Insufficient Job Control Research Articles

The effects of leadership levels and gender on leader well-being.

Previous research examining differences in levels of well-being between leaders and nonleaders has yielded mixed results. To explain the inconsistencies, we compare levels of well-being among nonleaders, mid-level leaders, and high-level leaders. Drawing from the job demands-resources model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007, 2017) and the expanded version proposed by Crawford et al. (2010), we anticipate mid-level leaders will have lower levels of well-being compared to senior leaders and nonleaders, and females will be more vulnerable than males in mid-level leadership. In Study 1, we use multilevel models and propensity score matching (N = 24,067) and find mid-level leaders have worse general health conditions compared to nonleaders and high-level leaders, and that this effect is more pronounced among females. In Study 2, we collect experience sampling data from workers (N = 86; 1,634 observations) who completed a short survey four times daily for five consecutive working days. Mid-level leaders report more end-of-day negative emotions than high-level leaders and nonleaders, mediated by higher job demands and lower levels of job control to combat the negative effects of job demands; an effect that is particularly pronounced among female respondents. In Study 3, we use a two-wave time-lagged survey study (N = 330) and find middle managers have more challenge and hindrance job demands than nonleaders, and insufficient job control to offset the negative effects of job demands. Female middle managers report the most physical health symptoms and enjoy less eudaemonic well-being than their male counterparts. We conclude that leadership levels and gender have important and overlooked impacts on well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining the links between burnout and suicidal ideation in diverse occupations.

It is uncertain whether burnout is associated with suicidal ideation among workers not in health care services. The aim of this study was to identify how burnout and suicidal ideation are linked among employees in various occupations and whether depression affects this link. This cross-sectional study collected data from 12,083 participants aged 19-65 years from 25 companies and public institutions who underwent workplace mental health screening. Burnout and depression were assessed using both the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Suicidal ideation was assessed by a self-rated questionnaire from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Exhaustion but not the cynicism dimension of burnout was associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation after adjustment for depression and other covariates (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.26-1.72). The association of exhaustion with suicidal ideation was significant in both depressed (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.14-1.61) and not depressed (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.13-2.76) participants. In exhausted participants, insufficient job control, an unfavorable occupational climate, low educational level, and depression were associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation. Exhaustion is linked with risk of suicidal ideation in employees not in health care service, regardless of depression status. Exhausted employees, particularly those having poor job resources, should be recognized as an at-risk group.

Chronic stress and its correlates among nurses: A case of Central Uganda

Background: Despite an overwhelming disease burden, nursing shortages are evident in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the potential for significant healthcare crises. Nurses face increased work demands and chronic stress due to a skilled personnel shortage, which may lead to stress. The present study aimed to examine chronic stress and its correlates among nurses in central Uganda. Methods: The 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) for the assessment of chronic stress among nurses, a validated and standardized tool, was used in this cross-sectional study in 2022. For explanatory analysis, the items were combined with dichotomous variables reflecting predictors of chronic stress. These items were used to create dichotomous variables denoting frequent and demanding challenges for exploratory analysis. The relationship between the variables and high levels of chronic stress was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Based on the findings, the majority, 485 (76.0%), had chronic stress. The results indicate that the correlates of chronic stress among participants were widowhood (AOR: 0.040; 95% CI: 0.013-0.127; P= <0.001), being worried about looming deadlines (aOR: 0.003; 95% CI: 0.001-0.023; P = <0.001), long working hours (AOR: 0.283; 95% CI: 0.159-0.504; p=<0.001), insufficient job control (AOR: 0.304; 95% CI: 0.127-0.727; P = 0.007), and inadequate rewards (AOR: 2.554; 95% CI: 1.170-5.574; P = 0.019). Conclusion: According to our findings, three in four nurses in central Uganda suffer from chronic stress. This can exert a negative impact on their overall well-being and caring behaviors. Chronic stress was associated with widowhood, a looming deadline, long working hours, insufficient job control, and inadequate rewards. It is critical to adapt interventions, such as hiring additional nurses, to reduce workload and ensure adequate rest periods.

Occupational stress changes and new-onset depression among male Korean manufacturing workers.

Studies on the association between occupational stress and depression have been frequently reported. However, the cross-sectional designs of studies limited insight into causal associations. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal association between occupational stress and new-onset depression among employees in a single manufacturing plant. The annual health checkup data of employees at a manufacturing plant in Korea were collected. A total of 1,837 male employees without depression who completed a health checkup during two consecutive years were included. Occupational stress was measured using a short form of the Korea Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-SF), and depression was assessed using a Patient Health Questionnaire-2. The association between occupational stress change over the two years and newly developed depression was investigated using two logistic regression models. Across all sub-factors of KOSS-SF, employees who reported increased occupational stress had a higher risk of new-onset depression. Newly developed depression was significantly associated with job demand (odds ratio [OR]: 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37-7.96), job insecurity (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.89-5.48), occupational climate (OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.91-5.31), lack of reward (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.26-4.12), interpersonal conflict (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.18-3.86), insufficient job control (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05-3.56), and the organizational system (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.01-3.36). For every sub-factor of the KOSS-SF, occupational stress increase and persistent high stress were associated with the risk of developing new-onset depression. Among the seven sub-factors, job demand had the most significant effect. Our results show that occupational stress should be managed to promote employee mental healthcare.

Changes in working status after cancer diagnosis and socio-demographic, clinical, work-related, and psychological factors associated with it

BackgroundWhile many studies investigated changes in working status in cancer survivors, most studies have been performed in survivors of breast cancer and few studies evaluated factors associated with changes in the working status of cancer survivors comprehensively. We aimed to evaluate the changes in the working status of cancer survivors after diagnosis and socio-demographic, clinical, work-related and psychological factors associated with it.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of adult patients with cancer who were working at the time of diagnosis. A trained interviewer inquired about participants’ current working status, including leave of absence, discontinuing, continuing, and changing work. Sociodemographic, clinical, work-related and psychological factors were measured. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with changes in the working status.ResultsAmong the 730 patients, 29%, 18% and 6% were currently on a discontinued working, leave of absence and had changed jobs, respectively. Patients who discontinued working after cancer diagnosis were more likely to be female, have ≥ $3,000 of monthly family income, not be the principal wage earners for their families and be blue-collar workers. In clinical characteristics, advanced-stage cancer and experienced cancer recurrence was associated with leave of absence and discontinued working. In work-related and psychological factors, stress due to insufficient job control (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 2.26), interpersonal conflict (RRR = 1.86), job insecurity (RRR = 2.63), organizational system (RRR = 3.49), and lack of reward (RRR = 11.76), and less meaning to work were more likely to discontinue working after a cancer diagnosis.ConclusionOccupational health care professionals and other stakeholders need to openly communicate with patients with cancer about potential barriers during the return-to-work trajectory.

Factors Associated with Job Stress among Hospital Nurses: A Meta-Correlation Analysis.

This study aims to investigate research trends concerning job stress among hospital nurses. Articles about job stress among hospital nurses published in English from 2008 to 2018 were searched. In the first search, 2673 articles were extracted from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, KoreaMed, KERIS, KISS, KISTI, and KMbase databases. Altogether, 154 articles were used in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Thirty-nine variables were explored regarding job stress. Among the major variables, insufficient job control, personal conflict, and burnout had a positive correlation. In contrast, intention to stay, job satisfaction, and personal accomplishment had a negative correlation. In the meta-analysis conducted in relation to a specific conceptual framework, the negative-outcome factors showed significant positive correlations with job stress, whereas the positive-outcome factors showed significant negative correlations with job stress. This study identified factors associated with job stress in nurses through a meta-correlation analysis, and the overall correlation coefficient was relatively high at 0.51. Job factors and moderators had significant meta-correlation coefficients. These results can be utilized in clinical practice and research to help develop intervention programs to relieve job stress among nurses.

Relationship between physical activity and job stress among public office workers.

[Purpose] This study investigated the relationship between physical activity and job stress among public office workers. [Participants and Methods] We examined the levels of physical activity and job stress of 488 male public officers in Seoul-city, Republic of Korea through self-reported questionnaires. The International Physical Activity Questionnaires and the Korean Occupational Stress Scale were used to evaluate physical activity and job stress, respectively. The level of physical activity was divided into three quantiles (low, moderate, high). [Results] We found no significant difference in job stress by physical activity level. Although a positive correlation between physical activity and job stress was found in the organizational system category, no significant difference was found in the categories of the physical environment, job demand, insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, lack of reward, and occupational climate. [Conclusion] There was no apparent correlation between physical activity and job stress among public office workers.

Gender and age differences in the association between work stress and incident depressive symptoms among Korean employees: a cohort study.

The aim of this study was to identify gender- and age-specific occupational stress associated with depressive symptoms among Korean employees. Data of 73,014 employees aged 18 and above who had undergone comprehensive health examinations at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Health Screening Center, South Korea, in January 2012 and who were followed up until December 2017 were collected, and 63,959 (participation rate: 87.59%, men: 50,413, women: 13,546) were finally analyzed. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the relationship between occupational stress and depressive symptoms. In light of gender and age differences in the association between occupational stress and depressive symptoms, interaction and stratification by gender and age groups were tested. During 238,630 person-years of follow-up, case-level depressive symptoms developed in 4227 participants (an incident rate of 1.8%). There were gender differences in the relationship between job stress and incident depressive symptoms. For men, high job demand, job insecurity, lack of reward, and discomfort in their organizational climate were associated with incident depressive symptoms in all age groups. Insufficient job control was associated with the development of depressive symptoms only in midlife and organizational injustice only in early adulthood. For women, the results for high job demand, organizational injustice, and discomfort in an organizational climate were associated with the onset of depressive symptoms from early adulthood to the midlife decade. The results suggest gender and age differences in the relationship between occupational stress and incident depressive symptoms.

Reliability and validity of the Korean version of organizational justice questionnaire

BackgroundMany studies show that organizational justice (OJ) is related to psychological determinants of employee health. To prevent health problems related to OJ in Korean workplaces and to accurately measure OJ, we developed the Korean version of the Organizational Justice Questionnaire (K-OJQ) and assessed its validity and reliability.MethodsA questionnaire draft of the K-OJQ was developed using back-translation methods, which was preliminary tested by 32 employees in Korea. Feedback was received and the K-OJQ was finalized. This study used data from 303 workers (172 males, 131 females) in Korea using the K-OJQ, job stress, and lifestyle questionnaires.ResultsCronbach’s α coefficients of the internal consistency reliability was 0.92 for procedural justice and 0.94 for interactional justice. Factor analyses using SPSS 24 and Amos 23 extracted two expected factors, named procedural justice (7 items; range, 1.0–5.0) and interactional justice (6 items; range, 1.0–5.0) and showed a reliable fit (χ2 = 182; p = .000; GFI = .912; AGFI = .877; CFI = .965; RMSEA = .077). Furthermore, higher procedural justice and interactional justice levels were correlated with lower job demand (− 0.33; − 0.36), insufficient job control (− 0.36; − 0.41), interpersonal conflict (− 0.45; − 0.51), job insecurity (− 0.33; − 0.34), organizational system (− 0.64; − 0.64), and lack of reward (− 0.55; − 0.63).ConclusionsThe K-OJQ was objectively validated through statistical methods.

Multiple Additive Moderation Effects of Insufficient Job control, Lack of Reward, Self-efficacy in the Relationships between Job Demand on Mental Health among Non-regular Workers in South Korea: Using DRIVE model

본 연구는 DRIVE모델을 이용하여, 비정규직 근로자의 직무요구가 정신건강에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 이 과정에서 직무자원인 보상부적절, 직무자율성 결여 및 개인자원인 자기효능감의 조절 효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 조사대상자는 서울과 경기지역의 비정규직 근로자 333명이며, PROCESS Macro 프로그램을 활용하여, 다중가산조절모형을 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 비정규 직 근로자의 직무요구는 정신건강에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 직무요구와 정신건강과의 관계에서 자기효능감의 조절효과는 나타난 반면, 보상부적절의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 직무요구와 정신건강과의 관계에서 직무자율성 결여 및 자기효능감 모두 조절효 과를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 비정규직의 정신건강 향상을 위한 산업복지실천 프로그램의 필요성을 제안하였다.This study is to examine moderating effects of insufficient lack of reward, job control and self-efficacy in the relationship between effect of job demand on mental health of non-regular Workers based on the DRIVE model of Mark and Smith(2008). For this purpose, the participants are composed of 333 non-regular workers resided in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, The PROCESS Macro program was used to examine the multi additive moderation model. The results are that first, the job demand were associated with mental health. Second, self-efficacy appeared to moderate the relationship between the job demand and mental health, but lack of reward did not. Third, both self-efficacy and insufficient job control moderated the relationships between job demands and mental health, which showed that multiple additive moderation effects were supported. Based on these results, there are need to develop the occupational social work practice program to improve the mental health of non-regular workers in South Korea.

Gender Differences of Occupational Stress Associated with Suicidal Ideation among South Korean Employees: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study.

ObjectiveIn this study, the relationship between occupational stress and suicidal ideation was investigated, focusing on gender differences among Korean employees.MethodsCross-sectional data for 53,969 workers were collected at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital health screening centers. Risk of suicidal ideation was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire examining suicidal ideation during the past year. Occupational stress was measured using 24 items of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the relationships between suicidal ideation and components of occupational stress.Results In multivariable-adjusted models, all job stress contributed to increased risk of suicidal ideation in males. Most subscales, except insufficient job control and organizational system, were risk factors of suicidal ideation in females. Further adjustments for depression markedly attenuated this relationship. However, the effects of insufficient job control and lack of reward on suicidal ideation remained significant in males, and interpersonal conflict remained significant in females.Conclusion The results suggest that occupational stress plays a significant role in increasing risk of suicidal ideation through elevation of depressive symptoms. Gender differences in components of occupational stress associated with suicidal ideation were also observed.

Insufficient Job Control among Gastroenterology Trainees: Time to Focus on the Science.

Insufficient Job Control among Gastroenterology Trainees: Time to Focus on the Science.

Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea.

BackgroundThere were several suicide events of subway drivers in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore work-related factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers.MethodsWe analyzed data from 980 male subway drivers. A section of the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to judge whether a driver has suicide ideation and to diagnose psychiatric disorders. A questionnaire was also administered to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, work environments, occupational stress, person under train (PUT) experience, and work-related problems. Occupational stress was examined by using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between work-related factors and suicide ideation among subway drivers.ResultsRegarding work-related problems, conflict with passengers and sudden stops due to the emergency bell were significantly associated with suicide ideation. MDD, PTSD, and panic disorder were strongly associated with suicide ideation. In the analysis of occupational stress, insufficient job control (OR 2.34) and lack of reward (OR 2.52) were associated with suicide ideation even after being adjusted for psychiatric disorders and other work-related factors.ConclusionsInsufficient job control and lack of reward were associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers. Strategies for drivers to have autonomy while working and to achieve effort-reward balance should be implemented. Furthermore, drivers who have experienced negative work-related problems should be managed appropriately.

The Association between Occupational Stress and Health Behaviors in a Hospital Employee

Purpose of this study is to evaluate association of job characteristics or occupational stress with health behavior in hospital employees. Total 687 employees were recruited from a university hospital in Korea and completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire includes demographic factors (age, marriage) and job characteristics such as job type, job position, shift work, type of employment. Perceived stress and occupational stress assessed by Korean Occupational Stress Scale were also measured. Outcome variables was bad health behavior such as current smoking, problem drinking, no exercise and insufficient sleep. Multivariate analyses were conducted separately in male and female because of different health behaviors by sex. In male, there was association between insufficient sleep and occupational stress, total score and subscales like job demand, organizational system, and occupational climate. In female, it was observed an association between insufficient sleep and job demand. Irregular exercise was associated with insufficient job control, job insecurity in female. Problem drinking was associated with shift worker. Insufficient sleep was related with stress perception. In conclusion, there are an association between occupational stress and health behavior in hospital employees. (Korean J Stress Res 2016;24:95∼102)

Now, It Is Time to Consider Job Stress in the Field of Gastroenterology

Now, It Is Time to Consider Job Stress in the Field of Gastroenterology

전자제품 제조업체 남성근로자의 직무 스트레스와 대사증후군의 관련성

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between job stress and metabolic syndrome among male workers. Methods: A total of 396 male workers employed in an electronic company, located in `P` city, Gyeonggi Province, who had taken medical examination at the `D` hospital, volunteered in this study. All the data used in this study were obtained from `D` hospital after getting consent and permission from the workers. General and occupational characteristics, medical history, and health-related behaviors of the subjects were obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Results: The highest occupational stress by sub-sector was reported in the order of insufficient job control, organizational system, lack of reward, job demand, job insecurity, physical environment, job culture, and relationship conflict. The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome of the participants was 19.9%. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis on metabolic syndrome of the subjects indicated that the syndrome was significantly higher among those with family history, smoking habit and ex-smoking, working duration of 3 years and over, and with higher total score of occupational stress. It was significantly more prevalent, when the degree of stress was high in the sub-sectors of occupational stress; job autonomy, job insecurity, lack of reward, and job culture. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is necessary to implement a plan to efficiently manage the job stress of these male workers, as the probability of metabolic syndrome increased with the increase of occupational stress. Furthermore, considering the highest occupational stress was found to be job autonomy among its sub-sectors, it is necessary to prepare various measures to enhance the autonomy of such employees.

Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among Health-Care Workers of Endoscopy Units in Korea.

Background/Aims:The management of job-related stress among health-care workers is critical for the improvement of healthcare services; however, there is no existing research on endoscopy unit workers as a team. Korea has a unique health-care system for endoscopy unit workers. In this study, we aimed to estimate job stress and job satisfaction among health-care providers in endoscopy units in Korea.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional survey of health-care providers in the endoscopy units of three university-affiliated hospitals in Korea. We analyzed the job stress levels by using the Korean occupational stress scale, contributing factors, and job satisfaction.Results:Fifty-nine workers completed the self-administered questionnaires. The job stress scores for the endoscopy unit workers (46.39±7.81) were relatively lower compared to those of the national sample of Korean workers (51.23±8.83). Job stress differed across job positions, with nurses showing significantly higher levels of stress (48.92±7.97) compared to doctors (42.59±6.37). Job stress and job satisfaction were negatively correlated with each other (R2=0.340, p<0.001).Conclusions:An endoscopy unit is composed of a heterogeneous group of health-care professionals (i.e., nurses, fellows, and professors), and job stress and job satisfaction significantly differ according to job positions. Job demand, insufficient job control, and job insecurity are the most important stressors in the endoscopy unit.

Relationship of occupational stress and psychosocial stress to health promotion behavior in female office workers and emotional labor workers for sales

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of occupational stress and psychosocial stress to health promotion behaviors depending on characteristics of female office workers and emotional labor workers for sales. Methods: A survey of 207 female service workers engaging in sales of cosmetics in major department stores and 149 females working in the offices of cosmetics companies was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: It showed a significant difference in job demand and insufficient job control which are sub-domains of stress. The percentage of emotional laborers exposed to a high risk of psychosocial stress was higher than office workers. In office workers, occupational stress stemmed from insufficient job control and low reward of work was significantly related to psychosocial stress. But in emotional labor workers, stress from job insecurity, and organizational system were added. The relevant factors that affect health promotion behaviors were type of occupational stress, psychosocial stress, marital status, educational level and working career. Conclusions: Occupational stress and psychosocial stress were closely associated with health promotion behaviors. It was suggested that the development of health promotion programs which reduce the stress in female office and emotional labor workers.

Anxiety symptoms and occupational stress among young Korean female manufacturing workers.

BackgroundThe prevalence of anxiety disorders has been increasing in South Korea, with recent studies reporting anxiety disorders as the most common mental disorder among all South Korean females. Anxiety disorders, which are independent risk factors of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, are significantly correlated with productivity loss, high medical costs, impaired work performance, and frequent worker absence, and thus are potentially serious problems affecting the health of South Korean female workers. In previous studies, anxiety disorders were shown to have a significant correlation with occupational stress. This study seeks to examine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms as well as the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms among South Korean female manufacturing workers.MethodsA structured self-reported questionnaire was administered to 1,141 female workers at an electrical appliance manufacturing plant. The questionnaire collected data on general characteristics, health behaviors, sleep quality, job characteristics (shift work, shift work schedule, and job tenure), occupational stress, and anxiety symptoms. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, occupational stress with the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), and anxiety symptoms with the Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. A chi square test was conducted to determine the distribution differences in anxiety symptoms based on general characteristics, health behaviors, job characteristics, and sleep quality. A linear-by-linear association test was used to determine the distribution differences between anxietysymptoms and the levels of occupational stress. Last, logistic regression analysis was used in order to determine the association between occupational stress and anxiety symptoms.ResultsThe prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 15.2 %. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis that adjusted for sleep quality and general characteristics, a significantassociation was found for those with anxiety disorders; the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher the greater the total KOSS-SF score (moderate-risk group OR=2.85, 95 % CI=1.79–4.56; high-risk group OR=5.34, 95 % CI=3.59–7.96). In addition, excluding insufficient job control, all other KOSS-SF subscales were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms, and a relatively high OR was seen in the high-risk group for job demand (OR=3.19, 95 % CI=2.27–4.49), job insecurity (OR=4.52, 95 % CI=2.86–7.13), and occupational culture (OR=4.52, 95 % CI=2.90–7.04).ConclusionThere was a significant association between anxiety symptoms and occupational stress stemming from the psychosocial work environment among these South Korean female manufacturing workers. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine the association between the occupational stress caused by the psychosocial work environment and the incidence of anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, intervention programs that aim to address the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and improve the psychosocial work environment, especially for younger female manufacturing workers, are needed.

방사선사의 직무특성 및 직무스트레스에 따른 직무만족도의 관계

This study investigated the job-satisfaction of the Radiographer`s job-characteristics and job-stress. A total of 213 Radiographer were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. The 105 questionnaires consist of general characteristics, job characteristics, occupational stress, and job satisfaction. The job satisfaction was categorized into 3 sub-scales; psychological variables, environmental variables, and structural variables. The occupational stress was categorized into 8 sub-scales; physical environment, job demand, insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, organizational system, lack of reward, and occupational climate. 30 years old than 30 years later, people are highly rewarding than a low person, this person is lower than people with high sense of duty, place the larger the size of Seoul, hospital than fat, than people who do not have turnover intention this, job insecurity, organizational structure, inadequate compensation, workplace culture, physical environment, people with low job satisfaction is higher than men were. As such there is a need to identify the cause because otherwise indicated differences in job satisfaction.