The study of the industrial development of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the seven years makes it possible to identify a key moment in the change in the economic structure of the region, which is the basis of its social life. The article describes the transformation process of the economy of the Chuvash ASSR during the years of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy, examines the indicators of the region’s industry, as well as summarizes the results of economic development and changes in the structure of the economy of Chuvashia when implementing the seven-year plan. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that this aspect of the region’s life is poorly understood. The purpose of the study is to examine the plans of industrial development of the Chuvash ASSR in 1959–1965 and to give an objective assessment to the industrial potential of the region in this period. Materials and methods. When writing the article, archival materials containing summary statistical data on the economy of this period, as well as the works of leading experts on the industrial development of Chuvashia in the second half of the twentieth century, were used. The work is based on general scientific and special historical approaches, among which it is worth noting the principles of objectivity, consistency and historicism. Results. The industry of the Chuvash ASSR went through global changes during the seven years of 1959–1965. New knowledge-intensive industries emerged in the republic, and the basis of the region’s economy changed: if at the beginning of the seven-year period consumer goods and woodworking industries had the greatest share, then by the end of the seven-year period mechanical engineering and chemical industries took the first place. Within the framework of mechanical engineering, the instrument-making and radio engineering industries grew the fastest, and the electrical engineering and machine-building industries provided the largest production volume in numerical terms. In addition to the emergence of new industries, the old ones were also actively developing and expanding in the republic. The seven-year plan was fulfilled by 103% by the republic’s industry, which demonstrates the efficiency of production. Conclusions. In 1959–1965, the economy of the Chuvash ASSR underwent changes, its structure was transformed, and a cluster of high-tech industries, such as instrument engineering and the electrical industry, was created and developed in the republic. The Chuvash economy was able to become industrial from a predominantly agrarian one, dramatically increasing the volume of industrial production and, as a result, significantly increasing the overall economic potential of the region. As part of this economic transformation, the industrial base for the further development of the region in the next five years was also laid.

The third millennium is associated with many achievements in science and technology, one of which is nanomaterials, i.e. discrete particles of material, as well as materials with an internal or surface structure, one of the characteristic dimensions of which usually lies in the range from 1 nm to 100 nm. Due to their unique properties, primarily thermophysical and mechanical, nanomaterials are used in heat transfer processes, which are common in thermal power engineering, nuclear power engineering, chemical and food technology, metallurgy, electronics, mechanical, and instrument engineering. Nanomaterials increase the efficiency of thermal conductivity and convection and are used in all heat transfer processes, namely heating, cooling, boiling, and condensation. Almost all classes and types of nanomaterials are used, including nano-objects such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanoplates, as well as nanostructured materials such as nanostructured powders, nanocomposites, nanoporous materials, and fluid nanodisperse systems. Nanomaterials are most widely used in coolants in the form of nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions, as well as in the design of heat exchange equipment in the form of coatings for heat exchange elements and structural materials for the manufacture of these elements. Currently, the main trends in the application of nanomaterials in heat exchange processes and equipment are the development of effective compositions of fluid nanodispersions and nanocoatings of heat exchange surfaces, which can be implemented on existing heat exchange equipment directly or with minor modernization. Less attention is paid to the development of structural nanomaterials for the manufacture of heat exchange elements, since they involve a more profound change in existing heat exchange equipment or the creation of fundamentally new heat exchanger designs. In any case, one should not forget about the possible negative impact of nanomaterials when handling them, which they can have on the environment and humans, and, if possible, take measures to eliminate or minimize this negative impact. Bibl. 103, Fig. 9.

The global petroleum refining industry faces unprecedented pressure to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, requiring comprehensive technological transformation led by electrical and instrumentation (E&I) engineering innovations. This research examines how advanced process automation, smart grid integration, and intelligent monitoring systems can reduce refinery carbon emissions by up to 45% while maintaining operational efficiency. Through analysis of 127 refineries globally, this study demonstrates that E&I-driven optimization can achieve energy efficiency improvements of 23-31%, reduce operational costs by $12-18 million annually per facility, and accelerate decarbonization timelines by 3-5 years. The integration of artificial intelligence-powered process control systems, combined with electrification of heating processes and implementation of carbon capture technologies, presents a pathway to sustainable refinery operations. Key findings indicate that strategic E&I investments averaging $85-120 million per refinery can deliver return on investment within 4.2-6.8 years while achieving 78% reduction in Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions by 2035.

The necessity of systematization of existing fixed joints, both collapsible and non-collapsible, is considered. The existing variety of dimensional, kinematic, and dynamic relationships in machines, as well as various assembly conditions, make it impossible to create universal assembly equipment. The classification of connections of parts in mechanical engineering and instrument engineering is proposed. The connections obtained by geometric, reversible simple closure of planes are presented in the most detail. Similarly, compounds of other groups can be obtained. Based on the results of comparing the cost of various types of joints and data from a number of studies, when assembling joints with a simple closure formed mainly by external friction forces, it was found that tensioned joints are the most economical types of joints. They are also the most technologically advanced in automated assembly. At the same time, it is necessary to exclude the minimum number of degrees of freedom equal to four for the assembled parts. An example of using the proposed classification for a specific design and technological task (improving the quality of mounting carbide weapons in the sockets of drill bit balls) is given, indicating the sequence of actions.

The subject of research is industrial and household equipment and devices, which as a whole or their structural elements are made in the form of a Möbius strip. The purpose of the research is a critical analysis of the use of the Möbius strip in engineering, technology and everyday life. One of the most important characteristics of elements of various machines, apparatuses, devices, and structures is their geometric shape, which is especially evident in mechanical engineering, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, and heat and mass transfer. One of the geometric objects with atypical and unique properties is the Möbius strip (sheet, ring, Möbius loop) – a topological object that is the simplest unoriented surface with one side and one edge. The main advantage of the Möbius strip is precisely the presence of one surface, which is widely used in a wide variety of areas of human life, and primarily in engineering and technology. The Möbius strip has found its application in mechanical and instrument engineering, chemical technology and related industries, thermal power engineering, renewable energy, construction, light industry, agriculture, transport, aerospace and military technology, electronics, radio engineering, computer technology, medicine, advertising and jewelry, entertainment and recreation, personal hygiene products, as well as in everyday life. In developing innovative technical solutions, the use of the Möbius strip in various sectors of the economy and everyday life can provide significant assistance not only from the more than one and a half century of experience of scientists, engineers, and inventors in this matter, but also from the unique capabilities of artificial intelligence. This review may be useful to creators of new equipment and technology, because when creating new developments, a fund of technical, including geometric, effects is widely used, which is an integral part of the information fund of inventors, designers, and scientists and helps them create innovative solutions to technical problems.

This study examines the digital public service ecosystems within Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs) in Northeastern Thailand, focusing on the factors that facilitate or hinder the adoption of key digital technologies. The research employs a qualitative design, involving indepth interviews and focus group discussions with 56 informants across 20 LAOs, to explore eight core elements of digital public services: regulatory frameworks, organizational structure, digital literacy, infrastructure, service activities, stakeholder collaborations, citizen engagement, and budget allocations. The findings indicate that while national policies and certain regulatory instrum ents provide an enabling environm ent, fragmented governance, constrained budgets, and insufficient human resource capacity persist as significant barriers to the adoption of sustainable digital practices. Larger municipalities demonstrate higher levels of digital integration and often have dedicated IT units, whereas smaller or resource-constrained LAOs struggle to deliver even basic eservices. Drawing on Digital Ecosystem Theory, this study proposes a dual strategy that combines top-down support—encompassing funding, policy directives, and legislative reforms—with bottom-up initiatives focused on local innovation, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and citizen-oriented approaches. This integrated model underscores that robust infrastructure and regulatory clarity alone are insufficient without parallel investments in institutional capacity-building and community outreach. The policy recommendations include establishing specialized IT units within LAOs, refining budgetary allocations for digital initiatives, and enhancing national-level coordination to optimize resource allocation.

Abstract - Smart sensors are at the forefront of a major transformation in instrumentation engineering. These advanced devices go beyond simple data collection—they are capable of processing information, drawing insights, and communicating results without human intervention. When combined with the connectivity of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the analytical power of Artificial Intelligence (AI), smart sensors enable real-time monitoring, early fault detection, and adaptive control in a wide range of applications. From remote patient monitoring in healthcare to precision farming in agriculture and energy optimization in smart cities, the integration of these technologies is redefining the way systems are designed and operated. This paper explores the foundational principles, system architectures, and key use cases of smart sensor networks. It also addresses practical challenges such as energy efficiency, data security, and system interoperability. By examining both current capabilities and future possibilities, this study provides a clear understanding of how smart sensors, empowered by IoT and AI, are reshaping the future of intelligent instrumentation. Key Words: Smart Sensors, Instrumentation, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Edge Computing, Wireless Sensor Networks, Real-time Monitoring etc.

Evolving topics of engineering demand innovative teaching practices. Experiential learning is the method of learning things through experience. Many core concepts in Instrumentation Engineering are obscure and hence difficult to comprehend for students. So experiential learning through industrial visits really comes as an effective tool. The paper presents experiential learning technique through industrial visits. For this, milk processing topic was taught in the class following the conventional method. Then a group of students was asked to visit a Dairy plant to understand the operations carried out in a milk processing industry. A feedback questionnaire was prepared based on the course outcomes. The students provided better ratings in the surveys conducted. The detailed statistical analysis was carried out by applying t-test. It was observed that the students’ logical thinking and analyzing ability improved remarkably. Feedback from employers’ survey indicated students’ industry readiness. Improvement in the students’ employability is also observed. The sustainable mathematical model created out of this framework suggests sustainability factor of 1.08 indicating effectiveness of the model over time.

The paper considers a new technology for cutting out of a metal sheet with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm using one-sided and two-sided templates coated with photoresists. This technology was previously used in the radio industry and in instrument engineering, where photoemulsion was used as a coating. The paper reveals the possibilities of significantly increasing the resource when using multilayer photomasks with a new coating with various methods of its application, limits are set for the use of coatings made of photoemulsion and photoresists, depending on the purpose, complexity of the parts obtained, accessibility for the tool when moving them to the processing zone. The mechanism of controlling the vector of action of the electric field during the anodic dissolution of materials is revealed due to the limitation of the zone of its effect by photomasks for single and reusable use, the advantages of the new technology in It is used in experimental and single production of products of various complexity for the aerospace industry of mechanical engineering.

Abstract Special economic zones (SEZs) development plays a significant role in China`s economic and industrial growth. How ever, rapid industrialization and increasing number of industrial parks has significantly intensified environmental pollu tion issues. These facts resulted in an urgent need for effective coordination between further economic growth, industri al expansion, and search for solutions to environmental issues. One of the most effective approaches to implement these concerns is to develop eco-industrial parks (EIPs). The research applied methods: the dialectical method for analyzing models of various SEZ types creation and operation; historical and logical analysis methods for examining the historical stages and processes for SEZ development; comparative analysis methods for studying the prerequisites to modernize and transform certain SEZ types into EIPs; structural analysis methods to evaluate economic performance indicators and identify the structure of EIPs. The primary goal for EIP concept development has been to balance between intensive industrial growth and environmental issues resolution. The EIPs creation can be considered as one of the key instru ments in implementing the sustainable development policies, aiming to integrate environmentally friendly technologies into production, reduce CO₂ emissions, and promote efficient resource use. The EIPs operational mechanism is built on circular economy principles, fundamentally modifying production and consumption models within China`s econo my. EIPs serve as a key mechanism for transition ing China’s economy from extensive to intensive growth model. To achieve sustainable development goals and coordi nate the relationship between economic expansion and environmental protection issues, China has been implementing programs for more than two decades aimed at gradually transforming national development zones, ETZs and HTZs into EIPs. The economic performance indicators of EIPs highlight their role as the leading economic and industrial centers in China, driving substantial economic growth due to innovation, sustainability, and international cooperation.

This critical review examines the motivational factors influencing English language learning among medical professionals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, focusing on both General English (GE) and English for Medical Purposes (EMP). Drawing on a mixed-methods study involving 104 medical doctors who graduated within the past three years, the paper explores the levels and types of motivation, the differences between GE and EMP learning motivations, and the factors that drive or hinder motivation. The findings reveal that instrumental (INS) and integrative (INT) motivations are the primary drivers, with extrinsic (EXT) and intrinsic (INR) motivations playing moderate roles. The study highlights the significant impact of career development, educational purposes, and cultural understanding on motivation, while identifying challenges related to classroom environments, teaching methods, and time constraints. This paper critically evaluates these findings, situates them within the broader literature on language learning motivation, and offers recommendations for improving English language education for medical professionals.

The formation of stable C60 fullerite films on the substrate surface makes it possible to create multi-layer composite materials with unique mechanical, thermophysical and electrical properties, which opens up new prospects in such areas of industry as machine and instrument engineering. Using the method of computer experiment, the formation of a three-layer composite was investigated, in which the material of the first and third layers was iron, and the second layer was a C60 fullerite film. An iron crystal Fe(100) was used as a substrate, onto which molecules of fullerites C60 and iron atoms (Fe) were successively deposited. The temperature of the system was maintained stationary during the simulation: 300 K, 700 K, or 1150 K. Thus, the process of forming an iron-carbon-iron (Fe-C-Fe) composite material was modeled. The entire complex of the described tasks of the computer experiment was modeled using the molecular dynamic LAMMPS code and a multiparticle potential (MEAM is a modified submerged atom method). The study of the behavior of a fullerite film located on the surface of an iron substrate after the deposition - of iron atoms on the film made it possible to establish that the film retained its integrity, although the film structure became more amorphous, as evidenced by an increase in the dispersion of the characteristic size of C60 fullerites forming the film. The results obtained can find practical application in the formation of three- and multilayer composite materials, primarily based on iron and carbon materials. The main result of the study is that patterns have been established in the behavior of C60 fullerites forming the second layer of the composite material after deposition of iron (Fe) atoms on it.

One of the key trends in the development of materials science is the creation of composite materials. Composite materials may differ in composition, structure, characteristic size of components, and many other parameters. The purpose of creating composite materials is, first of all, to obtain a new material the properties of which differ from those of each of its components. This paper presents the results of the study of the formation of carbon and iron nanoheterostructures on a metal substrate. The study was conducted as a computer experiment using the molecular dynamics method implemented in the LAMMPS software package. The formation of a nanocomposite was carried out using an allotropic form of carbon and iron atoms, and the interaction of the components of the composite material with each other was provided by the multiparticle potential of the MEAM. The study showed the fundamental possibility of creating a carbon-iron composite structure on a metal substrate. Based on the results of computer experiments, a set of results was obtained that allow us to conclude the following: the flow of iron atoms creates a stable third layer of a composite material that completely covers the C60 fullerite layer and the substrate; an internal cavity forms between the iron substrate and C60 fullerites, and a small number of iron atoms from the third layer penetrate into the structure of the fullerene film; in rare cases, on the surface the third layer open cavities are formed and their sizes do not change during the relaxation of the system. Additional studies aimed at completely eliminating carbon atoms on the surface of the third layer and at establishing the effect of the relaxation time of a three-layer composite material on the behavior of non-deposited iron atoms require expanding the hardware capabilities of computing technology. The simulated composite material can find various applications in machine and instrument engineering, and in the creation of new types of transistors, including those with superconducting components.

After the covid 19 pandemic, it had an impact on learning loss in the world of education. so that the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology issued a decree to implement the independent curriculum as stated in the Decree of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia number 262 / M / 2022. Based on the implementation of the independent curriculum that has been running from 2022, there has not been much discussion about the suitability of the Final Semester Summative Assessment in terms of learning outcomes and the distribution of cognitive domains. The research to be carried out uses a type of qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The research will be carried out by determining the object of research on purpose, so the technique used is Purposive Sampling. The suitability of ASAS for Learning Outcomes (CP) which has high results with an average of 78% with various aspects of assessment including completeness of material, breadth of material, depth of material, accuracy of facts and concepts, accuracy of case examples, and suitability for scientific and contextual developments. Based on the distribution of cognitive domains when viewed from the percentage of each school, S01 has an even distribution and shows all levels of Low Order Thinking Skills (LOTS), Middle Thinking Skills (MOTS) and High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) but dominant in MOTS. The percentage in S02 shows ASAS instruments that have HOTS levels. While in S03, it represents the level of LOTS dominant test items. the knowledge dimension that is often presented is the conceptual dimension, which shows that the question seeks to improve students' concept understanding. 1) It is necessary to measure the ASAS instrument with several peers, so that the effectiveness of the measuring instrument and correlation can be determined 2) Analysis needs to be carried out by identifying the ASAS test instrument based on the AKM test instrum ent 3) The results of the study can be developed by preparing the ASAS test instrument based on the AKM test instrument.

The subject of research is industrial and household equipment and devices, the principle of operation of which is based on such thermoelectric phenomena as the Seebeck and Peltier effects. The purpose of the research is a critical analysis of the fields of practical application of the Peltier and Seebeck effects, as well as the constructive and technological design of the processes in which the specified effects are implemented to ensure a certain thermal regime, as well as the generation of electrical energy from waste heat. One of the main problems of today is global warming, environmental pollution and the increase in the cost of electricity. These problems can be partially solved with the help of thermoelectric phenomena, that is, physical phenomena caused by the relationship between electric current and heat flows in substances and contacts between them, which primarily include the Peltier and Seebeck effects. The indisputable advantages of thermoelectric means are their environmental safety, quiet operation and long service life. Seebeck and Peltier effects are used in chemical technology and related industries, renewable energy, construction, machine and instrument engineering, aerospace and military engineering, microelectronics, computer technology, medicine, personal hygiene devices, household appliances, and transportation. However, the low efficiency and the high cost of materials prevent the wide spread of thermoelectric technology. Wider application of thermoelectric technologies can be expected in case of development of new conductive materials with different energy levels of electrons in the conduction zone, as well as optimization of the geometry and structure of thermoelectric devices. Recently, intensive research has also been carried out on the so-called ionic Seebeck effect, which opens up new perspectives in thermoelectric phenomena, as well as the use of "magnetic thermoelectrics", or the spin Seebeck effect. This review can be useful to creators of new equipment and technology, because the fund of technical effects is widely used during the creation of innovative samples, which is an integral part of the information fund of inventors and helps them create simple, effective and bright solutions to technical problems.

Structure and mechanical properties of consolidated billets from recycled chip wastes of cast metal matrix composites of the Al-Si-SiC system

Today it is difficult to name a field of technology in which rare and rare earth elements would not be used. Rare earth elements (rare earths) include yttrium, lanthanum and 13 elements of the lanthanide group (cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium). These elements are actively used in nuclear power, radio electronics, aviation and rocket technology, machine and instrument engineering. REE is often referred to as a single group, in practice, each individual element has a specific set of end uses, and therefore the demand for them varies. There are several different types of natural (primary) REE resources, including those formed as a result of high-temperature geological processes (carbonatites, alkaline rocks, vein and scar deposits), and those formed as a result of low-temperature processes (placers, laterites, bauxites and ion-adsorption clays). The article examines the balance of individual REE in each type of deposits on the example of deposits in Kazakhstan.

This paper examines the problems of teaching mathematics at a technical university in the context of new educational standards. In the context of studying this discipline, the curriculum of the bachelor’s degree 12.03.01 Instrument Engineering is analyzed, focusing on the current Federal State Educational Standard of higher education. The study of this discipline is aimed at the formation of both general professional and professional, as well as universal competencies. At the same time, a comparison of two generations of standards (current and previous) of higher education in the chosen field of study made it possible to establish the transfer of a significant number of classroom hours to independent work of students. The established fact necessitates the introduction of modern methods, forms and conditions of the organization into the learning process. The study was conducted on the basis of Samara State Technical University. The aim of the study is to determine the pedagogical conditions for the organization of the educational process, which make it possible to more effectively prepare students of a technical university for future professional activity. The pedagogical conditions were developed taking into account the orientation of the learning process towards digitalization, the introduction of information technologies, the development of financial literacy of students, as well as the activation of their independent activities and cognitive interest. The article presents the implementation of these conditions in the educational process of Samara State Technical University.

Technological possibility of using armored glass ceramics in instrument engineering

An information-computer system has been developed for the automated modeling of systems for automatic orientation of production objects, which is one of the most important and complex creative flexible production systems of machine and instrument engineering. The proposed information-computer system for automated modeling of systems of automatic orientation of production objects is an effective tool for solving an important task of a scientific and applied nature. Its use makes it possible to increase the speed and efficiency of information processing and to make correct and well-founded decisions when determining the composition and method of organization of systems of automatic orientation of production objects. The structure of this information-computer system is a specific set of software and hardware and information and telecommunication tools and interactive functional modules. This structure reproduces a certain paradigm that conditions the integrity and integration of the information-computer system for automated modeling of systems for automatic orientation of production objects in flexible production systems. In addition, uniformity, extensibility, the possibility of modernization and changeability of software components, protection of information from unauthorized access and preservation of commercial secrets are ensured according to international criteria for evaluating the protection of the computer system. Neuro-fuzzy network information processing and computer vision algorithms have been implemented for automatic identification of production objects and orientation devices, which are components of automatic orientation systems of production objects. The developed information-computer system processes information in real time with high accuracy and speed