genotyped for IL-6 gene polymorphism. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism and type 2 DM. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of the rs1800795 and rs1800796 polymorphisms was higher in DM alone (57.5%, 62.0%) and DM with HTN groups (58.3%, 65.3%) than controls (33.1%, 20.0%). Carriers of the rs1800795GC genotype (aOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.13-4.90, p = 0.022) and mutant C allele (aOR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.16-5.00, p = 0.019) as well as those who carried the rs1800796GC (aOR = 8.67, 95% CI: 4.00-18.90, p < 0.001) and mutant C allele (aOR = 8.84, 95% CI: 4.06-19.26, p = 0.001) had increased odds of type 2 DM. For both polymorphisms, carriers of the GC genotype had comparable levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) with those who carried the GG genotype. IL-6 levels were higher among carriers of the rs1800796GC variant compared to carriers of the rs1800796GG variant (p = 0.023). The rs1800796 polymorphism, dietary sugar intake, and exercise status, respectively, explained approximately 3% (p = 0.046), 3.2% (p = 0.038, coefficient = 1.456), and 6.2% (p = 0.004, coefficient = -2.754) of the variability in IL-6 levels, suggesting weak effect sizes. The GC genotype and mutant C allele are risk genetic variants associated with type 2 DM in the Ghanaian population. The rs1800796 GC variant, dietary sugar intake, and exercise status appear to contribute significantly to the variations in circulating IL-6 levels but with weak effect sizes.

Intake of free sugars by 11–13-year-old schoolchildren living in Delhi, India

Intake of free sugars is associated with a risk of non-communicable diseases including dental caries, and authoritative organisations recommend limiting intake to &lt;5% energy intake (E) or lower (1, 2). National surveys of schoolchildren in India indicate the prevalence of obesity is rising &gt;10%/year(3) and that 52.5% of young adolescents are affected with dental caries(4), yet, there is a dearth of data on dietary intake of sugars by this population. The objective of this research was to assess the intake of total and free sugars, and the contribution of food sources to free sugars intake, in a random sample of 11–13-year-old schoolchildren in Delhi, India. The study was approved by The University of Adelaide Human Research Ethics Committee and the Independent Ethics Committee of the Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi. The target sample size of 360 was based on a ± 5% margin of error in estimated sugars intake. A statistician external to the research team generated a random sample of 150 schools stratified by district (n = 11). Schools were recruited in turn from the list until 10 schools had consented. Teachers shared study information with parents who were invited to complete an online consent form. Child assent was obtained before data collection. Participants recorded all food and drink consumed over three consecutive days, including one weekend day, in a food diary. The information recorded was entered into an online dietary assessment tool, Intake24 (Southeast Asia version), during an interview with each participant during which portion size was ascertained with reference to the database of over 2400 food photographs of more than 100 foods. The Intake24 database converted food and drink reported into the intake of total and free sugars through integrated food compositional tables. Of 514 pupils providing consent, 393 participants (76.5%) (169 girls, 224 boys) completed the study. In girls, the median (IQR) daily intakes of total and free sugars were 95.0 (70.1-120.2) g/day and 43.0 (28.1-68.5) g/day respectively. The corresponding values in boys were significantly higher at 104.0 (80.2-138.7) g/day and 53.1 (34.1-76.5) g/day (p = 0.004). No between-gender difference was observed in the median percent contribution of sugars to E: total and free sugars contributed 14.9% (IQR 11.4-18.1%) and 7.1% (IQR 4.8-10.1%) respectively. The percent contribution of the main sources of sugars to free sugars intake were: (i) Sugars Preserves and Syrups (31.2% (IQR. 9.6-51.7%)); (ii) Cakes and Biscuits (13.7% (IQR 0-26.4%)); (iii) Desserts (5.4% (0-17.5%)) and (iv) Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Juices (2.1% (IQR 0-15.7%)). In conclusion, in this sample of 11-13-year-old schoolchildren from Delhi, free sugars intake was above the WHO &lt;5% E threshold. Forms of sugars that are added to foods by the consumer made the largest contribution to intake.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Three Interventions on Mineralization of Young Permanent Teeth Using DIAGNOdent™ Pen: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The occurrence of dental caries is influenced by the interplay of host factors, microbial factors, and environment factors collectively forming the epidemiological triad of dental caries. Modification of the caries epidemiological triad limits the caries progression by shifting the equilibrium toward re-mineralization. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary sugar intake modification, plaque control measures, and fluoride toothpaste on the mineralization of enamel using DIAGNOdent™ pen scores. Methodology: 108 children aged 13–15 years, qualified the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly allocated into one among the three interventional groups such as Group 1: Diet counseling; Group 2: Educational intervention of toothbrushing and oral rinsing; and Group 3: Fluoride toothpaste. The sugar scores from 1 week’s diet history, plaque index scores, the weight of the fluoride toothpaste, and DIAGNOdent™ pen scores were recorded at the baseline visit and subsequently at 6- and 12-week intervals. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square, repeated measure analysis of variance, and Tukey’s post hoc tests to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: The percentage reduction in DIAGNOdent pen score at 12-week time interval in Group 1 was 25.37%, Group 2 was 6.77%, and Group 3 was 13.37%. Intergroup comparison revealed that Group 1 showed a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) as compared to Group 2 and Group 3, but Group 2 was as effective as Group 3 in teeth remineralization. Conclusion: the results suggest that among the abovementioned interventions, the dietary sugar restriction group is related to improved mineralization when compared to the instructed toothbrushing, oral rinsing, and fluoride toothpaste groups.

Impact of diet on oral health

: To assess the co relation between dietary habits and oral health conditions among the general population exploring the potential impact of various food choices on factors such as cavities, gum heath, and over all oral hygieneThe primary objectives include: 1. Assess the frequency and types of food consumed by participants to identify patterns in dietary choices; 2. Examine the relationship between dietary sugar intake and the occurrence of dental cavities; 3. Explore the association between specific food groups and the development of oral health issues.A comprehensive questionnaire consisting of 15 questions was designed and administered through Google Forms to collect data on oral hygiene practices. Participants aged 15 and above were randomly sampled, ensuring a diverse representation. The questionnaire focused on aspects such as type of diet, type of beverages and its frequency, frequency of snacking, water consumption, habits if any, carious tooth and gum diseases. Data collection was conducted through online responses.The survey results, obtained through Google Forms, revealed intriguing disparities in oral hygiene and impact of dietary preferences on various age groups. Variations were observed based on the quality and choice of diet, frequency of snacking, choice of beverages, water intake and habits if any.In conclusion, this study, utilizing Google Forms for data collection, highlighted diversity in oral hygiene among individuals aged 15 and above. Recognizing these variations is crucial for tailoring oral health education programs and interventions to address the specific needs of different age groups. The findings underscore the importance of personalized oral care approaches and the impact of choice nutrition to promote optimal oral health across the population.

Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sugars Biomarker in a Vending Machine Intake Paradigm in a Diverse Population.

Accurately measuring dietary sugars intake in large-scale epidemiological studies is necessary to understand dietary sugars' true impact on health. Researchers have developed a biomarker that can be used to assess total sugars intake. Our objective is to test this biomarker in diverse populations using an ad libitum intake protocol. Healthy adult participants (n = 63; 58% Indigenous Americans/Alaska Natives; 60% male; BMI (mean ± SD) = 30.6 ± 7.6 kg.m2) were admitted for a 10-day inpatient stay. On day 2, body composition was measured by DXA, and over the last 3 days, ad libitum dietary intake was measured using a validated vending machine paradigm. Over the same days, participants collected daily 24 h urine used to measure sucrose and fructose. The 24 h urinary sucrose and fructose biomarker (24hruSF) (mg/d) represents the sum of 24 h urinary sucrose and fructose excretion levels. The association between the 3-day mean total sugars intake and log 24uSF level was assessed using the Pearson correlation. A linear mixed model regressing log-biomarker on total sugars intake was used to investigate further the association between biomarker, diet, and other covariates. Mean (S.D.) total sugars intake for the group was 197.7 g/d (78.9). Log 24uSF biomarker was moderately correlated with total sugars intake (r = 0.33, p = 0.01). In stratified analyses, the correlation was strongest in females (r = 0.45, p = 0.028), the 18-30 age group (r = 0.44, p = 0.079), Indigenous Americans (r = 0.51, p = 0.0023), and the normal BMI category (r = 0.66, p = 0.027). The model adjusted for sex, age, body fat percent, and race/ethnicity demonstrated a statistically significant association between 24uSF and total sugars intake (β = 0.0027, p < 0.0001) and explained 31% of 24uSF variance (marginal R2 = 0.31). Our results demonstrated a significant relationship between total sugars intake and the 24uSF biomarker in this diverse population. However, the results were not as strong as those of controlled feeding studies that investigated this biomarker.

Association between dietary sugar intake and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018

BackgroundStudies examining whether diet sugar intake increases the risk of depression have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, we investigated this relationship, using the US’ National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 18,439 adults (aged ≥ 20 years) from NHANES (2011–2018). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the nine-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Covariates, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty-income ratio, education, marital status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, and dietary energy intake, were adjusted in multivariate logistic regression models. Subgroup and threshold saturation effect analyses were performed.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, we found that a 100 g/day increase in dietary sugar intake correlated with a 28% higher prevalence of depression (odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–1.40, P < 0.001).ConclusionDietary sugar intake is positively associated with depression in US adults.

The influence of dietary sugar intake on colorectal cancer

Research Question: This study aims to investigate the consequences of daily sugar intake on human health, particularly focusing on its role in the development of colorectal cancer. The research question explores the intricate mechanisms linking elevated sugar consumption to colorectal cancer and aims to understand the diverse dietary regimens influence on this association. Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted to examine the impact of persistent, elevated sugar consumption on the integrity of the intestinal tract and its correlation with colorectal cancer. Various dietary regimens, characterized by different sugar types and quantities, were studied to understand their role in exacerbating the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer. Detailed investigations were carried out to unravel the underlying mechanisms, including insulin resistance, systemic cellular inflammatory responses, and the shift in colonic biological milieu. Inflammatory mediators and specific pro-inflammatory cytokines were analysed in different tissue compartments to comprehend the complex interplay leading to compromised intestinal barrier integrity and increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Our study reveals compelling evidence linking high-sugar diets to the development of colorectal cancer. Elevated sugar consumption disrupts the integrity of the intestinal tract, primarily through insulin resistance and systemic cellular inflammatory responses. This disruption leads to an upsurge in inflammatory mediators and specific pro-inflammatory cytokines within various tissue compartments. Consequently, the compromised intestinal barrier loses its ability to prevent the infiltration of pathogenic microorganisms, significantly elevating the risk of colorectal cancer. The diverse range of dietary regimens further complicates this association, highlighting the need for comprehensive research in understanding the intricate role of dietary factors in colorectal cancer.

Carbohydrates – a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Background: Dietary carbohydrates are a major source of energy in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The health effects of different types of carbohydrates vary and there is a need to update the evidence regarding specific carbohydrates and their effects on health-related outcomes.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to describe the evidence for the role of total carbohydrates (fiber excluded), glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and added or free sugars for health-related outcomes as a basis for setting and updating dietary reference values for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendation (NNR) 2023.&#x0D; Method: We included evidence from several qualified systematic reviews (the World Cancer Research Fund, the European Food Safety Authority, the World Health Organization, the United States Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, the United Kingdom Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition) identified by the NNR project in line with the protocol description.&#x0D; Results: There is limited evidence that total carbohydrate intake (fiber excluded) outside of the current recommended range of 45–60% of energy is associated with health-related outcomes. There were no consistent benefits on clinical outcomes when changing the GI of a diet. High intake of dietary sugars is well known to be associated with dental caries. There was evidence from randomized control trials on surrogate disease endpoints, for a positive and causal relationship between the intake of added and free sugars and risk of some chronic metabolic diseases with moderate level of certainty for obesity and dyslipidaemia. The level of certainty was high for an association between high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of several chronic metabolic diseases.&#x0D; Conclusion: While there is limited evidence that total carbohydrates and GI and GL of the diet are related to health outcomes, the evidence suggests that high intakes of added and free sugars are related to detrimental health effects. In addition, with increasing intake of added and free sugars, there is less room for healthy foods and micronutrients, which is especially important for those with low energy intake, such as children.