Insufficient Intake Research Articles

Burden of major cancers in China attributable to modifiable risk factors: Predictions from 2012 to 2035.

The cancer burden continues to escalate in China. This study was designed to quantify the burden of deaths attributable to modifiable risk factors for major cancers in China from 2012 to 2035, and to provide evidence-based recommendations for cancer management. Using nationally representative data on risk factors and cancer mortality, a comparative risk assessment approach was employed to calculate the temporal trend of population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for 15 modifiable risk factors associated with major cancers in China. The PAF for modifiable risk factors decreased from 64.5% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 46.2%-75.3%) in 2012 to 59.3% (95% UI: 40.6%-71.2%) in 2035. Attributable deaths increased from 1,309,990 (95% UI: 938,217-1,529,170) in 2012 to 1,313,418 (95% UI: 898,411-1,577,189) in 2035, while attributable disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rose from 28,488,120 (95% UI: 20,471,859-33,308,237) to 33,017,705 (95% UI: 22,730,814-39,564,735). Between 2012 and 2035, the top three risk factors contributing to cancer burden shifted from smoking, insufficient fruit intake and particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) exposure to smoking, physical inactivity, and inadequate fruit intake. Controlling modifiable risk factors at recommended levels by 2020 could have prevented around 890,000 deaths and 2.2 million DALYs by 2035. The proportion of cancer burden due to modifiable risk factors is projected to decrease, but the absolute number continues to rise. Adhering to an optimal lifestyle could prevent ~40% of cancer deaths by 2035. Key modifiable risk factors including smoking, physical inactivity, and insufficient intake of fruits require high attention.

Selenium Utilization, Distribution and Its Theoretical Biofortification Enhancement in Rice Granary of China

Selenium, as an essential trace element, is intricately linked to the onset and progression of numerous diseases due to deficiencies in selenium intake. Selenium compounds exhibit tumor specificity and can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumor cells, making them potential candidates for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, given its status as one of the most widely consumed crops globally, increasing the selenium content in rice could prove advantageous in alleviating the prevailing issue of selenium intake deficiency, particularly in China. This review explored the regulatory role of selenium in rice growth, the regional distribution characteristics of soil selenium content in various rice-growing regions in China, and the impact of cultivation practices on selenium fortification in rice, aiming to suggest improved rice cultivation management strategies to enhance the capacity for rice selenium biofortification. The findings revealed that: (1) In Northeast and North China, characterized by alkaline soils and severe selenium deficiency, it is advisable to moderately decrease the duration of flooding, elevate the soil redox potential, and apply organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a judicious manner. (2) In Southwest China, which is characterized by acidic soils, alternating wet and dry irrigation should be employed, and the biofortification of selenium can be facilitated by applying lime and foliar spraying of selenium fertilizer. (3) In the south-central region of China, distinguished by acidic soils and double-cropped rice, it is recommended that intermittent or alternating wet and dry irrigation be employed, and the reasonable application of organic, silica, and selenium fertilizers is advocated. (4) In the northwest region, characterized by slightly alkaline soil and mild selenium deficiency, it is recommended to implement various water management practices, including shallow water during the seedling stage, deep water during the booting stage, and wet grain filling. Additionally, a rational application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, along with foliar application of selenium fertilizer, should be employed. (5) Cultivating selenium-enriched, high-yielding, and high-quality rice varieties proves to be an effective strategy in addressing selenium deficiency. In conclusion, the unique characteristics of diverse rice-growing regions in China indicate that suitable water management, fertilization techniques, and varietal selection practices can effectively enhance the selenium content in rice, thereby maximizing the nutritional requirements for selenium.

Impact of Nutritional Therapy During Intensive Care Unit Admission on Post Intensive Care Syndrome in Patients COVID-19.

Nutritional therapy is an important component of intensive care. We investigated the associations of nutritional therapy in the acute phase of severe COVID-19 with the long-term outcomes of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) and post-COVID-19 conditions. A questionnaire on the health status after COVID-19 was sent to patients 1 year after infection and PICS was evaluated. Total energy and protein intakes during the first week after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) were calculated. The primary endpoint was a decrease in quality of life (QOL) defined by EuroQol5-dimensions 5-level (EQ5D5L) <0.8. A multivariable regression analysis was used to examine. A total of 220 ICU patients were included in this study. Median total energy and protein intakes were 65.1 kcal/kg/week and 3.3 g/kg/week, respectively. Total energy and protein intakes were associated with EQ5D5L scores (Energy: unit odds ratio 0.98 [0.97-0.99], p-value<0.01; protein: unit odds ratio 0.72 [0.59-0.87], p-value<0.01). Insufficient total energy and protein intakes were associated with malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, palpitations, sleep disturbance, and muscle weakness. Poor nutrition during the first week after ICU admission was associated with a decreased QOL one year after. These nutrition shortages were also associated with an increased risk of developing PICS, post-COVID-19 conditions, which may contribute to decreased QOL.

Short-Term Zinc Supplementation Stimulates Visceral Adipose Catabolism and Inflammation in Mice

Background: Zinc (Zn), a fundamental trace element in human biology, exhibits pivotal roles in sustaining vital physiological processes and regulating metabolic homeostasis. Insufficient zinc intake has been linked to deleterious consequences on growth, reproductive functions, metabolic activities, and immune responses in both humans and animals. Oral zinc supplementation is usually performed to meet zinc requirement. Previous studies have shown that long-term supplementation of zinc in mice impaired AKT signaling and induced adipocyte hypertrophy in visceral adipose tissue. Methods: The presented study was conducted to investigate the role and mechanism of short-term zinc supplementation on lipids metabolism. Zinc sulfate was supplemented in the drinking water of C57/BL6J male mice at 30 ppm or 90 ppm for one week. Water consumption, food intake, and body weight were analyzed, adipose tissue and serum profile of metabolites were investigated, and the key genes related to lipid metabolism were analyzed. Results: Short-term zinc supplementation decreased visceral adipose tissue weight and adipocyte size compared to the control group, but no difference was observed in food intake, water consumption, and body weight between the two groups. Further studies revealed that short-term zinc supplementation significantly increased the serum insulin level while decreasing the serum NEFA content. In addition, zinc supplementation increased the expression of Atgl and Hsl in the visceral adipose tissue compared with the control mice. Furthermore, the phosphorylation level of HSL and protein level of PPARg in the epididymal adipose tissue increased by zinc supplementation compared with the control mice. In comparison, the protein level of FASN was down-regulated by short-term zinc supplementation in the epididymal adipose tissue, although the expression of lipogenic genes was not changed. The expression of F4/80 and Tnfa were increased in zinc-supplemented adipose tissue as compared with the control group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that short-term zinc supplementation might reduce fat deposition by enhancing lipolysis in mice. Future studies could focus on the effect of intermittent zinc supplementation on fat reduction in both animal models and humans.

Research Progress on Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Patients with esophageal cancer often experience symptoms such as dysphagia due to the progression of the disease, resulting in insufficient intake and energy consumption caused by their own diseases. Eventually, this leads to malnutrition, decreased immunity, increased inflammation levels, and affects the quality of life. After surgery, negative nitrogen balance is also caused by factors such as surgical trauma and stress. Therefore, enteral nutrition has become a nutritional support method for patients with esophageal cancer. To promote better development in the field of enteral nutrition research for patients with esophageal cancer, this article summarizes the research status in this field through literature review and data access. It elaborates from aspects such as the nutritional status of patients, enteral nutrition pathways, and the timing of implementing enteral nutrition, summarizes its advantages and disadvantages, promotes further development in this field, and provides more effective and safe enteral nutrition plans for patients with esophageal cancer.

Influence of External Clearance Variation on Vibration Characteristics of Ship Electrically Assisted Turbocharger Rotor Bearing System

Electrically assisted turbocharging (EAT) technology is an important technical means to effectively solve the problems of insufficient intake air and poor transient response of traditional turbocharged engines at low speed or acceleration, and to realize the electrification of marine internal combustion engine power system. In the EAT design stage, the original rotor model of a marine turbocharger was established and verified. Subsequently, the EAT rotor dynamics design and analysis were carried out, and the influence of the unbalanced phase and external clearance on rotor vibration was discussed. The results show that when the external clearance is small, extensive sub-synchronous vibration occurs and bifurcation occurs at high speed. When the external clearance is large, the sub-synchronous vibration component almost disappears but high synchronous vibration occurs at a high speed. At the same time, the shaft is significantly affected by the gravity load at low speeds, and the rotor makes a balanced motion on the critical limit cycle at high speed. In order to minimize the vibration and noise of the same type of EAT, it is recommended to control the outer clearance of the EAT bearing in the range of 0.30–0.36[Formula: see text]mm. The research content provides a reference for the dynamic design and analysis of the EAT, which effectively helps the development of the original engine of the ship electric auxiliary turbocharger and improves the operation stability of the EAT.

Dietary calcium intake among Iranian adults: Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS-2021).

Adequate dietary consumption of calcium is crucial in the preservation of bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis. This study investigated the prevalence of insufficient dietary calcium intake among individuals aged ≥50 years in Iran. We analyzed data from the Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS-2021). Participants aged 50 years and older completed a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Insufficient dietary calcium intake was characterized as a daily calcium intake of <1000 mg for men aged 50-70 years, and <1200 mg for men over 70 years and women over 50 years and older. Stata v17 statistical software facilitated a survey set analysis to estimate the population's mean and median dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of insufficient dietary calcium intake. The study included 1450 participants with a mean age of 60.7±7.9 years. The estimated mean dietary calcium intake in Iran was 1062.7 mg/day (95% CI: 1029.6-1095.8), with a median intake of 943.5 mg/d (95% CI: 910.5-976.4). The prevalence of insufficient dietary calcium intake in Iran was estimated to be 62.9% (95% CI: 60.0%-65.7%). Notably, the prevalence was higher among women at 75.5% (95% CI: 71.9%-78.8%), compared to men at 47.8% (95% CI: 43.4%-52.3%) with a significant difference (P<0.001). In age-related findings, individuals aged 65 years and older had a higher prevalence of insufficient intake, at 69.0% (95% CI: 63.9%-74.0%), versus those under 65 years, at 60.3% (95% CI: 56.9%-63.8%), with this difference being statistically significant (P = 0.007). Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship was identified between both educational years and socioeconomic status and the prevalence of insufficient dietary calcium intake (Ps for trends<0.001). Our findings revealed a significant prevalence of insufficient dietary calcium intake in women and those aged 65 and older. We advocate for targeted public health strategies to ensure sufficient dietary calcium intake across these populations.

U-shaped nonlinear relationship between dietary copper intake and peripheral neuropathy

Background: Dietary copper intake is a promising predictor of peripheral neuropathy. There is no research exploring the potential link between dietary copper intake and peripheral neuropathy. Methods: The information utilized in our research was collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2004. The relationship between dietary copper intake and peripheral neuropathy was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS). Results: The RCS analysis results showed a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between dietary copper intake and peripheral neuropathy (P for nonlinearity < 0.001). The threshold effect analysis results indicated that when dietary copper intake was less than 0.889 mg/d, the risk of peripheral neuropathy decreased with increasing copper intake (OR: 0.388, 95% CI: 0.200-0.753). When dietary copper intake was ≥ 0.889 mg/d, the risk of peripheral neuropathy increased with increasing copper intake (OR: 1.129, 95% CI: 1.006–1.266). And the incidence rate of peripheral neuropathy in the first quantile (OR: 1.421, 95% CI: 1.143–1.766), the third quantile (OR: 1.358, 95% CI: 1.057–1.744), and the fourth quantile (OR: 1.676, 95% CI: 1.250–2.248) of dietary copper intake were significantly higher than that in the second quantile (where the inflection point was located). Conclusion: Our study suggests that both insufficient and excessive dietary copper intake may be associated with an increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy. However, further research is needed to provide definitive evidence and confirm these findings.

The relationship between iron deficiency and allergic diseases

One of the most important trace elements of the human body is iron. This trace element is the most common on earth, with about a third of the world’s population suffering from iron deficiency. According to WHO, the incidence of iron deficiency in the population can range from moderate - 5-19.9%, to high-more than 40%. The main causes of iron deficiency are: insufficient intake from food, impaired absorption or pathological losses. Allergic diseases can cause the formation of iron deficiency as a result of all of the above causes. At the moment, the relationship between iron deficiency and the development of allergic reactions is being investigated. It is known that functional iron deficiency contributes to the development of allergies and exacerbates the course of symptoms in people with allergies. In this article, we summarize the data on the effect of iron deficiency on the immune processes of the human body and predisposition to the formation of atopy.

Iron deficiency and obesity in children: is there a relationship?

A close relationship between obesity and iron metabolism has been proven. Aim. To study the features of iron metabolism in obese children by evaluating dietary iron intake and the level of laboratory markers of iron status, with the goal of improving prevention and correction of identified disorders in this cohort of children. Materials and methods. The actual dietary iron intake was assessed in 75 obese children aged 7-17 years using the Optimal Nutrition 5.0 software. A set of clinical and laboratory research methods was performed in 30 children to identify iron deficiency, as well as a questionnaire on the symptoms of iron deficiency. Results. One third of children have insufficient iron intake with food. Most of the examined children complained and had clinical symptoms characteristic of iron deficiency in the body. 86.7% of obese children had one or more signs of iron deficiency. Laboratory diagnostics using only a general clinical blood test showed insufficient detection of iron deficiency: only in 13.3% of children this analysis showed the presence of abnormalities characteristic of iron deficiency. In the other children, it was detected after a biochemical blood test. Conclusions. The majority of obese children show both clinical and laboratory evidence of iron deficiency, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related conditions. Biochemical blood tests are essential for accurate diagnosis of iron deficiency, as standard clinical blood test may not always show the presence of iron deficiency. The high prevalence of iron deficiency indicates the need for targeted nutritional iron support for obesity in children.

Asthmatic status in pediatric practice in patients with mild bronchial asthma

The main principle of the treatment of bronchial asthma is rational basic therapy, with priority appointment of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. The basis of the effectiveness of treatment is determined by the correct choice of the form of drug delivery, training the patient in inhalation skills and constant monitoring of the correct use of the inhaler. The article demonstrates the clinical observation of the formation of asthmatic status in a child with mild bronchial asthma. The deterioration of the condition and severe exacerbation was caused by insufficient intake of basic therapy funds into the respiratory tract due to improper inhalation techniques due to the patient's lack of skills in using an inhaler. At the same time, the patient was not trained and the necessary control over the correctness of the inhalation technique was not carried out at the outpatient stage.

Correlation of calorie intake with 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen level changes in critically ill patients at RSUI Depok, Indonesia

Calorie together with protein intake has been proven to be important factors that play a role in critically ill patients. Hypermetabolism in the early acute phase increases energy expenditure and calorie requirement. Insufficient calorie intake will increase protein degradation for gluconeogenesis, which can be assessed by the level of 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). Adequate daily calorie intake is expected to improve the UUN level in patients. This study aims to investigates the correlation of calorie intake with UUN level changes in critically ill patients.

Dietary supplementation with novel selenium-enriched Pichia kudriavzevii regulates gut microbiota and host metabolism in mice.

Insufficient selenium intake can lead to serious health problems. However, most research on the functional properties of selenium-enriched probiotics has focused on sub-health conditions or disease models, with limited studies involving healthy subjects. Additionally, previous research has primarily explored the direct effects of selenium itself, neglecting its influence on gut microbiota and metabolism. This study aimed to explore whether long-term intake of Pichia kudriavzevii enriched with selenium affected gut microbiota and host metabolism in mice and to identify microbiota and metabolites related to beneficial outcomes. Results demonstrated that selenium-enriched P. kudriavzevii (SeY) exhibited non-toxic properties, did not cause colon or liver damage, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and reduced inflammation in a selenium dose-dependent manner. Additionally, SeY supplementation significantly altered the gut microbiota. High-dose SeY (HSeY) elevated the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and suppressed harmful bacteria such as Eubacterium nodatum group, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae. Low-dose SeY (LSeY) increased the abundance of Faecalibaculum. The strain without enriched selenium exhibited higher levels of Akkermansia compared to selenium-enriched strains. Both strains, with or without enriched selenium, stimulated the production of short-chain fatty acids. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that HSeY treatment regulated various metabolic pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. LSeY treatment modulated tyrosine metabolism, secondary bile acid metabolism, bile secretion, and primary bile acid metabolism. P. kudriavzevii regulated the metabolism of purine, arginine, proline, and tryptophan. Our study highlights the promise of SeY supplementation in regulating host metabolism and the gut microbiota, offering insights into its implications for promoting health.

Metformin-mediated protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

BackgroundA phase II clinical trial of metformin (MET) for the treatment of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (NCT02472353) failed. ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to confirm MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and its mechanism using H9C2 cells, and to establish a Wistar rat model of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Subsequently, Wistar rats were utilized to identify clinically relevant indicators for evaluating MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, thereby facilitating early transition towards successful clinical trials. MethodsMET-mediated protection was assessed using cell viability and cytotoxicity experiments. Additionally, intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using an ROS fluorescent probe (dihydroethidium) to confirm the oxidative stress mechanism. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly allocated to the control, DOX, and DOX+MET groups; and the body weight, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), myocardial injury, cardiac function, oxidative stress, and histopathology of heart tissues were compared between groups. ResultsH9C2 cells treated with MET/Dexrazoxane demonstrated dose-dependent protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The fluorescence intensity of H9C2 cells suggested DOX-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity and MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. In vivo experiments confirmed that a rat model of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was successfully established, but MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was not demonstrated. This was attributed to insufficient energy intake because of ADRs, such as vomiting. ConclusionsWe confirmed the MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity and its mechanism involving the inhibition of oxidative stress in vitro experiments. It is imperative to investigate the optimal conditions for MET-mediated protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in vivo or clinical trials.

Protein supplementation preserves muscle mass in persons against sleeve gastrectomy.

Sleeve gastrectomy surgery can lead to deficiencies in both macro and micronutrients, with protein being particularly crucial due to its role in muscle mass, physiological, and metabolic functions. Inadequate protein intake due to physiological, psychological, or financial reasons may prevent achieving the recommended intake levels. The significance of this issue is often underappreciated. This study evaluates the impact of protein supplementation on muscle mass in individuals undergoing sleeve gastrectomy and emphasizes the need for more comprehensive dietary training by expert dietitians. Data were collected from 60 participants (15 male, 45 female, aged 20-54) who visited the surgery clinic. Participants were divided into two groups: those receiving the recommended protein supplement (15 g/day) with post-bariatric surgery diet training (BSD + PS), and those receiving only the post-bariatric surgery diet (BSD). A pre-surgery questionnaire gathered health and general information. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were recorded using 24-h food consumption logs on the day before surgery and at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Anthropometric measurements, including muscle and fat mass, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) data were also collected. The characteristics of participants in both groups were similar, although there were more females in the BSD + PS group (86.7%) compared to the BSD group (63.3%). Despite an increase in energy and nutrient intake over time, levels remained below the recommended amounts in both groups. A significant difference was found in protein supplement consumption between the groups (p = 0.000). Repeated measures showed significant differences in body muscle mass percentage over time (F = 202.784; p = 0.000). In individuals who underwent sleeve gastrectomy surgery, deficiencies in macro and micronutrient intake were observed below reference levels. For this reason, the first approach in the treatment of obesity should always be medical nutrition therapy accompanied by a dietician. When designing post-bariatric surgery nutrition programs, it should be taken into consideration that nutrition protocols and trainings should be followed more closely and given in more detail under the supervision of a specialist before supplements are considered.

Osteoporosis and inflammation: Cause to effect or comorbidity?

Osteoporosis (OP) was long viewed as an inevitable process of aging, due to an imbalance between osteoclast bone resorbing and osteoblast bone formation function, leading to a negative balance in bone remodeling. This leads to low bone mass and increased bone fragility putting the patient at risk for fracture. While this view still holds, a better understanding disclosed that OP can occur at any age, as a comorbidity or a complication of many diseases and treatments. Differentiation, maturation, and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are affected by many factors from different morbidities: endocrine, metabolic, mechanical and inflammatory. Inflammatory diseases are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to OP. Factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune-mediated bone loss. Experiments on animals and on humans, in addition to clinical studies, shed light on the role of inflammation in OP.

Development of ready-to-eat nutri bar from black soybean (Kala Bhatt) and millets: Exploring traditional foods of Uttarakhand

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition, particularly insufficient intake of certain micronutrients, limits a child’s ability to survive, grow, and develop. It increases the rate of morbidity and mortality among the most vulnerable populations, which significantly lowers their productivity as an adult. While adopting strategies to tackle malnutrition, regional diets must also be considered. METHODS: Based on the nutritive values, some staple ingredients from Uttarakhand, such as black soybean, finger millet, and foxtail millet, have been utilized to develop a ready-to-eat (RTE) packaged nutri-bar. A sensory characteristic evaluation of the product has been carried out. The product has been evaluated in the laboratory for its proximate composition, some minerals, presence of heavy metals, pesticide, and shelf-life. RESULTS: The proximate composition of RTE nutri-bar includes protein content 18.16%, carbohydrate content 54.82%, total fats 12.13%, moisture 12.21%, and an ash value of 2.68%. Dietary fiber content is found to be 8.09%, and the energy evaluated for a 100-g sample is 401.09 Kcal. Calcium is present in very good amounts, that is, 478.44 mg/100 g. The amount of pesticide residues and added anti-oxidants are found below the level of quantification. CONCLUSION: The use of traditional foods in local communities has declined, but it may be revived with an appropriate framework, policy, and information sharing in conjunction with contextual food-based treatments.

A retrospective study to assess adolescent nutritional deficiencies and the association with post-COVID-19 status

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adolescents represent 16% of the world’s population and around 21% of the Indian population. A study was done to assess the double burden of malnutrition, the proportion of inadequate intake of some important macronutrients and micronutrients, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutrient intakes among adolescents. Methodology: Retrospective data analysis of the adolescents presented at the Adolescent Health Clinic at a teaching hospital (tertiary care level) in Andhra Pradesh, India, between September 2022 and December 2022 was done in the current study. Results: A total of 800 adolescents were studied with the mean age of the participants as 15.8 (±2.38) years of age. Among the participants, the majority (59%) were immunized with Td vaccination at 10 years and/or 16 years, 21% were not immunized, and the rest 20% did not remember the status. Only 17 participants had a history of COVID-19 infection in the past. The majority (62.75%) of the participants belong to normal nutrition status as per BMI for age WHO growth charts. There is a significant difference in the nutrition status between males and females belonging to overweight and obese subgroups. There is no significant difference in the intake with respect to past COVID-19 status. Almost all the participants take inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (calories), pyridoxine, folate, iron, calcium, vitamin D3, and retinol. Protein intake is inadequate in 63% of participants, and the deficient intake rises with the age with respect to both EAR and RDA guidelines. Conclusion: A large proportion of adolescents suffer from the double burden of malnutrition in South India, and almost all the adolescents do not get the recommended intake of most of the macro- and micronutrients in their diet following the lockdown and online schooling due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Relationship between Maternal Education Level, Exclusive Breastfeeding and History of Infectious Diseases with the Incident of Stunting in Toddlers

Stunting is a problem of chronic malnutrition caused by insufficient nutritional intake over a long period of time due to intake that is not in accordance with nutritional needs. Stunting can occur from the fetus in the womb and only appears when the child is two years old. Nutritional status not only describes the problem of deficiencies in certain nutrients, but is also related to the level of health and chronic diseases a person has. This research aims to determine the relationship between maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding and a history of infectious diseases with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of the Teluk Tiram Community Health Center, Banjarmasin. This type of analytical observational research with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all mothers of toddlers in Teluk Tiram Village, totaling 770 toddlers. Samples were taken using accidental sampling of 20 people. Primary data in the form of respondent characteristics, mother's education level, exclusive breastfeeding and history of infectious diseases were obtained through interviews using questionnaires and nutritional status was obtained by anthropometric measurements (PB/U or TB/U). Data analysis using the Spearman's rho test. The results of research using the Spearman's rho test showed that there was no relationship between maternal education and the incidence of stunting (p=0.652), there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p=0.126) and there was no relationship between a history of infectious diseases. with the incidence of stunting (p=0.643).

Clinical nutrition approach to colon cancer

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that affects the large intestine or rectum, with risk increasing with age. It typically shows no symptoms in its early stages and is often diagnosed in advanced stages, where treatment options are limited. In 2020, there were approximately 1.9 million new colorectal cancer cases and over 930,000 deaths worldwide. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Colon polyps are precancerous lesions identified through colonoscopy. The size, surface structure, and number of polyps are associated with the risk of colon cancer. Colonoscopy is an effective method for detecting and removing adenomatous polyps, thus preventing death from colorectal cancer. The treatment of colon cancer, including surgery and other methods, can lead to various metabolic and digestive complications. Nutrition plays a crucial role in cancer treatment and prevention. A balanced diet can improve treatment outcomes and quality of life. Nutritional support is essential alongside surgical or pharmacological treatments. Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) are recommended for cancer patients with inadequate oral intake. Studies have shown that nutritional supplementation before and after surgery can improve recovery and walking capacity in colorectal cancer patients. Enteral Nutrition (EN) is used to provide essential nutrients in individuals with insufficient oral intake. It is recommended postoperatively as soon as the gastrointestinal tract is active, reducing complications and improving recovery. Parenteral Nutrition (PN) is crucial when oral or enteral nutrition is not feasible. PN, particularly Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN), is beneficial in severely malnourished patients and those undergoing major surgery, reducing infection risk and improving overall nutritional status. In conclusion, the effective use of enteral and parenteral nutrition strategies in colon cancer treatment improves patients' quality of life and increases treatment success rates. Integrating nutritional therapy into cancer treatment protocols is of great importance.