Intake Concentrations Research Articles

A Zn‐based metal–organic framework for the irreversible determination of trace biomarkers of styrene and ethylbenzene in urine

AbstractPhenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), as a urine metabolite of ethylbenzene and styrene (EB/S), can effectively represent the level of EB/S ingested by the human body through oral inhalation and skin absorption. Compared with measuring EB/S levels directly in the environment, detecting the level of PGA in urine has the advantages of high specificity and noninvasive sampling. In this paper, a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based sensorZn‐PBA = ({[Zn(PBA)·H2O]·2H2O}n, H2PBA = 4‐(5‐pyridinyl)‐1,3 benzoic acid) for trace detection of PGA was designed and synthesized by a solvothermal method.Zn‐PBAcould detect the level of PGA in normal human physiological urine environment (pH range from 5.5 to 7.5) and has the characteristics of high selectivity and sensitivity, rapid response (<210 s), low limit of detection (LOD = 1.96 × 10−6 M), and so forth. The irreversible sensing of PGA proves that PGA caused the structural collapse ofZn‐PBA. This paper provides a specific sensor for detecting trace PGA level for evaluating the EB/S content intake by the human body.

PSXII-5 Simulation of feed restriction and anorexia during auction market and transportation and its effects on concentrate intake and body weight recovery of unweaned crossbred Angus-Holstein calves

Abstract Twenty unweaned Angus-Holstein bull calves (44.1 ± 2.0 kg and 14.7 ± 0.63 d) were used to evaluate the effects of feed restriction and anorexia (simulating auction market and transport) on concentrate intake (CI) and body weight (BW) recovery. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments; Control (CT; n = 5): from d-4 to -1, 2.5 L of milk replacer (MR) twice daily, concentrate and straw ad libitum; Mild (MD; n = 5): only MR (d-4 to -1) as described for CT, and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 9 h; Moderate (MO; n = 5): only MR as described for CT and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 19 h; and Severe (SV; n = 5): only 2.5 L of a hydrate solution (HS) twice daily (d -4 to -1) and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 19 h. Simulating the arrival to the farm, from d 0 all calves were fed MR, concentrate and straw ad libitum. The CI was recorded daily, and BW was measured on d-4, -1 (restriction day), 0, 2 and 7. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. BW was greater (P < 0.001) for CT compared with the rest from d0 to 7, while BW of SV was lesser compared with the rest from d-1 to d7. At d1 CI did not differ among treatments; however, at d 2 CI of MD, MO and SV was lesser (P < 0.05) compared with CT. At d5, CI of SV was similar to that for CT, and it was greater (P < 0.05) than CI of MD and MO. Calves BW and CI recovery was affected by the degree of restriction (9 vs 19 h) and by the type of liquid feeding (MR or HS) offered in long restriction periods.

The role of L2 proficiency in simultaneous attention to form and meaning in L2 German

Within VanPatten’s (1990, 2004) framework of input processing, this study investigates how different types of form-meaning attentional conditions affect comprehension of written input. VanPatten’s (1990, 2004) views learners as limited capacity processors, attending to content before grammatical form, and argues that attention to form takes away some processing capacity, resulting in lower content intake. Recent research contradicts these findings (e.g., Leow, Hsieh, & Moreno 2008). However, most evidence on form-meaning connections comes from L2 Spanish (e.g., VanPatten 1990, Leow et al. 2008), which calls for evaluating the generalizability of PMP cross-linguistically. Addressing this drawback, this research assesses how intake is affected by 1) simultaneous attention to form and meaning in L2 German and 2) L2 proficiency for different attentional conditions. Results indicate that processing for form in L2 German has no significant effect on simultaneous processing for meaning and on subsequent intake, regardless of the proficiency level.

Ad libitum milk replacer feeding, but not butyrate supplementation, affects growth performance as well as metabolic and endocrine traits in Holstein calves.

The enhanced growth performance of calves fed a higher plane of nutrition pre-weaning is well documented, and the effect of butyrate on the development of the gastrointestinal tract in calves has been evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the synergistic effects of ad libitum milk replacer (MR) feeding and butyrate supplementation on growth performance and energy metabolism in calves. Sixty-four (32 male, 32 female) Holstein calves were examined from birth until wk 11 of life. Calves received MR either ad libitum (Adl) or restrictively (Res) with (AdlB+, ResB+) or without (AdlB-, ResB-) 0.24% butyrate supplementation. Colostrum and transition milk were fed in predefined amounts (Res or Adl) for the first 3 d postpartum. Ad libitum and restrictive MR feeding with or without butyrate was performed from d 4 until wk 8 of age. From wk 9 to 10, all calves were gradually weaned and were fed 2 L/d until the end of the trial. Concentrate (CON), hay, and water were freely available. Intakes of MR and CON were measured daily. Calves were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter. Blood was drawn on d 1 before the first colostrum intake; on d 2, 4, and 7; and weekly thereafter until the end of the study to measure plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Liver samples were taken at d 50 and at the end of the study to determine gene expression related to glucose metabolism. Milk, MR, and total nutrient intake were greater, but CON intake was lower in Adl than in Res calves, resulting in a greater body weight, but partially lower gain to feed ratio in Adl than in Res. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were higher during the ad libitum milk-feeding period, whereas plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was lower in Adl than in Res. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, lactate, total bilirubin, and cortisol were lower, but triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were higher in Adl than in Res at specific time points. Feed intake, growth performance, and metabolic and endocrine changes were insignificantly affected by butyrate, and hepatic gene expression of enzymes related to endogenous glucose production was barely influenced by ad libitum MR feeding and butyrate supplementation. Intensive MR feeding indicated greater stimulation of growth and anabolic metabolism, but butyrate supplementation did not further improve postnatal growth or anabolic processes either in intensive or restrictive MR-fed calves.

Estimate of the optimal level of concentrates for dairy cows on tropical pastures by using the concept of marginal analysis

It was adopted in this work a methodology to estimate the optimal level of concentrate food for dairy cows on tropical pastures based on the theory of marginal analysis. An empiric model was developed and validated for application of the methodology using a database composed of 62 means of treatments from 32 studies in which milk production was evaluated regarded to the levels of concentrate feeding. Milk production (MP) showed quadratic behavior in response to concentrate intake (CI): MP (kg/cow/day) = 10.554 + 1.5855CI - 0.0552CI². Evaluation of the MP values observed over the predicted ones pointed the non-rejection of the null hypothesis, indicating that the model can be applied on the prediction of milk production, and consequently, on the optimal level of supplementation. However, evaluation of the partition of mean square error of prediction indicated the need for adjustments. The marginal production response (MPR) presented decreasing linear effect at CI level: MPR (kg milk/kg concentrate added) = 1.5855 - 0.1104CI. The intake of concentrate that maximizes profit per animal (CIoptimum) is estimated by the following equation: CIoptimum (kg/cow/day, as fed basis) = (1.5855 - (Px/Py))/0.1104; in which Px and Py are, respectively, the prices of concentrate feeds ($/kg, as fed basis) and of the milk at farmgate ($/kg). It is suggested the realization of new studies to include in the model, indicators of reproductive performance and other factors that affect the productive response to supplementation with concentrate feeds. Recommendations on levels of concentrate feeding for bovines should be based on presuppotions of marginal response theory, in order to avoid irrational use of nutrients.

Genetic parameters for dry matter, energy and protein intake, and their relationships with performance and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle

Genetic parameters for feed intake and performance traits of 514 bulls and carcass traits of 22 099 of their progeny, and the relationships of measures of feed intake with performance and carcass traits were estimated. Feed intake traits were dry matter intake (DMI), concentrate intake (CONI), roughage intake, ratio of roughage intake to DMI, metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and digestible crude protein intake (DCPI). Performance traits included daily gain, metabolic weight, live weight at the end of test, dry matter conversion ratio and residual feed intake. Progeny carcass traits were carcass weight, percentage of meat yield, rib eye area (REA), subcutaneous fat, marbling score, meat colour (MCS), fat colour (FCS) and meat quality grade. All the feed intake and performance traits were moderately heritable. The heritabilities for REA and MCS were moderate, and that for FCS was low, while those for the other carcass traits were high. Selection against DMI, CONI and DCPI would reduce excessive intake of feed, but would have undesirable effects on growth and most of the carcass traits. Selection against MEI would lead to improvements in feed efficiency and growth traits. Selection against DCPI would also improve feed efficiency; however, responses in growth traits would decrease. Results indicate that selection against MEI might be better than any other measures of feed intake to improve feed efficiency with simultaneous improvement in growth and most of the carcass traits.

Effect of Carbohydrate Drink Intake Patterns on Exercise in Heat

Carbohydrate drink can increase work capacity by maintaining power output or speed or prolonging the time to fatigue at a fixed workload. Literature is available on fluid intake content and exercise performance. No study has been undertaken till now on fluid intake patterns during high intensity exercise in heat. Therefore the present study is devised to fill this gap and to design an appropriate fluid volume intake pattern during high intensity exercise in hot environmental condition. 15 moderately trained men participated in the study. Each subject was given two different intake patterns of carbohydrate drink in two exercise sessions conducted on different days. A gap of seven days was kept between two exercise sessions. Total amount of fluid intake by the subjects in each session is 1000ml. During the experiment ambient temperature was kept constant at 35 C. Parameters evaluated were blood glucose concentration during and o after the high intensity exercise, time to exhaustion and mental concentration. Findings of the present study revealed that when carbohydrate ingestion was done in large quantities before exercise, the rate of glucose disappearance was significantly (t = 10.34, p<0.05) earlier as compared to carbohydrate ingestion intermittently during exercise in hot environmental condition. Time of exhaustion was significantly (t = 13.73, p<0.05) higher in intermittent drink intake pattern. Performance in mental concentration was significantly (t = 4.98, p<0.05) better in intermittent drink intake pattern.

Effect of Genetic Merit and Concentrate Supplementation on Grass Intake and Milk Production with Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows

A total of 48 high genetic merit (HM) and 48 medium merit (MM) cows, each given a low (LC), medium (MC), or high (HC) level of concentrate supplementation, were used in a split-plot design experiment, which was run in three consecutive years, to evaluate animal production responses. Individual cow intakes were estimated twice each year while at pasture; measurement period 1 (MPI) was in May/June, and measurement period 2 (MP2) was in early September, corresponding on average to d 110 and 200 of lactation, respectively. In MP1, cows were offered 0 (LC), 3 (MC), and 6kg (HC), whereas in MP2 the levels were 0 (LC), 0 (MC), and 4kg (HC) of concentrate daily. Genotype had a significant effect on all milk production parameters in MP1 and MP2. The HM cows had the highest yield of milk, fat, protein, and lactose, whereas the MM cows had the highest milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations. The HM cows had significantly higher grass dry matter intake (GDMI) estimates. In MP1, the average responses, per kg concentrate dry matter, was +1.10kg of milk, +0.038kg of protein, +0.032kg of fat. The corresponding values in MP2 were +0.94kg of milk, +0.037kg of protein, and +0.025kg of fat. The response to concentrate was linear and independent of preexperimental milk yield. In MP1, the partial regression coefficients relating daily GDMI to an increase in 1kg of preexperimental milk yield (PMY), preexperimental BW (PBW), and concentrate intake (CI) were 0.123, 0.006, and −0.54, respectively, whereas the corresponding values in MP2 were 0.190, 0.007, and −0.444, respectively. This study indicates that with high yielding dairy cows, on gras only GDMI of 17kg of supporting milk yield of 30-kg/d is achievable. In this scenario, concentrate supplementation will result in lower substitution rates, and higher milk yield response than previously published with lower yielding cows.

Effects of feeding high energy or high energy-protein diets to goats

Growth, efficiency and carcass traits were evaluated for goats fed barley or a concentrate mix (CM). Goats on the CM showed higher (P &lt; 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) (27.5%), end of test weight (11.6%), hot carcass weight (HCW) (14.9%) and rib-eye area (REA) (14.7%), lower (P &lt; 0.02) concentrate to gain ratio (CG) ratio (22.5%) and no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in concentrate intake (CI) and dressing percent (DP), compared to those on barley. Although feeding the CM improved ADG, CG, HCW and REA, it may be relatively more economical to finish goats on whole barley grain. Key words: Goat, high energy, high protein, growth, rib-eye area

Studies in the Types of Food in Kitakyushu City (Part II)

In the survey of the food intake in a community the statistical analysis is necessary, not by judging intuitionally.This is the results that the comparative analysis of Pattern of Numericus has been done statistically on the food intake at the four districts in Kitakyushu City.1) The similarity indexes among the four districts were rather high. The food intake patterns in every districts were similar to Yahata pattern.2) As compared the similarity of food intake pattern in each district with the desirable food intake pattern in Japan in 1975, it was found that the similarity index was 0.94572 in Kokura, 0.94406 in Moji, 0.92438 in Wakamatsu, and 0.91663 in Yahata. Its figures were rather low. It showed that the contents of intake were still poor, and it must be taken good care of.3) It was found from the subtrahend similarity index against the Japanese standard pattern in 1975 that the greatest factor which made pattern similarity decrease at three districts-Moji, Wakamatsu and Yahata-was the dairy products.The similarity index except dairy products was 0.98886 in Moji, 0.98293 in Wakamatsu and 0.97430 in Yahata.The main element that made the pattern similarity decrease in Kokura to the standard was soy beans and the products of soy beans. If these foods was removed, its similarity would be high (0.97239)4) The elements which made each pattern resemble to the Japanese standard pattern were corn and other vegetables.It is considered that these elements were not so important.Therefore, it is desirable that the more concrete nutrition improvement will be done at the prefectures where have the lower nutrient intake than the Japanese standard.