Instrumentation Scheme Research Articles

Consideration of the influence of aberrations in the operation diffraction prism spectral device

Spectral analysis is one of the most important methods of physico-technical research for solving many scientific and practical problems. The key parameter of a spectral instrument is its resolving power. Instruments based on diffraction gratings face a fundamental limitation: their resolving power is limited to operation in the first two orders of diffraction. The limitation is due to the fact that the intensity of diffraction maxima drops sharply with increasing diffraction order. As a result, such devices are unable to distinguish closely spaced spectral lines. Increasing the resolving power of spectral priors is an important and urgent task for spectroscopy. The aim of the research was to develop an optical scheme of a spectral instrument based on a high-resolution prism for the detection of nearby spectral lines with minimal influence of aberrations. The optical scheme of the diffraction prism spectral instrument was developed. The possibility of detecting nearby spectral lines is shown. Also a comprehensive study of the influence of aberrations and the development of methods of their minimisation to achieve the optimum quality of the spectral instrument and accuracy of measurements is carried out. The obtained results confirm the possibility of increasing the resolving power of the spectral instrument for the detection of closely spaced spectral lines. Taking into account the influence of aberrations in the diffraction prism spectral instrument will improve the quality of its work and measurement accuracy. The obtained results open new possibilities for studying complex spectra with high detail.

Disequilibrium oxygen isotope distribution among aqueously altered minerals in Ryugu asteroid returned samples

AbstractOxygen 3‐isotope ratios of magnetite and carbonates in aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites provide important clues to understanding the evolution of the fluid in the asteroidal parent bodies. We conducted oxygen 3‐isotope analyses of magnetite, dolomite, and breunnerite in two sections of asteroid Ryugu returned samples, A0058 and C0002, using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). Magnetite was analyzed by using a lower primary ion energy that reduced instrumental biases due to the crystal orientation effect. We found two groups of magnetite data identified from the SIMS pit morphologies: (1) higher δ18O (from 3‰ to 7‰) and ∆17O (~2‰) with porous SIMS pits mostly from spherulitic magnetite, and (2) lower δ18O (~ −3‰) and variable ∆17O (0‰–2‰) mostly from euhedral magnetite. Dolomite and breunnerite analyses were conducted using multi‐collection Faraday cup detectors with precisions ≤0.3‰. The instrumental bias correction was applied based on carbonate compositions in two ways, using Fe and (Fe + Mn) contents, respectively, because Ryugu dolomite contains higher amounts of Mn than the terrestrial standard. Results of dolomite and breunnerite analyses show a narrow range of ∆17O; 0.0‰–0.3‰ for dolomite in A0058 and 0.2‰–0.8‰ for dolomite and breunnerite in C0002. The majority of breunnerite, including large ≥100 μm grains, show systematically lower δ18O (~21‰) than dolomite (25‰–30‰ and 23‰–27‰ depending on the instrumental bias corrections). The equilibrium temperatures between magnetite and dolomite from the coarse‐grained lithology in A0058 are calculated to be 51 ± 11°C and 78 ± 14°C, depending on the instrumental bias correction scheme for dolomite; a reliable temperature estimate would require a Mn‐bearing dolomite standard to evaluate the instrumental bias corrections, which is not currently available. These results indicate that the oxygen isotope ratios of aqueous fluids in the Ryugu parent asteroid were isotopically heterogeneous, either spatially, or temporary. Initial water ice accreted to the Ryugu parent body might have ∆17O > 2‰ that was melted and interacted with anhydrous solids with the initial ∆17O < 0‰. In the early stage of aqueous alteration, spherulitic magnetite and calcite formed from aqueous fluid with ∆17O ~ 2‰ that was produced by isotope exchange between water (∆17O > 2‰) and anhydrous solids (∆17O < 0‰). Dolomite and breunnerite, along with some magnetite, formed at the later stage of aqueous alteration under higher water‐to‐rock ratios where the oxygen isotope ratios were nearly at equilibrium between fluid and solid phases. Including literature data, δ18O of carbonates decreased in the order calcite, dolomite, and breunnerite, suggesting that the temperature of alteration might have increased with the degree of aqueous alteration.

Optical Multi-Parameter Measuring System for Fluid and Air Bubble Recognition.

Detection of air bubbles in fluidic channels plays a fundamental role in all that medical equipment where liquids flow inside patients' blood vessels or bodies. In this work, we propose a multi-parameter sensing system for simultaneous recognition of the fluid, on the basis of its refractive index and of the air bubble transit. The selected optofluidic platform has been designed and studied to be integrated into automatic pumps for the administration of commercial liquid. The sensor includes a laser beam that crosses twice a plastic cuvette, provided with a back mirror, and a position-sensitive detector. The identification of fluids is carried out by measuring the displacement of the output beam on the detector active surface and the detection of single air bubbles can be performed with the same instrumental scheme, exploiting a specific signal analysis. When a bubble, traveling along the cuvette, crosses the readout light beam, radiation is strongly scattered and a characteristic fingerprint shape of the photo-detected signals versus time is clearly observed. Experimental testing proves that air bubbles can be successfully detected and counted. Their traveling speed can be estimated while simultaneously monitoring the refractive index of the fluid.

Virtual sensing of subsoil strain response in monopile-based offshore wind turbines via Gaussian process latent force models

Virtual sensing techniques have gained traction in applications to the structural health monitoring of monopile-based offshore wind turbines, as the strain response below the mudline, which is a primary indicator of fatigue damage accumulation, is impractical to measure directly with physical instrumentation. The Gaussian process latent force model (GPLFM) is a generalized Bayesian virtual sensing technique which combines a physics-driven model of the structure with a data-driven model of latent variables of the system to extrapolate unmeasured strain states. In the GPLFM, unknown sources of excitation are modeled as a Gaussian process (GP) and endowed with a structured covariance relationship with response states, using properties of the GP covariance kernel as well as correlation information supplied by the mechanical model. It is shown that posterior inference of the latent inputs and states is performed by Gaussian process regression of measured accelerations, computed efficiently using Kalman filtering and Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoothing in an augmented state-space model. While the GPLFM has been previously demonstrated in numerical studies to improve upon other virtual sensing techniques in terms of accuracy, robustness, and numerical stability, this work provides one of the first cases of in-situ validation of the GPLFM. The predicted strain response by the GPLFM is compared to subsoil strain data collected from an operating offshore wind turbine in the Westermeerwind Park in the Netherlands. A number of test cases are conducted, where the performance of the GPLFM is evaluated for its sensitivity to varying operational and environmental conditions, to the instrumentation scheme of the turbine, and to the fidelity of the mechanical model. In particular, this paper discusses the capacity of the GPLFM to achieve relatively robust strain predictions under high model uncertainty in the soil-foundation system of the offshore wind turbine by attributing sources of model error to the estimated stochastic input.

JOINT PROCESSING OF QUARTZ-LEUCOXENE CONCENTRATE AND BRUCITE CONTAINING WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS TO OBTAIN COMPLEX COAGULANTS

The volumes of large-tonnage mineral waste generation cause serious concern from the side of environmental supervision. Most of the mineral waste is a valuable secondary raw material, but the lack of integrated technologies for their processing significantly slows down their processing. As part of the work, an assessment was made of the possibility of joint processing of quartz-leucoxene concentrate (waste from the oil production process) and brucite-containing waste from the production of refractories. Joint pyrometallurgical processing of two waste products made it possible to obtain magnesium titanium, a valuable product for various industries. Hydrometallurgical processing of magnesium titanate made it possible to obtain a complex magnesium-titanium-containing coagulant, which showed extremely high efficiency in the process of treating wastewater with a high pH level (concrete mixing unit). The use of a complex reagent, in addition to increasing the cleaning efficiency (reducing residual concentrations of pollutants), made it possible to reduce reagent costs and intensify the processes of sedimentation and filtration of coagulation sludge (simplification of the instrumental scheme).

The Conference of Parties - 27 (COP-27) Agreement As an Instrument of State Policy in Handling Deforestation: A Comparative Study of Sweden and Indonesian Governments

The climate crisis is a threat to countries in the world. One of the factors causing the climate crisis is deforestation. Indonesia as the third largest tropical forest country in the world certainly has an impact on the world's climate. Indonesia is a victim of deforestation, moreover reforestation of forest land does not match the rate of deforestation. This research is a normative legal study, using comparative, conceptual, and regulatory approaches. This study discusses the implementation of the Conference of Parties - 27 (COP-27 ) agreement as the basis for establishing policy instruments in Indonesia in dealing with deforestation and looks at Sweden as a comparison in handling deforestation through a policy instrument scheme. This study found that Sweden, through its green politics concept, was able to control the harvesting and utilization of forest products effectively. COP-27 has environmental control principles, one of which is the global net zero principle, namely the earth's temperature is no more than 1.5 degrees. it is hoped that the principles in COP-27 will guide the Indonesian government in making legal policy instruments for environmental management, especially handling deforestation. This research suggests that, like Sweden's green politics, Indonesia needs to present strategic policies through the Green Environmentally Concept policy through policy instruments, be it through laws and regulations, government regulations, or presidential regulations to the level of regional regulations.

Development of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System for India’s First High Temperature Superconducting Cable Testing

High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) based power cable is a technological marvel which can transmit bulk power over large distances without any joule heating as compared to a conventional copper cable, owing to its zero DC resistance in superconducting state. However, to maintain this superconducting state, the cable must be at a temperature below its critical temperature under self-field. Commonly used HTS material includes BSCCO (Tc = 110 K) and YBCO (Tc = 93 K) and thus, requires cryogenic liquid nitrogen (77 K) for attaining superconductivity. Further, the voltage drops across the various joints such as joint box and current leads in the termination unit must be monitored to ensure optimal operation of the cable. This demands for sophisticated instrumentation operating under extreme low cryogenic temperatures for safe operation, performance monitoring, cryogenic measurements, and control of the HTS power cable cryogenic process. This paper presents the instrumentation scheme followed for testing India’s first 6-meter HTS power cable. The instrumentation scheme involves housing of the various temperature sensors and location of voltage tapping, current measurement, cryogen flow measurements, operation of control valves, operation and measurement of high vacuum system, stray field measurement, insulation resistance measurement and dielectric measurements for cable are the important parameters for the successful operation of HTS power cable. To perform data logging NI-DAQ and LabVIEW software was used to develop in-house Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. This paper discusses intrinsic aspects of complete instrumentation and developed SCADA system for HTS power cable.

Data-Driven Insights to Cosmology in the Dark Universe

The research provides a qualitative analysis with data-driven evidence on the dark energy and dark universe in cosmology and large-scale structure. It provides a descriptive account of the causal significance of black hole and white hole thermonuclear binding to instrumental observational schemes. The article adopted a postpositive paradigm in reorganizing from the previous experimental procedures and finer details not previously covered. The qualitative research into the dark universe has not yet reached a quantifiable stage but may contribute to the data-driven and informatics approaches to the supplement of the simulation methods that underly the services for observation coordination. The research proposes that the change in Shannon Entropy with regard to fundamental asymmetry and CP violation may contribute to data-driven insights into the cosmological large-scale structure, with an electrolyte and hydrolysis approach to quantum superconductive information.

Innovative Assessment Methods for the French Horn: Increasing the Effectiveness of Education

The introduction of innovative assessment techniques for the French horn can improve the process of education. The objective is to examine the effectiveness of the proposed assessment methods for improving accuracy on the French horn. The research is based on the experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of assessment methods using statistical data analysis and paired t-test. The research took place from January to June during the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample involved 183 students from three educational institutions in the People's Republic of China. A preliminary assessment found that the academic performance of students was low. Before the implementation of the proposed assessment methods, an average score was 20.63 points interpreted by the scholars as Do not Meet Academic Expectations. After the introduction of the assessment methods, the post-implementation scores of the academic performance increased by 41.3%. The findings were interpreted as a Satisfactory level of academic performance. The paired t-test revealed significant differences in student performance learning the French horn before and after the introduction of the new assessment methods. The average difference was 3.57 points. Thus, the proposed assessment methods for the French horn playing include (1) playing by ear, (2) Instrumental Scheme Processing, (3) a range practice, and (4) an introductory exam. The research demonstrates that the proposed assessment methods can be used as a part of the standard assessment developed for teachers that include different elements of effective teaching tools and methods.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF INSTRUMENTAL GENESIS OF 11TH GRADE STUDENTS ON THE GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

One of the basic concepts of mathematics education is the concept of function. Learning processes in mathematics education have a complex structure. Instrumental theory is a theoretical approach that provides the analysis of these learning processes, taking into account the complexity. While the studies in the literature examine the action schemes created by the use of technological tools, this study differs in that it examines the use of the roots of a quadratic equation as a tool. The aim of this study is to examine the instrumental action schemes that appear in the graphs of the quadratic functions by using the roots of the quadratic equation with one unknown as a tool. The implementation of the research was carried out with eleventh-grade students of a public high school in the central district of Düzce province in the spring term of the 2021-2022 academic year. Participants were determined using the easily accessible sampling method. In the research, qualitative research method was adopted and case study design was used. A worksheet consisting of five questions containing the graph of quadratic functions and semi-structured interview technique were used as data collection tools. The worksheet was applied to 52 students and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six of the students who performed the worksheet application The data obtained from the worksheets and semi-structured interviews were first subjected to descriptive analysis. As a result of the descriptive analysis, six categories were created based on the answers given by the participants to the five questions on the worksheet. These categories are correct answer, incorrect answer, incomplete answer, irrelevant/indifferent answer, inconsistent information/formula, and blank. In order to analyze the solution of the questions, the instrumented action schemes of the students were tried to be determined by using the content analysis method. As a result of the findings obtained by the analysis of the worksheets, it was determined that the roots of the quadratic equation were used by the students in the solution process of the questions in the codes under the categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, incomplete answer and inconsistent information/formula. It was determined that the instrumented action schemes presented in the graphs of the quadratic functions were similar for all participants. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews, it was determined that asking the questions in different styles and forms did not change the instrumented action schemes used in the solutions. Keywords: Roots of the equation, Quadratic functions, Instrumental genesis, Instrumented action schemes

Study on Monitoring Methods of Stone Cultural Relics - Taking Shaoxing Yangshan Statue as an Example

In recent years, due to the structural factors of the rock mass itself, many rock masses are in an unstable state, and there are many structural fissures in the rock mass.There is a serious seepage phenomenon inside the cave, and the weathering diseases on the surface of the rock mass have appeared to varying degrees. Its cultural, artistic and scientific values need to be continued. Through modern instrument and scientific testing scheme, the horizontal displacement, crack and stress of reinforced anchor cable of dangerous rock mass are monitored in real time. After material reinforcement and repair, continuous monitoring is carried out to check the repair effect and ensure that the repair scheme is effective. Keywords : unstability; crack; weathering; monitoring DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-2-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Tyre Pressure Supervision of Two Wheeler Using Machine Learning

The regulation of tyre pressure is treated as a significant aspect of ‘tyre maintenance’ in the domain of autotronics. The manual supervision of a tyre pressure is typically an ignored task by most of the users. The existing instrumental scheme incorporates stand-alone monitoring with pressure and/or temperature sensors and requires regular manual conduct. Hence these schemes turn to be incompatible for on-board supervision and automated prediction of tyre condition. In this perspective, the Machine Learning (ML) approach acts appropriate as it exhibits comparison of specific performance in the past with present, intended for predicting the same in near future. The current investigation experimentally assesses the suitability of ML scheme for vibration based on-board supervision of tyre pressure of two wheeled vehicle. In order to examine the vibration response of a wheel hub, the in-house design & development of DAQ (Data Acquisition System) is described. Micro Electro-Mechanical Scheme (MEMS) built accelerometer is incorporated with open source hardware and software to collect and store the data. This framework is easy to develop, monitor and can be retrofitted in two wheeled vehicle. For various pressure conditions, the change in response of wheel hub vibration with respect to time is collected. The statistical parameters describing these vibration signals are determined and the decision tree is applied to select distinguishing parameters between extracted parameters. The classification of different conditions of tyre pressure is carried out using ML classifiers.

Smart Contract-based Gamification Scheme for College in Higher Education

The Financial Scheme that plays an important role in helping students is the Gamification Scholarship Scheme. The Gamification scholarship scheme helps human life in the world of education. Gamification is an approach that uses elements in games or video games with the aim of motivating students in the learning process and maximizing feelings of enjoyment and engagement in the learning process. To encourage higher education, the government has done various things. However, there are several things that make it difficult for students to use it, such as distributing scholarships to students belonging to underprivileged families. The Gamification scholarship scheme is one of the most financially instrumental schemes in helping students, but it has not been verified which results in a lack of transparency between students and their respective Education Offices, then there is still a lack of tracking of application forms in this study, we propose a Smart Contract which addresses the lack of Scheme Scholarships for Colleges and Universities outlined above. It has four entities: Board of Education, Students, College and Bank. This Blockchain based smart contract has been developed to provide a user-friendly and transparent and constant environment between students and the education board. Blockchain platform has developed many applications but none can overcome the government scholarship scheme.

A Review Paper on Importance of SHM System in India

Abstract: India being the home of rich historical background inherits varied amount of historical structures like Taj Mahal (one of the seven wonders), Red fort, Temples etc. Due to their historical importance, it becomes very important to assess health condition of these structures and take the required measures to improve their life. Buildings like stadiums, sports arenas, malls, lifeline structures like hospitals, public buildings which could cause harm to large number of people at a time and are something to be taken care on a regular basis. India also has various ambitious, complex, and critical structure, like nuclear plants, Dams, bridges and tunnels should be mandated with monitoring as their failure cause more losses than any other. Structural health monitoring will help us to achieve increased durability and health of structure, reduced maintenance and improved safety. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures consists of determining by measured parameter, the location and severity of damage in structures and inform us before it became to late. The main goal of SHM is to detect the damage based on the measurement by various types of sensors, locate the geometric position of the damage and quantify the damage so that we can take the necessary action timely and improve the life of the structure. Keywords: Bridge, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), sensors, data management system, instrumentation scheme, Performance parameters

Real‐time Conversion of Electrochemical Currents into Fluorescence Signals Using 8‐Hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic Acid (HPTS) and Amplex Red as Fluorogenic Reporters

AbstractThis paper elaborates on an instrumental scheme for translating electrochemical reactions occurring at an electrode under potentiostatic control into fluorescent signals. We examine the performance enhancement of this device using recently introduced water‐soluble fluorescent reporter systems, either the pH‐sensitive 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (HPTS) system or the electrofluorogenic Amplex Red species. The conversion of stationary and transient, cathodic and anodic electrochemical currents into fluorescence is demonstrated. We show that pure capacitive currents can also be converted to fluorescence by our setup, highlighting the rarely observed coupling between a faradaic reaction at one electrode and capacitive charging at another.

Instrumentation Schemes for Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Dynamic Geometry Software

In this paper we focus on the link between the use of dynamic geometry software and student understanding for the solution of systems of linear equations from an instrumental genesis perspective. Three task-based interviews were conducted with an undergraduate linear algebra student majoring in mathematics education and proficient in using dynamic geometry software. Data included video recordings, student written work and screen recordings. The data analysis was guided by the theoretical lens of instrumental genesis, to elaborate on how student thinking was shaped by the use of the digital artefacts. The digital technology supported the participant’s solution steps and over time the student developed four interrelated instrumentation schemes, which are parameter scheme, combined algebra and geometry scheme, the intersection of figures scheme and echelon form scheme.

Statistical modeling processes through the lens of instrumental genesis

Digital technology is indispensable for doing and learning statistics. When technology is used in mathematics education, the learning of concepts and the development of techniques for using a digital tool are known to intertwine. So far, this intertwinement of techniques and conceptual understanding, known as instrumental genesis, has received little attention in research on technology-supported statistics education. This study focuses on instrumental genesis for statistical modeling, investigating students’ modeling processes in a digital environment called TinkerPlots. In particular, we analyzed how emerging techniques and conceptual understanding intertwined in the instrumentation schemes that 28 students (aged 14–15) develop. We identified six common instrumentation schemes and observed a two-directional intertwining of emerging techniques and conceptual understanding. Techniques for using TinkerPlots helped students to reveal context-independent patterns that fostered a conceptual shift from a model of to a model for. Vice versa, students’ conceptual understanding led to the exploration of more sophisticated digital techniques. We recommend researchers, educators, designers, and teachers involved in statistics education using digital technology to attentively consider this two-directional intertwined relationship.

Embedded Diagnostics of Conveyor Belts Actuated by Induction Motors

Frequently, companies with conveyor belts face problems to keep them working as expected. Currently, there are many automatic conveyor failure diagnostic techniques but most of them require complex instrumentation schemes or algorithms. This paper presents a fault diagnostic scheme for conveyor belts actuated by an induction motor. The system retrieves information from a current sensor and a voltage sensor located in the input line of the motor to detect irregular behaviors with an algorithm based on statistic indices. The main features of the solution are: non-invasive for a pre-existing conveyor, embedded implementation, simple and effective algorithm, and low cost instrumentation. This proposal is the starting point for a more complex solution that detects irregularities more accurately using more variables of the system in future work.

Combined vacuum and surcharge preloading method to improve lianyungang soft marine clay for embankment widening project: A case

Increased traffic volume in China has made it necessary to increase road capacities by widening embankments. Some of these widened embankments are located in thick soft ground that requires extra improvement beforehand. This paper presents a case study using the combined vacuum and surcharge preloading method to improve the thick soft clay foundation for an embankment widening project in Lianyungang, China. The soil improvement procedure used the combined vacuum (approximately 85 kPa) and surcharge (4.8 m in height) preloading method, the instrumentation scheme was first described and field monitoring (including the longitudinal crack along the current embankment) was also performed. After the combined vacuum and surcharge preloading, the ground settled more than 1.4 m, the average consolidation degree was more than 90%, and the cone and sleeve resistance of the soft clays increased by approximately 2–10 times. The water content, void ratio, and compression coefficient were significantly reduced while density, compression modulus, and cohesion increased substantially. These findings can be used to guide the design of the combined preloading method of the embankment widening project along the east coast of China.

Technological Tethereds: Potential Impact of Untrustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice Risk Assessment Instruments

Issues of racial inequality and violence are front and center in today’s society, as are issues surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). This Article, written by a law professor who is also a computer scientist, takes a deep dive into understanding how and why hacked and rogue AI creates unlawful and unfair outcomes, particularly for persons of color. Black Americans are disproportionally featured in criminal justice, and their stories are obfuscated. The seemingly endless back-to-back murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery, and heartbreakingly countless others have finally shaken the United States from its slumbering journey towards intentional criminal justice reform. Myths about Black crime and criminals are embedded in the data collected by AI and do not tell the truth of race and crime. However, the number of Black people harmed by hacked and rogue AI will dwarf all historical records, and the gravity of harm is incomprehensible. The lack of technical transparency and legal accountability leaves wrongfully convicted defendants without legal remedies if they are unlawfully detained based on a cyberattack, faulty or hacked data, or rogue AI. Scholars and engineers acknowledge that the artificial intelligence that is giving recommendations to law enforcement, prosecutors, judges, and parole boards lacks the common sense of an 18-month-old child. This Article reviews the ways AI is used in the legal system and the courts’ response to this use. It outlines the design schemes of proprietary risk assessment instruments used in the criminal justice system, outlines potential legal theories for victims, and provides recommendations for legal and technical remedies to victims of hacked data in criminal justice risk assessment instruments. It concludes that, with proper oversight, AI can increase fairness in the criminal justice system, but without this oversight, AI-based products will further exacerbate the extinguishment of liberty interests enshrined in the Constitution. According to anti-lynching advocate Ida B. Wells-Barnett, “The way to right wrongs is to turn the light of truth upon them.” Thus, transparency is vital to safeguarding equity through AI design and must be the first step. The Article seeks ways to provide that transparency, for the benefit of all America, but particularly persons of color who are far more likely to be impacted by AI deficiencies. It also suggests legal reforms that will help plaintiffs recover when AI goes rogue.