Principle Of Indifference Research Articles

Fine Recalculations due to Insufficient Reasoning by the Commission: Cases T-106/17 JPMorgan Chase and Others v Commission, and T-113/17 Crédit Agricole and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank v Commission

Fine Recalculations due to Insufficient Reasoning by the Commission: <i>Cases T-106/17 JPMorgan Chase and Others v Commission, and T-113/17 Crédit Agricole and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank v Commission</i>

Acceptability and appropriateness of information sessions to increase knowledge and awareness of PrEP and TelePrEP among Latina Women

ABSTRACT Women of color are disproportionately impacted by HIV. Although PrEP effectively prevents HIV infection, PrEP coverage and knowledge remain low in this population. To address barriers to PrEP, we implemented women-centered and culturally appropriate Information Sessions (IS) delivered by staff from the population they serve to increase knowledge, awareness, and use of PrEP through telemedicine (e.g., PlushCare). Our analysis focuses on Latina women (LW) participants, given the dearth of literature dedicated to the needs of LW. We partnered with a woman-led community-based organization (CBO) to implement the strategy with LW clients. Health educators conducted 26 IS with 94 LW (20 in Spanish and 6 in English). Participants who completed the IS were invited for interviews to assess the acceptability and appropriateness of the IS to increase knowledge and awareness of PrEP and PlushCare. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis: (1) IS increased knowledge and awareness of PrEP and PlushCare; (2) perceived acceptability and appropriateness of IS; (3) insufficient reasons to warrant use of PrEP; and (4) positive attitudes about PlushCare. Our findings suggest that a women-centered and culturally appropriate IS implemented through a trusted, woman-led CBO is an acceptable and appropriate implementation strategy to inform LW about PrEP.

How to be indifferent

AbstractAccording to the principle of indifference, when a set of possibilities is evidentially symmetric for you – when your evidence no more supports any one of the possibilities over any other – you're required to distribute your credences uniformly among them. Despite its intuitive appeal, the principle of indifference is often thought to be unsustainable due to the problem of multiple partitions: Depending on how a set of possibilities is divided, it seems that sometimes, applying indifference reasoning can require you to assign incompatible credences to equivalent possibilities. This paper defends the principle of indifference from the problem of multiple partitions by offering two guides for how to respond. The first is for permissivists about rationality, and is modeled on permissivists' arguments for the claim that a body of evidence sometimes does not uniquely determine a fully rational credence function. The second is for impermissivists about rationality, and is modeled on impermissivists' arguments for the claim that a body of evidence does always uniquely determine a fully rational credence function. What appears to be a decisive objection against the principle of indifference is in fact an instance of a general challenge taking different forms familiar to both permissivists and impermissivists.

A Knowledge Graph Completion Algorithm Based on the Fusion of Neighborhood Features and vBiLSTM Encoding for Network Security

Knowledge graphs in the field of network security can integrate diverse, heterogeneous, and fragmented network security data, further explore the relationships between data, and provide support for deep analysis. Currently, there is sparse security information in the field of network security knowledge graphs. The limited information provided by traditional text encoding models leads to insufficient reasoning ability, greatly restricting the development of this field. Starting from text encoding, this paper first addresses the issue of the inadequate capabilities of traditional models using a deep learning model for assistance. It designs a vBiLSTM model based on a word2vec and BiLSTM combination to process network security texts. By utilizing word vector models to retain semantic information in entities and extract key features to input processed data into BiLSTM networks for extracting higher-level features that better capture and express their deeper meanings, this design significantly enhances understanding and expression capabilities toward complex semantics in long sentences before inputting final feature vectors into the KGC-N model. The KGC-N model uses feature vectors combined with graph structure information to fuse forward and reverse domain features and then utilizes a Transformer decoder to decode predictions and complete missing information within the network security knowledge map. Compared with other models using evaluation metrics such as MR, MRR demonstrates that employing our proposed method effectively improves performance on completion tasks and increases comprehension abilities toward complex relations, thereby enhancing accuracy and efficiency when completing knowledge graphs.

Dynamics in Explicit Gradient Elasticity: Material Frame-Indifference, Boundary Conditions and Consistent Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory.

The paper is concerned with the boundary conditions of explicit gradient elasticity of Mindlin's type in dynamics. It has been argued in an earlier paper that acceleration terms should not be present in the boundary tractions because of objectivity arguments. This is discussed in the present paper in more detail, and it is supplemented by assuming the validity of the principle of material frame indifference. Furthermore, new examples are discussed in order to illustrate that significant differences exist in the responses predicted by boundary tractions with and without acceleration terms.

The Metaphysical Foundations of the Principle of Indifference

Abstract The arguments in favor of the Principle of Indifference fail to explain its fruitfulness in science. Using the recent metaphysical concept of Grounding, I devise an explanation that can justify a weak version of the principle and discuss an instance of its application in Quantum mechanics.

The Influences of Utilitarianism on Rawls Theory of Justice

Concerning political philosophy during the second half of the 20th century, Rawls theory of justice stands out, particularly in its critique of utilitarianism. The currency of utilitarianism deeply influences the emergence of Rawls veil of ignorance and two principles of justice. Classical utilitarianism provides Rawls with a theoretical framework, informing him with the importance of predominant criteria to govern a society. While the fact remains that the impairment of individual rights, which is inherited in classical utilitarianism for maximizing the collective welfare, has long been denounced by liberals. To address this, Rawls introduces the social contract theory, arguing for the priority of the right over the good. Whereas the prevalent of average utilitarianism brought Rawls to notice with shortcomings among the traditional version of social contract. By applying the veil of ignorance as an approach of justification, Rawls refutes two premises of average utilitarianism, which are the law of insufficient reason and the analogous preferences of social members. This lays a foundation for his two principles of justice, the greatest equal liberty principle and the difference principle. Justice as fairness incorporates the merits of utilitarianism, providing liberalism with a constructive force, concurrently elucidating the defects of utilitarianism. Accordingly, Rawls argument effectively challenges utilitarianism, coupled with failings of utilitarians to deal persuasive counterattacks, as a consequence, bringing a shift of the dominant in political philosophy from utilitarianism towards liberalism.

PCTDepth: Exploiting Parallel CNNs and Transformer via Dual Attention for Monocular Depth Estimation

Monocular depth estimation (MDE) has made great progress with the development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, these approaches suffer from essential shortsightedness due to the utilization of insufficient feature-based reasoning. To this end, we propose an effective parallel CNNs and Transformer model for MDE via dual attention (PCTDepth). Specifically, we use two stream backbones to extract features, where ResNet and Swin Transformer are utilized to obtain local detail features and global long-range dependencies, respectively. Furthermore, a hierarchical fusion module (HFM) is designed to actively exchange beneficial information for the complementation of each representation during the intermediate fusion. Finally, a dual attention module is incorporated for each fused feature in the decoder stage to improve the accuracy of the model by enhancing inter-channel correlations and focusing on relevant spatial locations. Comprehensive experiments on the KITTI dataset demonstrate that the proposed model consistently outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods.

Insufficient reasons insufficient to rescue the knowledge norm of practical reasoning: towards a certainty norm

Insufficient reasons insufficient to rescue the knowledge norm of practical reasoning: towards a certainty norm

SNARE-ing the Reason for Post-Cardiac Surgery Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency.

Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) can cause hemodynamic instability in neonates after congenital heart surgery with manifestations that increase morbidity and potential mortality. We retrospectively reviewed neonates who underwent cardiac surgery between August 2018 and July 2020 at a freestanding children's hospital, had next-generation sequencing performed, and had their cortisol levels drawn as standard clinical care after cardiac surgery. The groups were defined as CIRCI (with a cortisol level ≤ 4.5 mcg/dL) and non-CIRCI (level > 4.5 mcg/dL). The CIRCI group (n = 8) had a 100% incidence of heterozygous gene mutation on STX1A with splicing or loss of function, and this mutation was not found in the non-CIRCI group (n = 8). Additional gene mutations were found in the CIRCI group on RAB6A, ABCA3, SIDT2, and LILRB3, with no incidence in the non-CIRCI group. Three additional mutations were found across the CIRCI group in INPPL1 and FAM189A2 (both splicing and missense), with 12-25% of patients in the non-CIRCI group also displaying these mutations. Novel genetic abnormalities were seen in neonates with symptoms of CIRCI with potential cardiac implications from a gene mutation for STX1A. Compounding effects of additional gene mutations need to be confirmed and explored for potential predisposition to hemodynamic instability during times of stress.

Enhancing diversity for logical table‐to‐text generation with mixture of experts

AbstractLogical table‐to‐text generation is a task within the realm of natural language generation (NLG) that aims to generate coherent and logically faithful sentences based on tables. Unlike conventional NLG tasks, this task demands not only surface‐level fluency but also a high degree of logic‐level fidelity in the generated outputs. Current table‐to‐text systems grapple with various quality issues, such as repetitive generation, insufficient reasoning and limited complexity. Therefore, we introduce LogicMoE, a dedicated Mixture‐of‐Experts (MoE) model tailored for logical table‐to‐text generation. The primary objective of LogicMoE is to enrich the diversity of generated sentences from both semantic and logical perspectives. In particular, each expert within the model serves as a specialized generator responsible for generating sentences of a specific logical type. Additionally, we propose and employ novel evaluation metrics to comprehensively assess the diversity of generated outputs. Our experimental results showcase LogicMoE's superiority with absolute improvements of 0.8 and 2.2 in BLEU‐3 over the strong baselines on LogicNLG and Logic2Text datasets, respectively, driving the state‐of‐the‐art performance to a new level. Furthermore, we highlight its inherent advantages in terms of diversity and controllability, signifying its potential to spearhead advancements in logical table‐to‐text generation applications.

论Yama 和Niyama 在瑜伽练习中的作用和价值

This article intends to study the first two dimensions of the Ashatanga (eight-limbed) Yoga: Yama and Niyama, by trying to clarifying their meanings and pointing out their value to physical and mental health. Yama means the social ethics and how to interact with others, which includes non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, non-possessiveness and asceticism. Niyama means personal discipline and practice, which includes purity of the body in a physiological sense, contentment, indifference, self-study and devotion to the Lord. The principles of non-violence, truthfulness, non-possessiveness and in yama can protect asana practitioners free from yogic harms and improve their physical health while knowing how to practice safely. The principles of purity, contentment, indifference and self-study help to maintain psychological balance, promote mental health and avoid some mental illness. Therefore, a deep understanding and practice of the first two limbs of raja yoga help people maintain physical and mental health and achieve a happier life.

Indifference, Indeterminacy, and the Uncertainty Argument for Saving Identified Lives

ABSTRACTIn some cases where we are faced with a decision of whether to prioritize identified lives over statistical lives, we have no basis for assigning specific probabilities to possible outcomes. Is there any reason to prioritize either statistical or identified lives in such cases? The ‘uncertainty argument’ purports to show that, provided we embrace ex ante contractualism, we should prioritize saving identified lives in such cases. The argument faces two serious problems. First, it relies on the principle of indifference, and as such it leads to inconsistent assignments of epistemic probability to possible outcomes. Moreover, even if the uncertainty argument can be reformulated in order to avoid reliance on the principle of indifference, the uncertainty in such cases still undermines any judgment of which course of action – saving a statistical, or rather an identified life – involves the greater burden. The indeterminacy involved in the statistical group might be thought to undermine the argument that application of the principle of indifference leads to inconsistency in this case, but the thought that it does rests on a misunderstanding of the relationship between indeterminacy and reference.

Synthesizing Methuselah: The Question of Artificial Agelessness.

As biological organisms, we age and, eventually, die. However, age's deteriorating effects may not be universal. Some theoretical entities, due to their synthetic composition, could exist independently from aging-artificial general intelligence (AGI). With adequate resource access, an AGI could theoretically be ageless and would be, in some sense, immortal. Yet, this need not be inevitable. Designers could imbue AGIs with artificial mortality via an internal shut-off point. The question, though, is, should they? Should researchers curtail an AGI's potentially endless lifespan by deliberately making it mortal? It is this question that this article explores. First, it considers what type of AGI is under discussion before outlining how such beings could be ageless. Then, after clarifying the type of immortality under discussion and arguing that imbuing an AGI with synthetic aging would be person-affecting, the article explores four core conundrums: (i) deliberately causing a morally significant being's death; (ii) immortality's associated harms; (iii) concerns about immortality's unequal assignment; and (iv) the danger of immortal AGI overlords. The article concludes that while prudence requires we create an aging AGI, in the face of the material harm such an action would constitute, this is an insufficient reason to justify doing so.

Advice as a model for reasons

AbstractSmith (Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55, 1995, 109) and Manne (Philosophical Studies, 167, 2014, 89), both following Williams (Making sense of humanity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995), have developed advice‐based models of practical reasons. However, advice is not an apt model for reasons. The case for such pessimism is made by examining the positions of Smith and Manne first as attempts to explain the nature of reasons, then as suggestions for reforming our conception of reasons for action. The explanatory projects fail: both views either omit or distort ordinary reasons. The reforming project fails because insufficient reason is provided for thinking that the significant extent of revision offered by these models is worth it. Overall, the advice‐based approach to understanding reasons fails because advising is a social practice to aid with decisions, whereas reasons are considerations that favour action regardless of whether these considerations are inputs to or outputs from such a practice.

A Maximum Entropy Resolution to the Wine/Water Paradox.

The Principle of Indifference ('PI': the simplest non-informative prior in Bayesian probability) has been shown to lead to paradoxes since Bertrand (1889). Von Mises (1928) introduced the 'Wine/Water Paradox' as a resonant example of a 'Bertrand paradox', which has been presented as demonstrating that the PI must be rejected. We now resolve these paradoxes using a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) treatment of the PI that also includes information provided by Benford's 'Law of Anomalous Numbers' (1938). We show that the PI should be understood to represent a family of informationally identical MaxEnt solutions, each solution being identified with its own explicitly justified boundary condition. In particular, our solution to the Wine/Water Paradox exploits Benford's Law to construct a non-uniform distribution representing the universal constraint of scale invariance, which is a physical consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Second-Order Confidence in Supervaluationism

Recently, Wilcox (JGPS 51: 65–87, 2020) argued against the so-called wide interval view and in favor of the principle of indifference as the correct response to unspecific evidence. Embedded in a formal model of the beliefs of an agent, the former presupposes imprecise probabilities and the latter numerically precise degrees of belief. His argument is illustrated by a thought experiment that comes with a fundamental intuition. According to Wilcox, the wide interval view is incompatible with this intuition and, thus, undermined. In contrast, I show that the intuition behind the thought experiment is, in fact, compatible with the wide interval view if it is embedded into a specific conception of imprecise probabilities as model of belief. This conception is an extension of a framework which I call modified supervaluationism (MSV) and which I recently presented elsewhere (Karge 2021, 175–191). To accommodate the thought experiment’s fundamental intuition, it introduces a notion of second-order beliefs.

THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PLACENTA IN HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH FETAL OUTCOME: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathology and establish the correlation between placental changes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fetal outcome. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 100 pregnant women with singletons admitted to the labor room with gestational ages &gt;30 weeks and 35 weeks with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between December 2021 and November 2022, admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner. Shape of placenta, weight in grams, size, diameter in centimeters, and deposition were examined. Fetomaternal outcome was also noted. Results: Eighty percent (80) were in the age group of 21–30 years, with a mean age of 25.01±4.56 (range: 18–44 years). Only 35% of females were booked, and 63% of cases belonged to G1. Maximum cases were of pregnancy-induced hypertension (42%), followed by eclampsia (36%) and pre-eclampsia (16%), and the minimum case belonged to HELLP (1%). Although cases of placental infarction were higher in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admitted cases as compared to non-admitted cases (61.19% vs. 45.45%, respectively), calcification was higher in NICU-admitting cases as compared to non-admitting cases (95.52% vs. 84 vs. 5%, respectively). Syncytial knots were 94.03% vs. 81.82%, respectively, and grade fibrosis was 44.78% vs. 27.27%. Fibrinoid necrosis (71.64% vs. 54.55%) and leukocytic infiltration (68.66% vs. 63.64%). Statistically, no significant difference was observed in all parameters. Conclusion: Placental morphology and histopathology are affected in hypertensive pregnancies, which might be the reason for placental insufficiency in these cases.

Religious schools: a transparent right to discriminate?

ABSTRACT Discrimination laws have long contained exceptions for otherwise unlawful discriminatory conduct. An increasing site of tension has been the exceptions granted to religious schools. These schools maintain that they should be able to adopt an approach to education which reflects the faith-based ethos of the school community. However, there are concerns that some faith-based approaches can cause harm to, and exclude, LGBTIQ+ staff and students. An approach that has been under active consideration in Australia is to allow some discrimination by religious schools so long as they give public notice of their policy of doing so. This ‘notice provision’ exists in several state and territory discrimination laws, and has been considered in recent law reform inquiries across the country. In this paper, we challenge the underlying idea that prior notice justifies discriminatory conduct. We argue that such an approach sits uncomfortably with the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of discrimination law, and that transparency is an insufficient reason to permit discrimination. Notice provisions appear to evade, rather than answer, the question of how to balance competing human rights to religious freedom and equality. As such, we argue that discrimination by religious schools cannot be justified on the basis of notice.

Homeless Objects

Abstract In this article, I shed some light on Meinong’s motivations for the theory of objects. I argue that one of its basic principles, the principle of indifference, is driven by an intuition common to many Austrian philosophers, which is that something must first be somehow pre-given in order to simply address the issue of its being or non-being. Meinong’s way of spelling out this intuition, I suggest, is to show that there are homeless objects, that is, objects that are not dealt with by any of the existing sciences. Therefore, the indispensability of the theory of objects lies in the plausibility of the thesis that there are such homeless objects. I analyse and evaluate two Meinongian arguments supporting this thesis, I explain how Meinong came to believe that they support the indispensability of the theory of objects, and I stress some advantages of this account over Brentano’s intentionality thesis.