Insufficient Family Income Research Articles

Extended postpartum intimate partner violence and its associated factors among Iranian women: Community-based cross-sectional study design.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) and factors associated with it during the postpartum period. In this cross-sectional study, 428 women were enrolled from 10 health centers in the south of Tehran, Iran, between April 2023 and October 2023. We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), the short form of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for data collection. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to determine demographic and psychological predictors of IPV after childbirth. Approximately two-thirds of women (n=285, 66.6%) experienced IPV within 1 year of childbirth. Psychological aggression (n= 276, 64.5%) was the most common type of IPV, whereas injury (n=96, 22.4%) was the least common. Additionally, one in three women experienced physical assault (n= 134, 31.3%), and over one-third experienced sexual coercion (n= 152, 35.5%). Predictor factors of IPV during the postpartum period were: insufficient family income (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-15.28), husband's smoking (aOR 3.17, 95% CI 1.70-5.92), history of IPV in pregnancy (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.33-4.50), number of children (aOR 3.02, 95% CI 1.79-5.10), and depression (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.08-1.14). On the other hand, protective factors of IPV during the postpartum period were: longer marriage duration (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.93) and greater resilience (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-0.99). IPV is prevalent 1 year after childbirth. Healthcare providers should implement a thorough screening program to identify risk and protective factors related to postpartum IPV.

Goal orientations and typology of women entrepreneurs: an empirical study in Gampaha district

Despite making up more than half of the population in Sri Lanka, women's economic engagement is very low. Encouragement of their entrepreneurial endeavours would raise both their level of living and the economy. Knowing their goals, typologies, determinants of the typologies is useful in real-world situations given the growing significance of women entrepreneurs. The majority of studies on entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka, however, focus on men with little attention paid to women. This study examines goal orientations, typologies and determinants of the typologies of women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka. Goal orientations were examined by using push and pull factors. Typologies were recognized based on Goffee and Scase model. Factors affecting on typologies were examined using multinomial logit model. The sample is 150 registered women entrepreneurs in Gampaha district. A simple random sampling method was adopt for the study. Primary data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. It was done by direct interviews and telephone interviews. Result of the survey shows that insufficient family income is the main push factor for venturing into business. From pull factors, its hobby. There weren’t any radical women entrepreneurs in the sample. New typology was identified and named as “Conventional – Innovative”. Majority of the women entrepreneurs are conventional followed by domestic. Least number of respondents belong to new typology. Education is significant with the Innovative typology and Conventional – Innovative typology. Age of the current business is significant with the domestic typology and Innovative typology. Marital status, Number of children, previous employment status is significant with none of the typologies. By conducting a similar study in other districts, we can find out whether there are radical women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka or not. These findings may have immense value for promoting women's entrepreneurship in impoverished nations like Sri Lanka because there is no any similar research in Sri Lanka.

Sustainability consciousness among nursing students in Egypt: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRecognizing nurses as pivotal change agents and urgent preparation for the next generation is crucial for addressing sustainability issues and cultivating a sustainable healthcare system. Reports highlight gaps in the integration of sustainable development goals (SDGs) into nursing curricula, prompting the International Council of Nurses to stress the importance of sustainable development in nursing education. The extent to which nursing students are aware of sustainability issues remains to be determined. This study addresses a global and Egyptian research gap by evaluating and comparing Sustainability Consciousness (SC) levels among nursing students at three universities, providing insights into awareness, attitudes, and behaviors related to sustainability.MethodsThis descriptive comparative study was conducted across three nursing faculties within three Egyptian public universities. The target population for this study was undergraduate nursing students enrolled in these universities during the academic year 2022-2023. This study used the extended version of the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ-L) to measure individuals' knowingness, attitudes, and behaviors related to the three dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, and economic.ResultsMore than half of the nursing students across the three universities expressed unfamiliarity with the SDGs. Social media was the most common source of information across the three universities. Sohag University recorded the highest median (IQR) scores in sustainability knowingness (72.0, IQR: 70.0-81.0), attitudes (56.0, IQR: 53.0-61.5), and behavior (65.0, IQR: 60.0-69.0) across their respective dimensions, as well as in overall SC (195, IQR: 184.5-208.5). This was followed by Damanhour University, with a median score of 179.0 (IQR: 124.5-194), and then Alexandria University, with a median score of 116.0 (IQR: 85.5-153), all of which were significantly different (all with p values=0.000). Older students from rural areas exhibited higher SC median scores, while students with insufficient family income and no familiarity with the SDGs had lower SC scores.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the prevalent reliance on social media for information among nursing students across these universities, emphasizing the pivotal role of academic institutions in integrating sustainability development concepts in nursing education. Sohag University's notable commitment to sustainability practices has contributed to the higher SC of its students compared to Alexandria and Damanhour Universities. The study also identified age, place of residence, family income, and familiarity with the SDGs as consistent predictors of sustainability consciousness.

Untreated Allergy Among Middle School Students: Associations with Socioeconomic Adversities and Academic, Behavior, and Health Difficulties.

Many adolescents with allergy do not receive physician treatment (allergyuntreated). We explored its association with socioeconomic adversities and academic-behavior-health difficulties, which remain unaddressed. This cross-sectional school-based-population study compared the above factors of middle-school adolescents with allergyuntreated and those with treated allergy (allergytreated) (mean age = 13.5 ± 1.2) from north-eastern France. Participants completed a questionnaire collecting socioeconomic adversities (nonintact family, low parents' education, insufficient family income, poor social support, suffered verbal/physical violence, and sexual abuse), low academic performance, excessive screen time, substance use, sleep difficulty, poor physical health, depressive symptoms, suicide attempt, poor quality of life, and allergytreated/allergyuntreated. Logistic regression models showed that allergyuntreated was associated with all the factors considered (sex-age-class-level-adjusted odds ratio (saclOR) reaching 3.94, p < .001) and the risk score (number of main criteria: suffered sexual abuse, excessive screen time, poor quality of life, cannabis use, low parents' education, and poor social support): saclOR 4.75, 9.23, 15.64, and 31.73 (p < .001) for risk scores 1, 2, 3, and ≥4, versus risk score = 0 (pseudo-R2 = 11.1%). Socioeconomic adversities and academic-behavior-health difficulties may be used to detect adolescents with allergyuntreated for care.

Common Reasons for Permanent Tooth Extraction and Its Correlation with Demographical Factors in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The aim of this survey was to investigate the main reasons for extraction of permanent teeth, and its correlation with age, gender, education level, smoking habits, and time of last dental visit, family income, and professions in Kabul, Afghanistan. The study proposal was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Khatam AL Nabieen and was conducted over a period of 5 months; its population consisted 594 patients, aged 10-70 years, who underwent extraction. The frequency distribution was calculated using X2 test, ANOVA and t-test for differences in mean number of patients. A total of 594 patients underwent extraction. The highest rate (53.8%) of extraction occurred for those 21-40 years old. Females compromised 51.3% of patients. Two hundred (33.6%) patients were uneducated. Tooth loss due to caries was 30.1%; patient-request was 18.3%; impacted teeth was 14.4%. Other causes were periodontal reasons, failed root canal therapy (RCT), Tooth mobility, and Root fractures. The result of this survey indicated that caries, patient request, and impaction were the leading reasons for tooth extraction. The majority of patients were uneducated, and had insufficient family income. Most of the patients were housewives and laborers.

The intergenerational continuity of alcohol use in a population sample

IntroductionResearch shows that parental alcohol use predicts youths’ alcohol use, but this intergenerational continuity may vary across countries, and little is known about its moderators. This study examined for the first time the intergenerational continuity in alcohol use in a population sample of families in Canada, and tested whether it varied by youths’ sex, family income, or family structure. MethodsWe used prospective longitudinal data on 1632 families from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD), a representative sample from the province of Quebec, Canada. Youths self-reported alcohol use and binge drinking frequency at seven timepoints from early adolescence to early adulthood. Predictors were mothers’ and fathers’ self-reported alcohol use from youths’ infancy through age 13, and mother-reported socioeconomic variables. ResultsWe identified three trajectories of alcohol use from ages 13 to 21 years: normative, late-onset and early-onset. Maternal alcohol use increased the youths' risk of following the early-onset trajectory of alcohol use, while both parents’ alcohol use decreased the odds of the youths following the late-onset trajectory, compared to the normative trajectory. Insufficient family income increased youths' risk of following either the early-onset or late-onset trajectories. Mothers’ and fathers’ alcohol use did not interact in predicting youths’ trajectory, and we found no moderating effects of the youths’ sex, insufficient income, or years as a single-parent family. ConclusionThe results suggest modest intergenerational continuity of alcohol use in Quebec families which may be used, with income insufficiency, to help identify at-risk children for targeted interventions.

Study of Characteristics of Pregnant Women Who Are Refugees and Aged Under 18 Years.

Introduction In recent years, the refugee crisis has become one of the most serious problems. It is well-known that women, individuals aged under 18 years, and pregnant refugees are particularly vulnerable to adverse conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristics of pregnant refugee women aged under 18 years. Methodology Data for pregnant women were recorded prospectively from 2019 to 2021, and pregnant refugee women aged ≤18 years were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics of women, gravidity and parity status, the status of regular antenatal care visits and antenatal care visit any time until birth, type of birth, causes for cesarean section, presence of maternal comorbidities, obstetric complications, and baby-related characteristics were recorded. Results A total of 134 pregnant refugees were enrolled in the study. A total of 31 (23.1%) women had completed primary school, and two (1.5%) women had completedmiddle school or high school. Additionally, only 3.7%of women had a regular job, and 64.2% of the refugees had a total family income below the minimum wage. Also, 10.4% of women lived with more than three people outside the nuclear family. Gravidity numbers were one for 65 (48.5%) women, two for 50 (37.3%) women, and more than two for 19 (14.2%) women, respectively. The proportion of women with regular antenatal care visits was 19.4% (26), and 45.5% (61) had irregular antenatal care visits. Anemia and urinary tract infections were detected in 52 (28.8%) patients and seven (5.2%) patients, respectively. The proportion of preterm delivery was 8.9%, and 10.5% of infants had low birth weight. A total of 16 (11.9%) babies required neonatal intensive care unit support. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that pregnant women who are refugees and aged under 18 years have low education levels, insufficient family income, and often live in crowded families and even as the second wife of a husband. Moreover, although the birth rate was high in pregnant refugees, the rate of regular antenatal follow-up was low. Finally, this study showed that maternal anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight were common in pregnant refugees.

The impact of dysfunctional families on the formation of personality of juvenile offenders

Juvenile delinquency is one of the most difficult problems of modern society. These persons, being socially active, perceive both positive and negative features of not only peers, but also older persons. Cases when from an early age a person is in a dysfunctional family environment, because the socio-negative factors affecting him are magnified. Every crime committed by a person under the age of 18 has many causes from a criminological point of view. However, a key role is given to the family, since the negative impact on the character and behavior is carried out from the earliest childhood. Among the negative factors that directly affect the commission of a crime by a minor, we can primarily include the general family atmosphere, if it has a destructive effect on the psyche of the child. This is manifested in the illegal behavior of adults, lack of spiritual family values, unhealthy psychological climate in the family. Family problems create a number of conditions that contribute to the formation of the personality of the juvenile offender. These include: living of a minor in unsanitary conditions; lack of sufficient living space for education and life; insufficient family income, which negatively affects the place of a minor in the society of peers; examples of negative behavior of adult family members (offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction); incorrect relationship between parents and child; the use of violence against minors as an educational measure. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of micro-social causes that form the personality of a juvenile offender and the development of comprehensive preventive measures are required.

Prevalence and correlates of university students' perceived stress in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

The university period can be stressful for most students. It may be due to exposure to various stressors. Objectives: To establish the prevalence and factors associated with high perceived stress among university undergraduates in south-western Saudi Arabia.A self-administered survey was conducted among a representative sample of King Khalid University students through a cross-sectional study. Data obtained included socio-economic, academic characteristics, and grade point average (GPA) scores. Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale.This study included 2467 students. The average Perceived Stress Scale score was 19.13 ± 6.56, which was notably higher (P = .02) among health care undergraduates (19.45 ± 6.49) compared to others (18.85 ± 6.61). High perceived stress prevalence rate was 12.7% (13.6% in health care institutions and 12.0% in non-healthcare institutions). Multivariable analysis revealed that high perceived stress was considerably greater among females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.35, 95% confidence interval:167–3.30), smokers (aOR = 1.65), those with an unsatisfactory income (aOR = 3.10), and healthcare students (aOR=1.33). In contrast, it was negatively associated with the GPA score (aOR= 0.77).High perceived stress is a substantial problem among university students. Female students and healthcare students are at a greater risk. High stress is correlated with smoking, lower GPA scores, and perceived insufficient family income.

Environmental Factors Associated With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 1diabetes (T1D) is immune-mediated disease that presented as a consequence of the gradual destruction of the insulin- producing beta cells, which in results total beta-cell loss and complete dependence on exogenous insulin. Objective: To explore the potential environmental risk factors associated with the development of T1D among children. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the pediatric department of Albatool teaching hospital in Diyala province, Iraq. A hundred children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type1 (cases) and hundred children (controls) without diabetes during the period between February 2020 to May 2020. Data collection was done through interviewing parents’ or the caregivers of children directly using a questionnaire that was used before for study T1D. the target population was the children attending the outpatient clinic of the endocrine pediatric department of Albatool teaching hospital. A total of 200 children were included in the study. Computer software SPSS (Version 25) and Microsoft Excel (2016) were used to carry out the statistical analysis of data. Results: The results show Children who had insufficient family income had the highest risk for developing T1D (p&lt;0.001), and children born to low educated parents, especially illiterate parents, had a risk to develop T1D (p&lt; 0.001), followed by children whose parent had a history of consanguinity had a high risk for developing T1D (p=0.004). Children born to older mothers had a higher risk for developing T1D (p=0.04). Children with cesarean section delivery had more risk to develop T1D (p &lt;0.000), followed by children a history of early onset of weaning had more risk to develop T1D (p= 0.001). Children had a history of bottle feeding had more risk to develop T1D (p= 0.004). Conclusion: The following factors were associated with significant risk for developing type 1 DM in children: Insufficient family income, low educated parents especially illiterate parents, history of consanguinity. Maternal factors, including older mothers, mothers with a previous history of abortion and infection, and a history of abnormal weight gain. Child factors include, including a history of hospital delivery, a low birth weight, an early onset of weaning, and bottle-feeding. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; children; Diyala

Domestic work as a job opportunity for economically deprived women: Causes and consequences of being a maidservant

Background: Domestic workers comprise a significant part of the national workforce and serve as the backbone for various families in our society. This community still lives below the poverty line and striving for a better life. This study investigated the factors responsible for women to become domestic workers and identified their problems. Domestic maids' literature is scant, especially in Pakistan; negligible work is done on the topic, which is an impetus to contribute. It will help in devising some policies for the wellbeing of this economically deprived segment of society.&#x0D; Methodology: This study explores maids' data about demographics, employment, problems and their access to welfare programs. Semi-structured interviews — comprised of closed-ended and open-ended questions — were conducted from 14 domestic maids working in Hyderabad and Jamshoro districts, selected through a convenient sampling technique. The data were analyzed with frequency and crosstabs and thematic analysis.&#x0D; Results: Old age, extended work experience, lack of education, being married, number of dependents and low income were found the common factor in this occupation. Irresponsible male members, absence of male members, insufficient family income, an accusation of theft, deteriorating health, being overburdened, and non-access to welfare programs were found to be the main problems for housemaids.&#x0D; Conclusion: The elimination of this occupation is not recommended, as they play a very vital role in our society, but a change in attitude and conduct while dealing with maids is suggested. Whereas, there is a need for agencies, which can provide a pool of labour as domestic servants, as both employer and employee rights can be protected.

Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among immigrant women in Guangzhou, China

BackgroundAlthough there has been mounting research on postpartum depression (PPD), the impact of immigration on PPD has remained quite unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of PPD among immigrant women living in Guangzhou at 6 weeks postpartum.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1230 immigrant women in a tertiary hospital of Guangzhou from December 2016 to December 2017 at 6 weeks postpartum. The Chinese version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a structured questionnaire regarding associated factors were administered to all participants. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors that were significantly associated with PPD.ResultsThe prevalence of PPD among immigrant women at 6 weeks postpartum was 34.0%. A multivariate logistic regression model identified significant obstetric and social factors as: living in Guangzhou for less than 2 years, insufficient family income, poor social support and marital relationship.ConclusionPrevalence of PPD among immigrant women from Guangzhou at 6 weeks postpartum is high. The development of PPD among immigrant women is associated with individual and social factors. There’s an urgent need for healthcare providers to take a more active role in engaging immigrant women in their psychological needs.

Ethnic Drinking Culture, Acculturation, and Enculturation in Relation to Alcohol Drinking Behavior Among Marriage-Based Male Immigrants in Taiwan.

Drinking behavior among immigrants could be influenced by drinking-related cultural norms in their country of origin and host country. This study examined the association of ethnic drinking culture, acculturation, and enculturation with alcohol drinking among male immigrants in Taiwan. This cross-sectional survey recruited 188 male immigrants. Ethnic drinking culture was divided into dry and wet according to per capita alcohol consumption and abstinent rate in the countries of origin in reference to that in Taiwan. A scale, Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Marriage-Based Immigrants, was developed to measure acculturation (adaptation to the host culture) and enculturation (maintenance of the original culture). Drinking patterns (abstinent, low-risk drinking, and hazardous drinking) were determined by scores on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. There was a significant interaction between ethnic drinking culture and enculturation/acculturation on drinking patterns. Multinomial logistic regression models identified that for those from dry ethnic drinking cultures, a high level of acculturation was associated with increased low-risk drinking, while a high level of enculturation was associated with decreased low-risk drinking. For those from wet ethnic drinking cultures, a low level of acculturation and high level of enculturation were associated with increased hazardous drinking. High family socioeconomic status was associated with increased drinking, while perceived insufficient family income was positively associated with hazardous use. To prevent hazardous use of alcohol, health education should be targeted at immigrant men who drink, especially among those who have economic problems, are from wet ethnic drinking cultures, and demonstrate low adaptation to the host culture.

Obstacles Facing by Patients to Undergo Cataract Surgeries - A Hospital Based Study in and Around Ananthapuramu

Background: Cataract estimated to be the cause of blindness among 17.6 million people worldwide. A few studies have done in India about obstacles or barriers of patients to undergo cataract surgeries, so the present study has undertaken to know the reasons for not accepting cataract surgical services. Methods: Patients in the age group of above 45 years, vision <20/60 and presenting with features of cataract were included. BCVA (Best corrected Visual acuity) was measured using Snellen chart and Cataract was diagnosed using torch light and Direct Ophthalmoscopy. Patients knowledge about cataract, factors obstructing patients to undergo cataract surgeries, regarding service delivery, cost and affordability were assessed. Results: Out of 120 patients, 46 (38.3%) were aware that they have cataract. Among various obstacles, about 60% were able to manage daily work and worry about the cost of surgery. Obstacles including Busy with work, cans see clearly with other eye were seen in above 50% of patients. Out of 120 patients, 83 (69.1%) did not undergo cataract surgery because of insufficient family income, whereas 54 (45%) persons does not have accompany to attend for cataract surgery.Conclusion: Need of eye health campaigns, providing services like, free of cost, transport facilities and place of treatment, follow up services. Many Government Organizations and Hospitals are conducting free camps for cataract surgeries, other than these health education is necessary by explaining about the beneficiaries of cataract surgery and advise people to avail health benefits or free camps to undergo cataract surgery.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Rachitic Genu Varus in Preschool Children in a Paediatric Health Institute in Egypt as One of the Developing Countries.

Background:Rachitic genu varus is one of the common conditions among the Egyptian children, despite the shinning sun of Egypt all the year.Purpose:The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of rachitic genu varus among the Egyptian children, and to assess the risk factors contributing to it.Patients and Methods:This prospective study recruited a total of 250 consecutive children, being 130 males and 120 females, with rachitic bow legs or genu varus, between 2 - 4 years of age, together with 250 controls of the same age group, out of a total number of 1900 children with other types of rickets, and other children's orthopaedic diseases, who presented to the National Institute of Neuromotor System in Egypt between September 2014 to September 2015. The cases and the controls were subjected to clinical, laboratory biochemical, and plain radiographic examinations. Their parents were subjected to epidemiological, maternal, and nutritional questionnaires.Results:The calculations revealed high incidence (13.1%) of rachitic genu varus. The risk factors were low socioeconomic status, insufficient family income, poor housing conditions, lack of exposure to sunlight due to cultural practices, sole breast feeding, and inadequate supplementation of vitamin D to the children and the pregnant women. The p value was <0.05.Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency rachitic genu varus is a multifactorial condition in Egypt. Raising the standard of living, level of education, housings, and dietary supplementation of vitamin D to the pregnant women and infants are the solution.

Risk Groups for Cardiovascular Disease in a Multiethnic Group of Midlife Women

Poster Presentation Objective To identify the clusters of midlife women by cardiovascular symptoms to identify high‐risk groups and to examine racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular symptoms in each cluster. Design A secondary analysis of the data from two national Internet survey studies. Setting Internet communities/groups for midlife women and Internet communities/groups for ethnic minorities including African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Sample The data from multiethnic groups of 1,054 midlife women in the two national Internet survey studies. Methods Only the data from the questions on background characteristics, perceived health, menopausal status, and the Cardiovascular Symptom Index for Midlife Women were used for this secondary analysis. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and multinomial logistic analysis. Results Forty‐five percent of the participants were categorized into Cluster 1 (high vasomotor symptoms and low cardiorespiratory symptoms); more than 38% were categorized into Cluster 2 (low vasomotor symptoms, high cardiorespiratory symptoms, and high discomfort/pain), and more than16% were categorized into Cluster 3 (high discomfort/pain and high indigestion symptoms). Those who were not African American, had insufficient family income, had a diagnosed disease, and had no access to health care were at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cluster 1 represented another unique risk group within midlife women because high vasomotor symptoms could be associated with high CVD risks. There were significant differences in age, family income, ethnicity, self‐reported health, and menopausal status among the clusters ( p p Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Although the risk groups need to be confirmed with further studies, the findings specifically indicate certain characteristics of midlife women that need to be considered and targeted in future preventive and/or treatment interventions for CVDs. Thus, health care providers need to consider these characteristics of midlife women in their future preventive and/or treatment interventions.

Programas de Transferência de Renda e Trabalho Infantil no Rio Grande do Sul

Although forbidden by Brazilian law, child labor reaches nearly sixty thousand children in Rio Grande do Sul. This paper studies the determinants of child labor in this state using a recursive bivariate Probit model with information from the 2010 Census conducted by the IBGE. In particular, the paper aims to assess the impacts of cash transfer programs on the incidence of child labor. The results show that child labor in the state is not associated with insufficient family income and that the income transfer programs are not able to reduce it, although they increase the likelihood of child study.

Child labor in a rural Egyptian community: an epidemiological study.

Estimating the burden of child labor in a rural community of El-Minia governorate, Egypt and exploring its determinants and health impact. One hundred and ninety nine children randomly participated from a randomly selected village; 147 (73.9%) males and 52 (26.1%) females, whose ages ranged from 6 to 17 years (mean age 12.1 ± 2.9). All children were subjected to interview questionnaire, and medical examination. Ninety (45.2%) of the children reported that they are engaged in a work. The working children belonged to 65.6 and 85.6% of illiterate fathers and mothers, respectively. The majority of the working children were engaged in jobs at quarries (58.9%), followed by farming (21.1%), then small proportions of children were working in other jobs. Poverty, big families and insufficient family's income were the most frequently reported reasons for starting to work (80%). There was a significant higher prevalence of the reported health complaints among working children. Working children are at high risk of many health problems. Poverty, parents' illiteracy, large family size and fathers' absence are the driving force for child labor in the rural community of Eastern Minia.

Self-reporting and measurement of body mass index in adolescents: refusals and validity, and the possible role of socioeconomic and health-related factors

BackgroundBody mass index assessment using self-reported height and weight (BMIsr) can encounter refusals and under/over-reporting while for assessment with measured data (BMIm) refusals can be more frequent. This could relate to socioeconomic and health-related factors. We explored these issues by investigating numerous potential factors: gender, age, family structure, father’s occupation, income, physical/sports activity, subjective weight perception, school performance, unhealthy behaviours, physical/psychological health, social relationships, living environment, having sustained violence, sexual abuse, and involvement in violence.MethodsThe sample included 1559 adolescents from middle schools in north-eastern France. They completed a questionnaire including socioeconomic and health-related data, self-reported height/weight, measured height/weight, and weight perception (participation rate 94%). Data were analysed using logistic regression models.ResultsBMIsr encountered under-reporting (with change in BMI category, 11.8%), over-reporting (6.0%), and reporting refusals (3.6%). BMIm encountered more numerous refusals (7.9%). Reporting refusal was related to living with a single parent, low school performance, lack of physical/sports activity, sustained violence, poor psychological health, and poor social relationships (gender/age-adjusted odds ratios 1.95 to 2.91). Further to these factors, measurement refusal was related to older age, having divorced/separated parents, a father being a manual worker/inactive, insufficient family income, tobacco/cannabis use, involvement in violence, poor physical health, and poor living environment (1.30 to 3.68). Under-reporting was related to male gender, involvement in violence, poor psychological health, and overweight/obesity (as assessed with BMIm) (1.52 to 11). Over-reporting was related to male gender, younger age, alcohol consumption, and underweight (1.30 to 5.35). Weight perception was linked to reporting refusals and under/over-reporting, but slightly linked to measurement refusal. The contributions of socioeconomic and health-related factors to the associations of weight perception with reporting refusal and under/over-reporting ranged from −82% to 44%. There were substantial discrepancies in the associations between socioeconomic/health-related factors and overweight/obesity assessed with BMIsr and BMIm.ConclusionsBMIsr and BMIm were affected by numerous biases related to vulnerability which were also obesity risk factors. BMIsr encountered under/over-reporting which were related to some socioeconomic and health-related factors, weight perception, and BMIm. BMIm was more affected by refusals than BMIsr due to socioeconomic and health-related factors. Further research is needed.

Barriers to cataract surgical uptake in central ethiopia

Purpose:The aim of this study was to assess the factors that delay surgical intervention in patients suffering from age related mature cataract in Ethiopia.Materials and Methods:A short term descriptive study was performed that evaluated patients with mature cataract presenting to outreach eye care clinics in rural central Ethiopia. Patients were interviewed to determine the reasons for delay in their cataract surgeries.Result:A total of 146 subjects (57 male and 89 females) with operable age related cataract were evaluated at 31 outreach clinics. Over 86% of the respondents were above 55 years of age, (range, 45–78 years). The male to female ratio was 1:1.5 and 30.2% of the subjects were blind bilaterally (best corrected visual acuity <3/60). The majority of the respondents were farmers (53.4%) and 86.3% were illiterate. The major factors that delayed cataract surgery included: Cost of surgery (91.8%), insufficient family income (78.1%), good vision in the fellow (unaffected) eye (39.7%), and the distance to hospital from their village (47.9%).Conclusion:Surgical cost, insufficient family income, and the distance to an eye care centre were the major factors delaying cataract surgery in rural Ethiopia.