Insurance Costs Research Articles

Costs of Potential Medication Wastage Due to Switching Treatment Among People With Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Unused medications negatively impact healthcare resource utilization and environmental safety, contribute substantially to annual healthcare expenditures, and may ultimately affect patient health outcomes. People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) commonly switch disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), leading to medication wastage and substantial costs for insurers and patients. Objectives: To estimate the cost associated with potential medication wastage (PMW) in a subcohort of PwMS receiving oral or self-injectable US Food and Drug Administration–approved DMTs who switched DMTs in a calendar year in the United States. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults with MS and used PharMetrics® Plus claims data from 2017 to 2021. PwMS were required to have 12 months of continuous eligibility for the entire year and a claim for at least 2 unique DMTs during the same calendar year. The PMW cohort was defined as those who had an aggregate overlap in days’ supply across DMT switches within the year; those in the non-PMW cohort did not. The cost of PMW for insurers and PwMS due to overlap was calculated only at the point of switch to the new DMT and defined as the cost of the remaining days’ supply of the prior DMT. Results: The number of PwMS meeting the inclusion criteria was 1762 in 2017, 1947 in 2018, 1679 in 2019, 1461 in 2020, and 1782 in 2021. Approximately 95% of PwMS switched DMTs once within single calendar years, and 25% (n = 381-464) contributed to PMW. For those who had overlapping DMT supply, it was estimated that 34% to 38% of the DMT being switched from was potentially wasted. The total cost of PMW paid by the insurer and PwMS ranged from $1 200 866 to $1 489 859. While most of the total cost ($1 172 140-$1 450 328) was paid by the insurer, PwMS still owed substantial amounts ($28 726-$74 578). Across all PwMS, the per person per year cost ranged from $716 to $846. The estimated wastage and associated costs were consistent across all study years. Conclusions: DMT switching is common among PwMS, resulting in PMW and high costs to patients and insurers.

Institutional Discrimination in Health Security Policies against Immigrants in South Korea

Abstract Background South Korea is poised to become Asia’s first mult-iethnic society with over 5% of its population, totaling more than 2.5 million, being immigrants. This demographic shift presents significant public health challenges linked to widespread, and even intensifying, institutional discrimination in healthcare services. Methods This study reviews discriminatory practices across ten essential health security programs, including National Health Insurance (NHI) system, disability assistance, occupational health services, maternal and child care services, national immunization program, health screening program, and assistance for catastrophic medical expenses. Government data and personal narratives were also reviewed to identify the discriminatory elements that can have significant consequences, including increased disease prevalence, higher incidence of occupational injuries, and broader socio-economic instability among migrants. Results Discriminatory elements were found in most programs, with the exception of emergency medical services. These programs commonly provide fewer benefits or impose stricter eligibility criteria for migrants compared to nationals. In particular, the Korean NHI system demands migrants to pay higher premiums and more rigorous maintenance requirements. Conclusions The findings emphasize the need for urgent reforms to equalize health insurance costs, simplify eligibility criteria for migrants, and broaden the scope of benefits to encompass all residency statuses. Implementing these changes will enhance public health infrastructure, improve occupational safety, and foster better integration of the diverse population, ultimately promoting social cohesion and a fairer health system for all. Key messages • A number of discriminatory elements against migrants have been identified in South Korea’s social security policies that can exacerbate health disparities. • Reforms are needed to expand benefits and relax eligibility criteria for migrants in key healthcare policies, including the National Health Insurance system.

The Impact of the WTO Agricultural Agreement on Developing Countries

Abstract: Agricultural insurance, as an agricultural risk management tool to disperse agricultural risks, compensate farmers' losses and safeguard agricultural production, has become an indispensable part of the agricultural security system in various countries. However, due to the high cost of agricultural insurance, many countries provide financial subsidies for agricultural insurance. This paper introduces the help of agricultural insurance subsidies to countries in World Trade Organization (WTO), summarizes the main features and inadequacies of relevant WTO rules, and analyzes the existing problems of agricultural insurance subsidies from four aspects based on the practice of American agricultural insurance subsidies. The main conclusions of this paper include: first, the rules of agricultural insurance subsidy are limited and the classification is not clear, which seriously harms the agricultural development of developing countries; second, income insurance and natural disaster insurance in premium subsidies are regarded as "green box" tools, which need to meet certain conditions, otherwise there is still the possibility of being regarded as "amber box" tools; third, the current WTO rules on agricultural insurance subsidies are more conducive to the development of developed countries, but the agricultural insurance subsidies in developing countries lag behind and are difficult to implement, and the rules on agricultural insurance subsidies urgently need to be improved. Fourth, the double standards of developed countries and developing countries have caused differences in the classification of agricultural insurance subsidies. Finally, the thesis puts forward some suggestions on the compliance development of China's agricultural insurance subsidies under the framework of WTO rules.

Incidental Findings on MRIs for Asymmetric Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Clinical and Economic Analysis.

The gold-standard assessment of asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) is contrast-enhanced MRI. Although rates of identifying a vestibular schwannoma are low (<5%), it is generally accepted as cost-effective. Yet, the impact of incidentalomas is rarely considered. This study aims to characterize the incidence of incidentalomas in the workup of ASNHL and quantify the associated socioeconomic burden. Retrospective cohort study. Single academic institution in a midsized city in the United States. Radiology records were queried for MRI's ordered for ASNHL between January 2012 and November 2022. Results were characterized as "group 1: normal," "group 2: abnormal read/normal variant," "group 3: abnormal-likely cause of ASNHL," or "group 4: abnormal-follow-up needed." Subsequent costs of workup for group 4 were estimated using Medicare Physician Fee Schedule for Medicare costs, US Congressional Budgeting Office data for private insurer costs, and USC-Brookings Schaeffer Initiative for Health Policy estimates for uninsured individuals. Six hundred patients met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen (3.0%) were categorized in group 3, whereas 40 (6.7%) were categorized in group 4. Of these patients, 7.5% (n = 3) had interventions to manage their incidental findings. Estimated per patient cost for further workup of incidental findings amounted to approximately $744, $1,534, and $2,260 for Medicare, private insurance, and uninsured costs, respectively. Incidentalomas occur over twice as often as retrocochlear pathologies responsible for ASNHL. Although the number of patients requiring treatment for incidentaloma is low, the economic impact is not insubstantial and should be considered for both individual patients and health system payers.

Intellectual Property Commercialization Policy to Expand Financing Options for Indonesian Creative Economy Businesses

This study aims to develop alternate strategies for completing the creative economy Intellectual Property collateral financing policy so that it may be implemented in Indonesia. The methods used descriptive qualitative research with SWOT analysis to analyze the implementation of Intellectual Property-based financing schemes' supporting and inhibiting factors. The preparation of alternative strategies based on the SWOT matrix produces nine strategies. The nine alternative strategies produced were evaluated and tested using four practical policy analysis criteria: Effectiveness, Efficiency, Legality, and Administrative Robustness. Three primary recommendations emerged from testing alternative approaches: first, a plan to fortify industry regulations related to financial services, which will serve as a model for financial institutions implementing credit provisions based on Intellectual Property collateral and expediting the realization of financing products backed by Intellectual Property Rights. Second, a plan to standard Intellectual Property valuation formula or economic value of Intellectual Property and establish an ecosystem for the Intellectual Property market to promote more consistent Intellectual Property valuations and third, managing credit risk through joint ventures with insurance companies, the debtor will pay the insurance costs that allow the Bank or Financial Institutions to transfer risks to third parties if the Intellectual Property value declines.

Research on Factors Influencing Medical Insurance Cost in the US

After the COVID-19 epidemic, the growing concern over medical insurance cost and the factors that influence it are increasingly coming to the forefront. These factors include age, sex, body mass index, number of children, smoker or non-smoker and region. Therefore, this paper analyzes the impact of six factors on medical insurance costs by utilizing data on medical insurance expenses of 2,772 individuals in the US. The analysis employs a multiple linear regression model and the stepwise regression method. It is concluded that age, body mass index, number of children, smoker or non-smoker and region have a significant impact on medical insurance cost with the largest regression coefficients for age, body mass index and smoker or non-smoker. This shows that it is physiological factors that have the greatest impact and therefore it is recommended that people should better maintain good health in order to reduce medical insurance cost and save money.

Characterizing access for oral oncolytics used to treat breast cancer at an academic medical center.

116 Background: Everolimus, CDK 4/6, PIK3CA, Her2 tyrosine kinase, and PARP inhibitors are commonly used oral oncolytic agents for breast cancer patients. However, oral oncolytics are tiered differently for insurance cost coverage than IV therapies. We characterized the financial toxicity associated with breast cancer oral oncolytics, investigated the prevalence of financial assistance mechanisms utilized, and explored the association of these mechanisms with timing of treatment initiation in adult breast cancer patients. Methods: Patients 18 years or older with a primary breast cancer diagnosis who received care at the outpatient breast cancer clinic and were prescribed an oral oncolytic by a Michigan Medicine provider were included. Using the electronic medical record, we identified initial prescriptions for everolimus, CDK 4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib), PIK3CA inhibitor (alpelisib), HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (lapatinib, neratinib, tucatinib), and PARP inhibitors (olaparib, talazoparib) dated between January 1, 2014 and November 30, 2022. Patient demographics, adjuvant versus metastatic status, insurance coverage, monthly out-of-pocket costs, financial assistance obtained, prescribed date, planned medication start date, pill-to-mouth date, duration of treatment and reason for treatment discontinuation were collected. Results: There were 418 unique patients in our final cohort. Almost one third of all prescriptions were filled with financial assistance (n=126, 31.2%). The three most common assistance mechanisms were copay cards (n=55, 43.6%), grants (n=34, 26.9%) and patient assistance programs (n=31, 24.6%). For monthly out-of-pocket costs before any financial assistance was obtained, the three most common cost groups were $0-$15 (n=155, 36%), $15-$100 (n=101, 23.7%) and &gt;$500 (n=91, 21%). Among the 48 prescriptions that were never filled, almost one third were due to prohibitive cost (n=15, 28.3%). For insurance coverage, the three most common types were commercial (n=224, 54%), Medicare Part D (n=108, 26%), and Medicaid (n=57, 14%). The median number of days treatment was delayed was 10 days (range 0-495 days). Insurance approval/denial delays accounted for 33.9% of delays (n=120). Conclusions: One third of breast cancer oral oncolytic prescriptions were filled with financial assistance. In the instances in which patients were not able to receive timely treatment for their cancer, one out of three times it was due to insurance delay.

Innovations of Express Companies: Adoption of Protective Wearable Artificial Intelligence Devices by Couriers

Providing couriers with wearable artificial intelligence devices to prevent accidents is not only beneficial to the courier’s safety but will also save money in terms of insurance premiums for express companies; therefore, it is worth investigating what factors can influence the acceptance of wearable artificial intelligence devices by couriers. Push–pull–mooring (PPM) theory and affective event theory (AET) are integrated, to test couriers’ adoption of wearable safety detection devices. Social influence, perceived security, personal innovativeness, and affective event reaction are applied to the research model. Questionnaires are distributed among several listed express companies and 263 valid questionnaires are used for empirical testing. Empirical results indicated that social influence, perceived safety, personal innovativeness and affective event reaction are positively related to usage with coefficients 0.218, 0.301, 0.698 and 0.309. Personal innovativeness has positive moderating effects on relationships between affective event reaction, perceived security and usage, with coefficients 0.145 and 0.106; however, it has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between social influence and usage. The research aims to help support the proliferation and adoption of wearable artificial intelligence devices to optimize the current state of the express industry and improve the interaction between couriers and managers, creating an active management strategy that will allow express companies to thrive. The study not only provides insights to help express companies reduce insurance costs, but also provides recommendations for accelerating the company’s environmental, social and governance goals, leading sustainable development and building new corporate value.

Evaluating Generative AI's Ability to Identify Cancer Subtypes in Publicly Available Structured Genetic Datasets.

Genetic data play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating various diseases, reflecting a growing imperative to integrate these data into clinical care. However, significant barriers such as the structure of electronic health records (EHRs), insurance costs for genetic testing, and the interpretability of genetic results impede this integration. This paper explores solutions to these challenges by combining recent technological advances with informatics and data science, focusing on the diagnostic potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in cancer research. AI has historically been applied in medical research with limited success, but recent developments have led to the emergence of large language models (LLMs). These transformer-based generative AI models, trained on vast datasets, offer significant potential for genetic and genomic analyses. However, their effectiveness is constrained by their training on predominantly human-written text rather than comprehensive, structured genetic datasets. This study reevaluates the capabilities of LLMs, specifically GPT models, in performing supervised prediction tasks using structured gene expression data. By comparing GPT models with traditional machine learning approaches, we assess their effectiveness in predicting cancer subtypes, demonstrating the potential of AI models to analyze real-world genetic data for generating real-world evidence.

Analysing the multifaceted determinants of exorbitant medical expenses among senior citizens in Malaysia

This article analyses the complex factors contributing to rising medical expenses, focusing on the senior citizen demographic in Malaysia. With the global aging population, notably in lower and middle-income countries, the study highlights the escalating medical and health insurance costs, driven by age, income source, modern healthcare, and geographical residence. The research draws on an extensive literature review, demographic analysis, and quantitative methods to examine these determinants. It critically analyzes Malaysia’s healthcare system, which operates on a dual-tier model, and the financial burden placed on senior citizens. The findings indicate that age, source of income, and geographical residence significantly influence medical expenses, whereas modern healthcare’s impact is not statistically significant. The study calls for government intervention, insurance industry adjustments, and private sector support to mitigate the financial strain on senior citizens. Recommendations include tax relief adjustments, National Health Insurance Scheme implementation, and employment sustainability for seniors. This research provides some recommendations to policymaking, the insurance industry, and academia by providing insights into managing the healthcare needs of an aging population sustainably.

Effect of age-related premium readjustment on health insurance cancellation in Brazil: Regression discontinuity approach.

Age is one of the most relevant observable risk attributes in determining the value of health insurance premiums. Empirical evidence indicates that the cost of health insurance is the leading cause of contract switching, which can compromise access to healthcare services and potentially result in treatment discontinuities. Using data from a Health Maintenance Organization in the Southern region of Brazil, we examined the effect of health plan price readjustment resulting from changes in the beneficiary's age group on disenrollment or switches to a more limited coverage plan. The estimates were obtained using the method of regression discontinuity. The main findings indicate that for age group transitions at 59years old, the price readjustment effect led to an increase in contract cancellations and switching to cheaper plans. These findings highlight that an important consequence of the difference in premium sensitivity among age groups is that the exit of individuals from the health insurance sector is selective in age. The results of this paper can support policymaking to improve access to health insurance.

Measuring the Impact of Medical Cannabis Law Adoption on Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Costs: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis, 2003-2022.

Recent studies suggest that medical cannabis laws may contribute to arelative reduction in health insurance costs within the individual health insurance markets at the state level. We investigated the effects of adopting a medical cannabis law on the cost of employer-sponsored health insurance in the United States. We analyzed state-level data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) Private Sector spanning from 2003 to 2022. The outcomes included log-transformed average total premiumcosts per employee for single, employee-plus-one, and family coverage plans. We utilized the Sun and Abraham (J Econometr 225(2):175-199, 2021) difference-in-difference (DiD) method, looking at the overall DiD and event-study DiD. Models were adjusted for various state-level demographics and dichotomous policy variables, including whether a state later adopted recreational cannabis, as well as time and unit fixed effects and population weights. For states that adopted a medical cannabis law, there was a significant decrease in the log average total premium per employee for single (-0.034, standard error [SE] 0.009(-$238)) and employee-plus-one (-0.025, SE 0.009(-$348)) coverage plans per yearconsidering the first 10 years of policy change compared with states without such laws. Looking at the last 5years of policy change, we saw increases in effect size and statistical significance. In-time placebo testing suggested model robustness.Under a hypothetical scenario where all 50 states adopted medical cannabis in 2022, we estimated that employers and employees could collectively save billions on healthcare coverage, potentially reducing healthcare expenditure's contribution to GDP by 0.65% in 2022. Adoption of a medical cannabis law may contribute to decreases in healthcare costs. This phenomenon is likely a secondary effect and suggests positive externalities outside of medical cannabis patients.

Factors Affecting Consumers' Comprehensive Vehicle Insurance Policy Purchasing Behavior

Research Originality: With increasing vehicle values in Türkiye and high insurance costs, consumers' vehicle insurance purchasing preferences emerge as a dilemma. The study examines consumers' insurance purchasing behavior in this dilemma's context of risk and overconfidence tendencies.Research Objectives: This study aims to reveal the effects of individual characteristics, attitude toward risk, and overconfidence tendencies on comprehensive vehicle insurance policy purchasing behavior.Research Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 428 selected vehicle owners in Turkey, and the questionnaire results were analyzed using the binary logit model.Empirical Results: The study found that gender, education level, income level, market value of the vehicle, attitude towards risk, and self-confidence level have statistically significant effects on comprehensive vehicle insurance policy purchase decisions.Implications: The relationship between risk-taking behavior, overconfidence, and insurance purchasing behavior requires further discussion. Government policies that increase insurance awareness are recommended to weaken this relationship.JEL Classification: D12, G22, C25How to Cite:Kutlu, M., Sumer Adin, S., Mola, H., &amp; Şahin Kutlu, S. (2024). Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumers' Comprehensive Vehicle Insurance Policy Purchasing Behavior. Etikonomi, 3(2), 539 – 554. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i2.37807.

The Private Health Insurance Underwriting Cycle, Economic Profits and Their Determinants

The underwriting cycle in private health insurance refers to fluctuations in profit margin over time. This research, a novel effort, aims to understand the peak-to-trough magnitudes and determinants of the industry-wide underwriting cycle. Historical industry-wide profits and losses have not been previously estimated, making this study a significant contribution to the field. Based on the reports of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (national health expenditures reports), this study begins by constructing the underwriting cycle of private health insurance performance over the last six decades, from which profit margins can be estimated. Expressing the net cost of private health insurance and personal health expenditures as a fraction of the premium facilitates the analysis, which employs standard methods. The results show, over a 62-year period from 1960 through 2022, that there are 12 underwriting cycles. The capacity to generate profits is influenced by the cost of personal healthcare expenditures, competition for enrollment, and the availability of substitutes. Evidence of reduced capacity for profitability is a finding that additional enrollment does not contribute to profits and that private health insurance enrollment is generally declining. Cumulative profits due to the sales of private health insurance only over the 62 years assessed are negative.

Analisis Implementasi Akad Musyarakah Mutanaqisah pada Pembiayaan ASN di Bank NTB Syariah Cabang Sriwijaya

Musyarakah Mutanaqishah is a form of cooperation between two or more parties for the ownership of an item or asset. Where this cooperation will reduce the ownership rights of one party while the other party increases its ownership rights, this transfer of ownership is through a payment mechanism for other ownership rights. This research aims to explain the implementation of the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah contract in ASN financing at Bank NTB Syariah Sriwijaya Branch and the obstacles in implementing the contract. The method used is descriptive qualitative by observing, evaluating, analyzing and describing the phenomena that occur in implementing the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah contract on ASN financing at Bank NTB Syariah Sriwijaya Branch. The results of the study state that the implementation of the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah (MMQ) contract for ASN consumer financing at Bank NTB Syariah Sriwijaya Branch has been carried out by the DSN-MUI fatwa as stated in the SOP for financing implementation. The obstacles faced by Bank NTB Syariah in the implementation of ASN financing with the MMQ contract include, among others, the lack of understanding of customers regarding the regulations and mechanisms for implementing financing with the Musyarakah Mutanqisah (MMQ) contract; some customers cannot provide proof of asset ownership on behalf of the customer or their spouse, some customers apply for financing without bringing their spouse for various reasons, and some customers are unable to provide funds for administrative and insurance costs required before the financing disbursement process can be carried out.

Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan Asuransi Umum Nasional dan Perusahaan Asuransi Umum Patungan di Indonesia

This analysis reflects the performance of National General Insurance Companies and Joint Venture General Insurance Companies in Indonesia. This allows this mapping to be used as a tool to analyze and control the performance of National General Insurance Companies and Joint Venture General Insurance Companies in Indonesia. So based on the above we will raise the research title "Performance Analysis of National General Insurance Companies and Joint Venture General Insurance Companies in Indonesia," This research aims; To find out the performance of National General Insurance Companies, to find out the performance of general insurance companies and joint venture general insurance companies in Indonesia, and to find out the differences in the performance of national general insurance companies and joint venture general insurance companies in Indonesia. This research method is quantitative descriptive. The conclusions are 1) Asset performance, equity performance, debt performance, revenue performance, cost performance, profit and loss performance, investment performance, technical reserve performance of joint venture general insurance companies have a tendency to increase from 2018 - 2022, while investment performance / technical reserves (%) Joint General Insurance has a downward trend from year to year from 2018 - 2022, 2.a) Asset Performance, Equity Performance, Debt Performance, Income Performance, Investment Performance, and Technical Reserve Performance of national general insurance has an upward trend from year to year 2018 - 2022, 2.b) but the performance of national general insurance costs has a tendency to fall from year to year from 2018 - 2022 then rises and then falls at the end of 2022, while the profit and loss performance of national general insurance has a tendency to be unstable from year to year from 2018 - 2022 with an upward trend, and Investment Performance / Technical Reserves (%) of national general insurance has a downward trend from 2018 - 2022, 3) The differences in the performance of National General Insurance Companies and Joint Venture General Insurance Companies in Indonesia are as follows; 1). Joint Venture General Insurance has better performance than national general insurance companies in; Asset performance, debt performance, cost performance, and investment performance / technical reserves (%), and 2) National General Insurance has better performance than joint venture general insurance companies from 2018 - 2022 in; Equity performance, income performance, profit and loss performance, investment performance, and technical reserve performance.

Health Insurance Factor Analysis

This paper explores the intricacies of health insurance costs in the United States, emphasizing the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) role in reform. Employing a "health insurance factor analysis" approach, the study identifies key determinants using data visualization and regression models. Factors such as age, BMI, family size, gender, smoking status, and geographic region significantly influence insurance prices. The research evaluates various regression models and neural networks, with linear regression standing out for its high accuracy. The findings underscore the impact of smoking, medical history, and coverage level on insurance costs. Despite dataset limitations and sample size considerations, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of health insurance pricing, aiding insurers, policymakers, and individuals in decision-making. By integrating data insights and predictive models, the research advances comprehension of the complex relationships shaping health insurance costs. The ultimate goal is to optimize insurance programs and promote accessible and affordable health insurance for all.

Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Dental Visit Pattern Among Japanese Older Adults: The JAGES Cohort Study.

Long-term care (LTC) costs create burdens on aging societies. Maintaining oral health through dental visits may result in shorter LTC periods, thereby decreasing LTC costs; however, this remains unverified. We examined whether dental visits in the past 6 months were associated with cumulative LTC insurance (LTCI) costs. This cohort study of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study targeted independent adults aged≥65 years in 2010 over an 8-year follow-up. We used data from a self-reported questionnaire and LTCI records from the municipalities. The outcome was cumulative LTCI costs, and exposure was dental visits within 6 months for prevention, treatment, and prevention or treatment. A 2-part model was used to estimate the differences in the predicted cumulative LTCI costs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each dental visit. The mean age of the 8 429 participants was 73.7 years (standard deviation [SD] = 6.0), and 46.1% were men. During the follow-up period, 17.6% started using LTCI services. The mean cumulative LTCI cost was USD 4 877.0 (SD = 19 082.1). The predicted cumulative LTCI costs were lower among those had dental visits than among those who did not. The differences in predicted cumulative LTCI cost were -USD 1 089.9 (95% CI = -1 888.5 to -291.2) for dental preventive visits, -USD 806.7 (95% CI = -1 647.4 to 34.0) for treatment visits, and -USD 980.6 (95% CI = -1 835.7 to -125.5) for preventive or treatment visits. Dental visits, particularly preventive visits, were associated with lower cumulative LTCI costs. Maintaining oral health through dental visits may effectively reduce LTCI costs.

Optimizing Cost-Effective Care for Chronic Constipation in General Gastroenterology Using an Office-Based, Point-Of-Care Test (RED): Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Minimization Analysis.

We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness/cost-savings of point-of-care anorectal function testing with an investigational device (RED) to triage therapy for chronic constipation in general gastroenterology. A Markov model was constructed to evaluate cost-effectiveness/cost-savings over a 1-year time horizon comparing empiric drug/pelvic floor physical therapy to testing guided care. RED appears to inform the cost-effective strategy for chronic constipation. Compared with usual care without RED, it reduces insurer costs by $810 and patient costs by $6,903. Point-of-care testing using RED appears cost-effective/cost-saving to triage chronic constipation care in general gastroenterology.

MedPredict Solutions: Medical Insurance Cost Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms

MedPredict Solutions: Medical Insurance Cost Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms