Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Function Research Articles

IGFBPL1 Regulates Axon Growth through IGF-1-mediated Signaling Cascades

Activation of axonal growth program is a critical step in successful optic nerve regeneration following injury. Yet the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate this developmental transition are not fully understood. Here we identified a novel regulator, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-like 1 (IGFBPL1), for the growth of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Expression of IGFBPL1 correlates with RGC axon growth in development, and acute knockdown of IGFBPL1 with shRNA or IGFBPL1 knockout in vivo impaired RGC axon growth. In contrast, administration of IGFBPL1 promoted axon growth. Moreover, IGFBPL1 bound to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and subsequently induced calcium signaling and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation to stimulate axon elongation. Blockage of IGF-1 signaling abolished IGFBPL1-mediated axon growth, and vice versa, IGF-1 required the presence of IGFBPL1 to promote RGC axon growth. These data reveal a novel element in the control of RGC axon growth and suggest an unknown signaling loop in the regulation of the pleiotropic functions of IGF-1. They suggest new therapeutic target for promoting optic nerve and axon regeneration and repair of the central nervous system.

Central IGF1 improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a key factor for tissue growth and fuel metabolism. The potential function of central IGF1 remains unclear. We previously observed that IGF1 expression is increased in the hypothalamus of obese mice lacking STAT5 in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we explored the potential metabolic function of central IGF1 by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of IGF1, over-expression of central IGF1 by administering an adeno-associated virus (AAV), and ICV injection of an anti-IGF1 antibody. Mice that over-expressed central IGF1 displayed increased appetite, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, decreased Pomc levels in the hypothalamus, and increased UCP1 expression in brown fat tissue. This is the first study demonstrating that central IGF1 regulates several important metabolic functions.

Review of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Protection against Brain Diseases

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a pluripotent growth factor, with multiple functions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Increasing evidence suggests that IGF-1 fine-tunes the development of the central nervous system, ensuring proper neuronal differentiation, maturation, and connectivity. It supports neuronal survival and axon growth, and acts on myelinating Schwann cells and oligodendroglia. The biological functions of IGF-1 are modulated by the IGF-1 signaling pathway. Recent studies have proposed the modulation of the members of the IGF-1/IGF-1 signaling pathway as treatment for neuropathologies. In this study, we introduce the structure of IGF-1/2 and its receptors, with the intra-cellular interactions. Further, we review the therapeutic effects of IGF-1 in different models of brain diseases, via activation of different cellular mechanisms.

C-myb Plays an Essential Role in the Protective Function of IGF-1 on Cytotoxicity Induced by Aβ25-35 via the PI3K/Akt Pathway.

There have been numerous reports about neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, the molecules responsible for the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease are basically unknown. Recent findings indicate that the cellular myeloblastosis (c-myb) regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation. In the current study, the function of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) against cell toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells induced by β-amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35) and its molecular mechanism were investigated. It was found that p25 protein production was raised by Aβ25-35 (25μM), similar to the increased expression of μ-calpain. The results also showed that Aβ25-35 reduced c-myb, elevated tau hyper-phosphorylation, and induced death of SH-SY5Y cells. Loss of cell viability and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ25-35 were attenuated by IGF-1 pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, IGF-1 blocked μ-calpain expression, which was induced by Aβ25-35 and reduced p25 formation and tau hyper-phosphorylation. Moreover, the expression of c-myb in SH-SY5Y cells was increased by combining IGF-1 with Aβ25-35 or IGF-1 alone. The neuroprotective function of IGF-1 was attenuated in the SH-SY5Y cells, which were transfected with a c-myb small interfering RNA. Furthermore, LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, reduced c-myb expression and abolished IGF-1's protective function in SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35. The facts above indicate that c-myb has a role in IGF-1-mediated protection from Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity via the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Direct integrin binding to insulin-like growth factor-2 through the C-domain is required for insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF1R) signaling.

We have reported that integrins crosstalk with growth factors through direct binding to growth factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), neuregulin-1, fractalkine) and subsequent ternary complex formation with cognate receptor [e.g., integrin/IGF1/IGF1 receptor (IGF1R)]. IGF1 and IGF2 are overexpressed in cancer and major therapeutic targets. We previously reported that IGF1 binds to integrins ανβ3 and α6β4, and the R36E/R37E mutant in the C-domain of IGF1 is defective integrin binding and signaling functions of IGF1, and acts as an antagonist of IGF1R. We studied if integrins play a role in the signaling functions of IGF2, another member of the IGF family. Here we describe that IGF2 specifically binds to integrins ανβ3 and α6β4, and induced proliferation of CHO cells (IGF1R+) that express ανβ3 or α6β4 (β3- or α6β4-CHO cells). Arg residues to Glu at positions 24, 34, 37 and/or 38 in or close to the C-domain of IGF2 play a critical role in binding to integrins and signaling functions. The R24E/R37E/R38E, R34E/R37E/R38E, and R24E/R34E/R37E/R38E mutants were defective in integrin binding and IGF2 signaling. These mutants suppressed proliferation induced by WT IGF2, suggesting that they are dominant-negative antagonists of IGF1R. These results suggest that IGF2 also requires integrin binding for signaling functions, and the IGF2 mutants that cannot bind to integrins act as antagonists of IGF1R. The present study defines the role of the C-domain in integrin binding and signaling.

Production and functional characterization of human insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide hormone produced mainly by the liver in response to the endocrine growth hormone (GH) stimulus. This protein is involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including cellular differentiation, transformation, apoptosis suppression, migration and cell-cycle progression and other metabolic processes. In the current study, human heart cDNA was employed to isolate IGF-1 encoding fragment using reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. The isolated fragment was cloned into pET32a expression vector and then transformed into the competent Escherichia coli Origami 2. After selecting the correct colony with the highest expression level, the colony was cultured and induced with IPTG. Recombinant IGF-1 expression was detected by SDS-PAGE and His-tagged protein purification was performed with the affinity chromatography. In order to confirm the activity of the resultant protein, biological activity of the recombinant IGF-1 was assayed through inducing proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Molecular techniques, including PCR, restriction digestion, mass spectrometry analyses, SDS-PAGE and biological activity analyses of this protein confirmed the correct cloning, expression, and function of IGF-1 in this study. Overall, we provided a rapid and cost effective production and purification method for IGF-1 protein, which is biologically active and functional.

High fat-diet and saturated fatty acid palmitate inhibits IGF-1 function in chondrocytes.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) promotes matrix synthesis and cell survival in cartilage. Chondrocytes from aged and osteoarthritic cartilage have a reduced response to IGF-1. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of free fatty acids (FFA) present in a high-fat diet on IGF-1 function in cartilage and the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. C57BL/6 male mice were maintained on either a high-fat (60% kcal from fat) or a low-fat (10% kcal from fat) diet for 4 months. Mice were then sacrificed; femoral head cartilage caps were collected and treated with IGF-1 to measure proteoglycan (PG) synthesis. Cultured human chondrocytes were treated with 500μM FFA palmitate or oleate, followed by stimulation with (100ng/ml) IGF-1 overnight to measure CHOP (a protein marker for ER stress) and PG synthesis. Human chondrocytes were pre-treated with palmitate or 1mM 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) or 1μM C-Jun N terminal Kinase (JNK) inhibitor, and IGF-1 function (PG synthesis and signaling) was measured. Cartilage explants from mice on the high fat-diet showed reduced IGF-1 mediated PG synthesis compared to a low-fat group. Treatment of human chondrocytes with palmitate induced expression of CHOP, activated JNK and inhibited IGF-1 function. PBA, a small molecule chemical chaperone that alleviates ER stress rescued IGF-1 function and a JNK inhibitor rescued IGF-1 signaling. Palmitate-induced ER stress inhibited IGF-1 function in chondrocytes/cartilage via activating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase JNK. This is the first study to demonstrate that ER stress is metabolic factor that regulates IGF-1 function in chondrocytes.

CDNA cloning, structural analysis, SNP detection and tissue expression profile of the IGF1 gene in Malabari and Attappady Black goats of India.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays an important role in growth, reproduction, foetal development and cell proliferation. The present study was conducted to clone and sequence the full-length coding sequence of the caprine IGF1 gene from Attappady Black and Malabari breeds, two indigenous goat breeds of south India, to analyse its structure, and to ascertain the relative abundance of IGF1 mRNA in different tissues. The caprine IGF1 cDNA (GenBank accession nos: KJ549851 and KJ549852) contained a 465-bp open reading frame encoding IGF1 protein with 154 amino acid residues. A novel SNP was detected in the 3'UTR region, g.931A>G. Genotyping was performed in 277 goats from the two genetic groups using the PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and two genotypes, AA and AG were observed at this locus. IGF1 is a secretary pathway protein with 49 amino acid-long signal peptide with 19 phosphorylation sites. Caprine IGF1 amino acid sequence was 83-99% identical to other species with highest identity with the ruminants. Relative expression of IGF1 was highest in uterus and liver (P < 0.05), followed by oviduct and muscle. This work provided an important experimental basis for further research on the functions of IGF1 in goats.

Downregulation of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 contributes to memory impairment in aged mice after sevoflurane anesthesia.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a neuroprotective hormone and a decrease in levels of circulating IGF-1 contributes toward cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sevoflurane on the level of circulating IGF-1 and cognitive function in aged mice and the role of circulating IGF-1 in the cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane. Aged mice were exposed to 1 or 2 minimal alveolar concentrations of sevoflurane for 4 or 8 h. Before and after the exposure, blood was collected from the tail vein and serum IGF-1 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After exposure, spatial learning and memory were tested in the Morris water maze. An intraperitoneal injection of IGF-1 was used to study the role of IGF-1 in the cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane. Sevoflurane dose dependently decreased the serum IGF-1 concentration, and resulted in aged mice taking significantly longer and traveling significantly further to find the platform. Sevoflurane significantly decreased the times crossing the platform and %time spent in target quadrant relative to the control group. IGF-1 attenuated this effect, but could not completely reverse it. We conclude that downregulation of circulating IGF-1 contributes toward the cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane.

Cyclic‐glycine‐proline accelerates mammary involution by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting IGF‐1 function

In rodents, post-lactational involution of mammary glands is characterized by the loss of mammary epithelial cells via apoptosis, which is associated with a decline in the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Overexpression of IGF-1 delays involution by inhibiting apoptosis of epithelial cells and preserving the remaining secretory alveoli. Cyclic-glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, normalizes IGF-1 function under pathological conditions by regulating the bioavailability of IGF-1. The present study investigated the effect of cGP on the physiological decline in IGF-1 function during post-lactational mammary involution. Rat dams were gavaged with either cGP (3 mg/kg) or saline once per day from post-natal d8-22. Before collecting tissue on post-natal d23, a pair of mammary glands were sealed on d20 (72 hr-engorgement, thus representative of late-involution) and d22 (24 hr-engorgement, thus representative of mid-involution), while the remaining glands were allowed to involute naturally (early-involution). During early-involution, cGP accelerated the loss of mammary cells through apoptosis, resulting in an earlier clearance of intact secretory alveoli compared with the control group. This coincided with an earlier up-regulation of the cell survival factors, Bcl-xl and IGF-1R, in the early-involution cGP glands compared with the control glands. During late-involution, cGP reduced the bioactivity of IGF-1, which was evident through decreased phosphorylation of IGF-1R in the regressed alveoli. Maternal administration of cGP did not alter milk production and composition during early-, peak-, or late-stage of lactation. These data show that cGP accelerates post-lactational involution by promoting apoptosis and the physiological decline in IGF-1 function.

Changes in Acid Labile Subunit (ALS) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Concentration in Hyperthyroidism before and After Medical Treatment: A Prospective Controlled Study

Background:The relationship of altered thyroid status with GH and components of insulin-like Growth factor (IGF-1) axis is complex and not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate changes in Acid labile subunit (ALS) and IGF-1 in hyperthyroidism, before and after normalization of thyroid status. Methods:Thirty-four hyperthyroid patients matched with 36 normal controls were studied. The patients and controls were assessed at baseline and the patients were followed up prospectively and re-assessed after 6 months of treatment with antithyroid drug (ATD) (carbimazole). On each occasion, blood was collected for measurement of ALS, IGF-1, glucose, insulin, intact proinsulin and thyroid function. Results: Pre-treatment levels of ALS (p=0.012) and IGF-1 (p=0.007) were significantly lower in patients than controls. Five to 10 weeks post-treatment with ATD, all patients were restored to euthyroidism. ALS and IGF-1 levels increased significantly to similar levels of controls after 6 months of ATD. Within the patients, ALS (p=0.049) and IGF-1 (p=0.001) correlated inversely with free T3, whereas, only IGF-1 (p=0.005) correlated inversely with free T4. Conclusion:These results demonstrate that untreated hyperthyroidism is associated with reduction in ALS and IGF-1. Due to the fact that ALS and IGF-1 were related inversely with thyroid status and their concentrations were normalized with euthyroidism, it would be possible to consider their reductions as helpful markers of altered thyroid status, namely hyperthyroidism.

The Moderating Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Relationship Between Cognitive and Aerobic Endurance Change.

Improvements in cognition often accompany fitness improvements in older adults, and research suggests insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may influence this association. No prior work has examined this in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We predicted that IGF-1 would moderate the relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance improvement, such that greater baseline IGF-1 would accompany a stronger relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance change. Twenty-seven individuals with MCI completed assessments of aerobic endurance (2-minute step test [2MST]) and global cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State [3MS]) before and after a 6-month period of twice-weekly exercise. Serum IGF-1 levels were assessed at baseline via fasted blood draw. The Johnson-Neyman technique determined whether baseline IGF-1 levels moderated the relationship between changes in aerobic endurance (Δ2MST) and cognition (Δ3MS). A significant interaction was found; however, Δ2MST was inversely associated with Δ3MS in individuals with above-average serum IGF-1 levels; this relationship was strengthened as IGF-1 increased and was not seen when IGF-1 was below average. The relationship between cognitive and aerobic endurance change varies as a function of IGF-1 in persons with MCI. Additional work is needed to clarify the mechanisms of these findings.

Review of insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway and its role in protection against brain diseases

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a pluripotent growth factor, with multiple functions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Increasing evidence suggests that IGF-1 fine-tunes the development of the central nervous system, ensuring proper neuronal differentiation, maturation, and connectivity. It supports neuronal survival and axon growth, and acts on myelinating Schwann cells and oligodendroglia. The biological functions of IGF-1 are modulated by the IGF-1 signaling pathway. Recent studies have proposed the modulation of the members of the IGF-1/IGF-1 signaling pathway as treatment for neuropathologies. In this study, we introduce the structure of IGF-1/2 and its receptors, with the intra-cellular interactions. Further, we review the therapeutic effects of IGF-1 in different models of brain diseases, via activation of different cellular mechanisms.

Vascular Remodelling is Impaired in Parkinson Disease

Objective: We have previously reported vascular degeneration of human Parkinson disease (PD). In which we described degenerative pathology of endothelial cells and its association with increased string vessels in the grey matter of middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Growth factors, for example platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), involve in vascular remodelling by promoting cell proliferations and angiogenesis through capillary pericytes. Thus current study examined the hypothesis whether vascular degeneration in human PD is associated with impairment of vascular remodelling. Methods: Using tissue microarray method we conducted immuno histochemical staining in the grey matter of MFG of human PD (n=17) and age-matched control cases (n=17). The expression of PDGF receptor-beta, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor in capillaries, IGF binding protein-2 and VEGF were evaluated using automated image analysis software. Results: PDGF receptor-beta was specifically expressed in the pericytes which formed capillary morphology. Compared to the age-matched control cases, there were significant decrease in PDGF receptor-beta positive capillaries (p<0.05; p<0.01), proliferating vascular cells (p<0.05) and VEGF (p<0.05) in the PD cases. There no difference in phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptors, expressed in the capillaries between the groups. We found a significant increase in IGF binding protein-2, expressed in the astrocytes of PD when compared to the control cases (p<0.05). Interestingly the levels of phosphorylated IGF receptors in the capillaries were significantly correlated with the numbers of pericytes and proliferating cells in capillaries (p=0.001). Conclusion: Impaired PDGF function in the pericytes, reduced cell proliferation and VEGF suggested that the ability of vascular remodelling is impaired in PD. The maintained IGF-1 function appeared to be ineffective to retain vascular remodelling process in PD. The up-regulation of IGF binding protein-2 may suggest a role for autocrine/ paracrine of IGF-1 in PD.

IGF-1 protects against Aβ25-35-induced neuronal cell death via inhibition of PUMA expression and Bax activation

Amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) is considered to be the toxic species in AD and causes cell death in the affected areas of patient's brain. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been reported to attenuate Aβ toxicity in neuronal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective function of IGF-1 remain largely unknown. In the present study, we for the first time demonstrated that IGF-1 protects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of PUMA expression and Bax activation. We found that IGF-1 could activate Akt, which in turn inhibited Aβ-induced FOXO3a nuclear translocation and thus decreased the binding ability of FOXO3a to PUMA promoter, leading to decreased PUMA expression. In addition, IGF-1 inhibited the translocation of Bax to the mitochondria induced by Aβ. Notably, addition of wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, significantly abolished the neuroprotective effect of IGF-1, suggesting that IGF-1 exerts its anti-apoptotic effect depend on PI3K activity. Our findings may provide new insights into molecular mechanisms mediated by IGF-1 in cell survival against Aβ-induced apoptosis.

Pleiotropic Genes Affecting Carcass Traits in Bos indicus (Nellore) Cattle Are Modulators of Growth.

Two complementary methods, namely Multi-Trait Meta-Analysis and Versatile Gene-Based Test for Genome-wide Association Studies (VEGAS), were used to identify putative pleiotropic genes affecting carcass traits in Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle. The genotypic data comprised over 777,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers scored in 995 bulls, and the phenotypic data included deregressed breeding values (dEBV) for weight measurements at birth, weaning and yearling, as well visual scores taken at weaning and yearling for carcass finishing precocity, conformation and muscling. Both analyses pointed to the pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) as a major pleiotropic gene. VEGAS analysis revealed 224 additional candidates. From these, 57 participated, together with PLAG1, in a network involved in the modulation of the function and expression of IGF1 (insulin like growth factor 1), IGF2 (insulin like growth factor 2), GH1 (growth hormone 1), IGF1R (insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) and GHR (growth hormone receptor), suggesting that those pleiotropic genes operate as satellite regulators of the growth pathway.

Association between Cognition and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Middle-Aged & Older Men: An 8 Year Follow-Up Study.

Low levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), an essential neurotrophic factor, have been associated with worse cognitive function in older adults. However, few studies have assessed the prospective association of serum IGF-1 with cognitive function. We aimed to determine the association between serum IGF-1 on concurrent and prospective cognitive function in a population sample of men aged 40–80 years. Blood samples were assessed for IGF-1 levels at baseline and neuropsychological assessments were performed at baseline (n = 400) and at follow-up after a mean duration of 8.3 years (n = 286). Linear regression analyses were carried out to determine the associations between quintiles of IGF-1 and cognitive function at the baseline and follow-up visits. Results showed that those in the top quintile of IGF-1 had lower processing capacity and global cognition scores at follow-up after controlling for cognitive function at baseline and other confounding factors. Additional analyses exploring associations with IGF-1 separately in middle-aged and older participants, and with quartiles of IGF-1 produced similar results. In those older than 60 years, high IGF-1 levels were also associated with lower baseline processing capacity. These results suggest that high IGF-1 levels are associated with worse long-term cognition in men. Together with past studies, we suggest that both, high and low levels of IGF-1 may be associated with poor cognitive function and that optimum levels of IGF-1 (quintile 2 and 3 in current study) may be associated with better cognitive function.

IL-6 and IGF-1 Signaling Within and Between Muscle and Bone: How Important is the mTOR Pathway for Bone Metabolism?

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) play an important role in the adaptation of both muscle and bone to mechanical stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of IL-6 and IGF-1 in bone and muscle metabolism, and the intracellular signaling pathways that are well known to mediate these functions. In particular, we discuss the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway which in skeletal muscle is known for its key role in regulating the rate of mRNA translation (protein synthesis). Since the role of the mTOR pathway in bone is explored to a much lesser extent, we discuss what is known about this pathway in bone and the potential role of this pathway in bone remodeling. We will also discuss the possible ways of influencing IGF-1 or IL-6 signaling by osteocytes and the clinical implications of pharmacological or nutritional modulation of the Akt/mTOR pathway.

93 THE INVOLVEMENT OF E-CADHERIN IN THERMOPROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 IN 4-CELL HAMSTER EMBRYOS

Studies have demonstrated that the early pre-implantation embryo is very sensitive to effects of heat stress in vitro. Heat stress reduces the total cell number in blastocysts and increases apoptosis in blastomeres. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been widely studied as a thermoprotective agent for its anti-apoptotic actions. Addition of IGF-1 to the culture medium decreases the effects of heat stress on blastocysts but has no effects on 2-cell embryos. Molecular mechanisms by which IGF-1 decreases apoptosis involve activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is also known that adherens junctions contribute to PI3K/AKT activation mediated by the transmembrane glycoprotein E-cadherin, which is involved in Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Within 2- to 8-cell embryos, E-cadherin is mainly inactive and has cytoplasmic localization. 6-Dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) induces premature cell flattening and E-cadherin redistribution to adhesion sites in 4-cell embryos. The aim of this study was to induce E-cadherin redistribution in 4-cell hamster embryos and evaluate the thermoprotective function of IGF-1 in these embryos. Four-cell embryos were incubated in the presence of 6-DMAP to induce E-cadherin redistribution to adhesion sites and cultured for 24 h under conditions of heat stress and compared with controls without 6-DMAP. Culture medium was supplemented with IGF-1. At the end of culture, developmental stage and rate of apoptosis were determined and analysed by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) procedure with statistical significance at P &lt; 0.05. E-Cadherin redistribution induced by 6-DMAP increased development to the 6-cell stage after 24 h (63.57% v. 38.81%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) and reduced apoptosis (25% v. 33%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) under heat-stress conditions. In conclusion, we hypothesise a role for E-cadherin-mediated cell flattening in promoting IGF-1-mediated thermoprotection in pre-compact 4-cell hamster embryos. Further studies are required to confirm this link.

Modeling the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on human cell growth

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a key role in human growth and development. The interactions of IGF-1 with IGF-1 receptors and IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate IGF-1 function. Recent research suggests that a metabolite of IGF-1, cyclo-glycyl-proline (cGP), has a role in regulating IGF-1 homeostasis. A component of this interaction is believed to be the competitive binding of IGF-1 and cGP to IGFBPs. In this paper we describe a mathematical model of the interaction between IGF-1 and cGP on human cell growth. The model can be used to understand the interaction between IGF-1, IGFBPs, cGP and IGF-1 receptors along with the kinetics of cell growth. An explicit model of the known interactions between IGF-1, cGP, IGFBPs, IGF-1 receptors explained a large portion of the variance in cell growth (R2 = 0.83). An implicit model of the interactions between IGF-1, cGP, IGFBPs, IGF-1 receptors that included a hypothesized feedback of cGP on IGF-1 receptors explained nonlinear features of interaction between IGF-1 and cGP not described by the explicit model (R2 = 0.84). The model also explained the effect of IGFBP antibody on the interaction between cGP and IGF-1 (R2 = 0.78). This demonstrates that the competitive binding of IGF-1 and cGP to IGFBPs plays a large role in the interaction between IGF-1 and cGP, but that other factors potentially play a role in the interaction between cGP and IGF-1. These models can be used to predict the complex interaction between IGF-1 and cGP on human cell growth and form a basis for further research in this field.