Data Collection Instrument Research Articles

Role of Cooperative Leadership in Driving Technological Innovation for Sustainable Solutions

This paper examines the critical role of leadership in fostering technological innovation within cooperatives, drawing from multiple recent studies across diverse sectors. The researcher set to determine the role of cooperative leadership in driving technological innovation and to evaluate how such leadership can facilitate the development and implementation of sustainable solutions within cooperative organizations. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. To guide this study, research questions and hypothesis were formulated in line with the objectives of the study. The study was anchored on Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) Theory because of its relatedness. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The sample size of the study was 150 selected cooperative leaders, cooperative members and external stakeholders in Awka South Local Government. Data collected were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Inferential statistics such as chi-square tests was used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that there is a 5 % significant effect between strategic Cooperative leadership and technological innovation that can foster sustainable solutions within the Cooperative organization with a critical value of 5.991. The study therefore, recommends that cooperatives can strengthen their leadership capabilities, adopt innovative technologies, and achieve sustainable growth while remaining aligned with their core values.

Differentiated Learning Models: Students’ Learning Style, Readiness, and Interest in Learning Regarding the Results of Fiqh

<em>The differentiation learning model is a novel approach that caters to the demands of the 21st- century education system. Studies conducted by Indonesian scholars on this model are scarce, with limited focus on its impact on students' cognitive abilities and metacognitive awareness. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the impact of incorporating a differentiated learning approach founded on the learning preferences, preparedness, and engagement of pupils on Fiqh's academic performance. An explanatory survey technique employing the Stratified Random Sampling methodology is utilized in this research. The sample comprises all fifth-grade students of the State Islamic Primary School in Tulungagung Regency, amounting to a total of 507 learners. The study's sample comprises four randomly selected State Islamic Primary Schools from the seven Tulungagung Regency, with a total of 276 students studying Fiqh. The data collection instruments used include test sheets for learning outcomes, notes on creative thinking skills, and motivation questionnaires. The data is then analyzed using a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5%. The results of the research indicate that: (1) There is no discernible disparity in Fiqh learning outcomes based on learning style. (2) There is no disparity in Fiqh learning outcomes based on students’ learning readiness. (3) Disparities in Fiqh learning outcomes based on students’ learning interests exist. (4) A noteworthy interaction exists between the implementation of differentiation learning aspects of learning styles, learning readiness, and students’ learning interests on Fiqh learning outcomes. The findings of this study suggest that the differentiation learning model provides an alternative approach to learning that addresses the needs of the modern era.</em>

A VISÃO DOS ACADÊMICOS DE FISIOTERAPIA EM RELAÇÃO ÀS DISFUNÇÕES DO ASSOALHO PÉLVICO

INTRODUCTION: The undergraduate course in Physiotherapy aims to educate its students so that they become generalist Physiotherapists. It is part of their training to study human movement with the aim of preserving, developing and restoring the integrity of organs, systems and functions, in a global way. This study aimed to investigate the perception of physiotherapy students about pelvic floor dysfunctions, a topic of increasing relevance in physiotherapy practice, especially in the areas of women’s health and urogynecology. Considering the importance of the pelvic floor for essential functions, such as continence and support of pelvic organs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge of undergraduate students of the Physiotherapy course, from a private university in Teresina-PI, on the subject of the pelvic floor. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional exploratory study with a quantitative approach, of 180 students, and 91 volunteers who agreed to participate in the research. The descriptive statistical analysis was presented with their respective absolute, relative (mean and standard deviation) and percentage values. As a data collection instrument, a self-administered questionnaire was used, with open and closed questions related to the pelvic floor theme. Students enrolled in the Physiotherapy course at the Santo Agostinho University Center – UNIFSA, Teresina-PI, Brazil, of both sexes, and who were studying between the 1st and 9th period were interviewed. RESULTS: Regarding knowledge of the pelvic floor, 85.7% have knowledge about the pelvic floor, and 14.3% have no knowledge about the pelvic floor. When asked about knowledge about how to strengthen the pelvic floor, 20.9% have no knowledge about it, and 79.1% have knowledge about how to strengthen the pelvic floor. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is a discrepancy in the participants’ knowledge and that, although they claim to know about the pelvic floor, most also know how to strengthen the pelvic floor. However, it is necessary that the subject be addressed more in basic and pre-professional disciplines.

The Relationship Between Cognitive Distortions and School Bullying in Jerusalem Suburbs’ Schools

Objectives: The study identifies the relationship between cognitive distortions and bullying in schools in the suburbs of Jerusalem. Methods: The study used a stratified sample of 250 students who study in schools located in the suburbs of Jerusalem and whose ages range from 15 to 18 years old. The Cognitive Distortions Scale and the School Bullying Scale were used as instruments for data collection after verifying their validity and reliability. Results: The results indicated that the mean score for cognitive distortions is moderate whereas the mean score for school bullying is low. Statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of cognitive distortions based on gender, with higher levels in males. Additionally, the results showed statistically significant differences in the levels of cognitive distortions and school bullying based on students’ grades, favoring students with lower grades. However, there were no statistically significant differences based on the grade level of participants. The study also identified a weak positive correlation between cognitive distortions and school bullying. Conclusion: By shedding light on the intricate relationship between cognitive distortions and school bullying, the study stresses the significance of developing educational and psychological strategies to address these challenges. Hence, it emphasizes the need for customized interventions in schools to deal with cognitive distortions and bullying, focusing on gender differences.

Public Preparedness for Agricultural Investment and its Contribution to Sustainable Economic Growth in Nigeria

Purpose: The study investigated public preparedness for agricultural investment and its contribution to and economic growth in Nigeria. The study was guided by the following objectives; to assess the level of individuals' awareness on the current condition of the agriculture industry in Nigeria, public's perspective of the substantial influence of agricultural on Nigeria's overall economic growth, the preparedness of citizens to invest in the agriculture sector for the enhancement of Nigeria's economic growth and delineate the agriculture sector's contribution to GDP. Theoretical Framework: The study was anchored on Lewis (1979) theory of impacting economic growth. Method: The study utilized a descriptive research approach involving 133 respondents across the 36 states, including the federal capital territory, whose major vocation is food production. The samples were selected by a convenience sampling method, considering the respondent geographic closeness and included only those present throughout the survey. Closed-ended questionnaire was utilized as a data-collecting instrument to assess the variables under study; the data on the contribution of agricultural practices to GDP was access from Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (2022-2023). To ensure content validity, the survey instrument was validated utilizing the Lawshe's template. A threshold of 0.99 was noted, signifying that the questionnaire was both representative and comprehensible. The Cronbach alpha technique yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.83, affirming the instrument's homogeneity. The data was analyzed using frequency counts (f) and percentages (%) while the results was presented in graphs. Findings: The survey revealed that most respondents are aware of the current state of agriculture in Nigeria. The heightened awareness has impacted public perception of agriculture's significant role in national economic growth, as the majority of respondents acknowledged that agriculture not only provides food for the populace but also improves farmers' living standards by reducing poverty and hunger, thus promoting economic development. They are willing to invest in agriculture despite a decline in production and a reduced contribution to the national GDP. Conclusion: Although the agricultural sector's contribution to GDP has diminished, individuals are inclined to invest in agriculture therefore, enhanced engagement in agriculture, along with Nigeria's extensive arable land and various people and material resources, and the implementation of sustainable agricultural innovations, will result in significant economic growth.

Persepsi Guru Penggerak dalam Penerapan Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Kabupaten Rokan Hilir

The background of this research problem is limited access to technology, inadequate facilities, and infrastructure, as well as a lack of managerial support that can affect the effectiveness of curriculum implementation. This study aims to analyze the perception of Driving Teachers regarding the implementation of the Independent Curriculum, focusing on the obstacles they face in the learning process. The method used in this study is quantitative with a descriptive approach, using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis of all research data. The results of the study showed that most respondents had a good understanding of the Independent Curriculum, with the respondents' achievement rate reaching 93.38%. However, challenges such as limited internet connections, low understanding of technology, and limited time allocation for the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) can hinder the success of the curriculum. This research is expected to provide recommendations to increase support for Teacher Mobilizers and improve learning conditions in similar areas.

Effectiveness of Teachers Training Program in Enhancing Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality, Tanzania

The study aims to investigate the Effectiveness of Teachers Training Program in Enhancing Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality, Tanzania. The problem of this study was answered by the one research questions; TCPD training programs in enhancing teaching competence. The study was guided by the Social Cognitive Theory. The current study employed convergent design under mixed research methods approach. The target population consisted of various stakeholders, including 81 public primary schools, 1,047 teachers, 19 Ward Education Officers, 81 head teachers, and 8 District quality assurers making total number of 1155 population. The sample size for the current study consisted of 16 public primary schools, 192 teachers, 16 head teachers, 6 Ward Education Officers (WEO), and 2 District School Quality Assurers (DSQA), totaling 216 respondents. Questionnaires, interview guides, and document analysis guides were used to collect data from respondents. Data collection instruments were validated by MWECAU research experts. A pilot study was conducted in two public primary schools. The reliability of questionnaires for Likert-type items was estimated using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient whereby r= 0.889 for teachers while that of qualitative established through peer debriefing and triangulation. The study adhered to ethical considerations throughout the research process. Descriptive statistics were analyzed quantitative data using SPSS version 26. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found that the TCPD is highly effective in improving teaching competence through focused training on classroom management, instructional design, differentiated instruction, student engagement, and technology integration significantly improved their teaching skills. The study concluded that Continuing Professional Development (CPD) effectively Enhanced Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality to the high extent. The study recommended that a similar training program should be implemented regularly to equip teachers with up-date skills and knowledge.

Application of Rasch analysis in nursing research: A methodological introduction.

The design and validation of tools constitutes a fundamental pillar of nursing research, where it is essential to incorporate the most current methodologies and analyses in order to guarantee validity and reliability in their clinical application. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the RASCH analysis and the methodology for its development as well as to discuss its relevance and applicability in nursing research, highlighting its potential contribution to the improvement of the quality and accuracy of measurement instruments in the discipline. Through a narrative synthesis, the theoretical foundations of RASCH analysis are described and the characteristics and assumptions that must be fulfilled to carry out this type of analysis are presented. Subsequently, the implementation methodology is presented in 11 steps: definition of objectives and preparation, instrument design, data collection, initial and unidimensionality analysis, goodness-of-fit assessment (infit-outfit, reliability and separation), item local independence assessment (Yen's Q3 coefficient), item calibration and estimation of skills, measurement invariance analysis (DIF analysis), review and modification of the instrument, final analysis and validation, interpretation of results. Examples of use are presented, as well as the advantages and limitations of the method. In conclusion, the RASCH analysis provides a valuable methodology for the evaluation of clinical competencies and skills, as well as for the development and validation of measurement instruments of great utility for research in care, although it would be necessary to promote training and standardization in its use.

The Success of Transition Process: Founder vs. Successor Perspective – Case of Croatia

Family business is the most common form of business worldwide. Despite the acknowledged importance of family business in the Croatian economy, there are still no formal and reliable statistics on the national level available regarding the prevalence and impact of this ownership structure. However, it is assumed that family businesses in Croatia employ over half of the total workforce and that the majority of small companies are family-owned. Most of the family-owned companies are still first-generation family firms, owned and managed by the founders but transition processes are taking root. Since the very survival of a family business, continuity, and success depend on the transition process, a substantial body of literature focuses on the transition process and factors that will facilitate a successful transition. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to the existing body of literature by providing a deeper understanding of the transition process specificities in Croatian family-owned companies. In this paper, we analyze differences in the perception of factors relevant to the success of the transition process on the convenience sample of Croatian family-owned companies. The sample included first-generation and second-generation owners and a questionnaire was used as the primary data collection instrument. The results of the statistical analysis show that there are significant differences in the perception of factors relevant to the success of the transition process from the founders' and successors' point of view.

ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC STRESS LEVELS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Academic stress is an inequality that occurs between the demands of learning with the ability of learners. The condition of learners in a state of stress can affect learning achievement. This research aims to understand the level of academic stress experienced by high school students. This study adopts a quantitative descriptive approach in research. The population that was the subject of this research consisted of 432 eleventh grade high school. Samples were taken using the methodsimple random sampling and using the significance of Slovin provisions of 5% so that the number of samples needed was found to be 208. Standard questionnaire that has been modified fromEducational Stress Scale for Adolescent (ESSA) consists of 16 statements. From the results of research, it can be drawn a meaning that high school students face academic stress with a high level that is influenced by various indicators of data collection instruments.

The Profile of Students' Science Process Skills on Heat and Its Transfer Content Using an Ethnoscience Approach (Uha Food Making in Liang Village, Central Maluku)

Physics learning can be carried out by involving cultural elements in it. One approach that can be used is ethnoscience—an integrated physics learning with the culture of making the typical food of the Liang Village Community in Central Maluku Regency, namely Uha. The production process of Uha can be used to teach the concept of heat and its transfer and also to train science process skills to students. This research involved 23 students who were residents of Liang Village. The instrument for data collection was a set of 13 science process skills test questions. Students’ worksheets were analyzed descriptively. Based on the analysis results, each process skill indicator were found to be poor. Thus, it can be concluded that the students’ science process skills still need to be trained in an integrated manner in physics learning activities in the classroom. Keywords: science process skills, ethnoscience

Digital competence of faculty members in health sciences measured via self-reflection: current status and contextual aspects.

This descriptive study aims to determine the digital competence level of faculty members who teach in the health sciences, empirically considering possible contextual aspects. Two data collection instruments were used: a self-reflection questionnaire to assess digital competence, and a survey querying demographics and aspects of teaching and learning context. In total, 306 health sciences faculty members from six universities voluntarily participated the study. The results revealed that a majority of the faculty members have intermediate (integrator or expert) level of digital competence, which is described as being aware of the potential use of digital technology in teaching and having a personal repertoire for its use under various circumstances. Age, digital teaching experience, perception of work environment, and previous teaching experience in fully- or partially-online courses were identified as influencing factors for digital competence. Faculty members in health sciences were able to integrate digital technologies in their teaching practices. Health education institutions may facilitate the use of digital technologies in teaching and learning environments. Moreover, institutions or stakeholders should consider that digital competence requires practice and experience in meaningfully-designed digital environments and tools.

Student Literacy Through Library Visits and Gemini AI Programs at SD Negeri Potrobangsan 2

People often say that literacy is the foundation for a person's lifelong education. Improving students' literacy skills is one of the main focuses in today's education world. Literacy, which includes reading, writing, and understanding information well, is an essential foundation in the learning process at all levels of education. Good literacy skills help students succeed academically and equip them with the critical and analytical thinking skills needed in everyday life. We need to consider literacy development because it is a fundamental ability that every individual must possess to navigate life in the future. This study aims to develop a strategy to improve the literacy of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Potrobangsan 2 through a combination of library visits and the Gemini AI program. We expect library visits to cultivate students' interest in reading physical books, while the Gemini AI program serves as an interactive digital literacy medium to enhance students' learning experiences. This research approach uses a qualitative method with observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) as the primary instruments for data collection. The study results indicate that integrating traditional literacy learning with digital technology can improve students' literacy skills holistically. Students showed increased reading comprehension, higher involvement in literacy activities, and mastery of digital literacy skills. Implementing this strategy also increased motivation among students to read and utilize the library optimally. Therefore, elementary schools can apply this strategy as an effective literacy learning model.

Perceptions of Faculty and Students in Online Learning: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed how universities provide education -- teachers switched to online teaching methods, while students quickly adapted to the online learning environment. This study adopts the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework to examine differences in student and faculty perceptions of online learning due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Student and faculty perceptions can be used to evaluate and ultimately improve the quality of education. This study used survey methods and data collection instruments with a Likert scale sample of 150 students and 150 faculty from a US university. This study’s results indicate a significant difference between perceptions of pedagogy, technology challenges, and difficulties in online Zoom courses. Furthermore, the authors provide practical implications for educators and administrators to navigate the rapid growth in online learning.

Factors associated with perceived health of school-aged children in rural Rwanda: an opportunity to leverage community health workers to enhance school health promotion and primary healthcare systems linkages

BackgroundIn many low-income countries, enhancing the health of school-aged children is often impeded by insufficient or limited knowledge regarding their health status. Further, hands-on health promotion interventions are nearly non-existent due to the lack of designated health workers. The disconnection between schools and primary care facilities further exacerbates this issue. To address these challenges, the World Health Organization has introduced the Health Promoting School (HPS) framework, a comprehensive model designed to integrate health into all aspects of school life and promote physical, mental, and social well-being. We sought to assess the perceived health status of school-aged children, identify associated factors, and explore the role of community health workers (CHWs) in public schools in rural Rwanda.MethodsWe carried out a convergent mixed methods study among teachers and community members in rural areas of Musanze, Rwanda. Data collection instruments were adapted from the World Health Organization’s HPS framework and the literature. We conducted six in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions. We performed a logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with perceived health. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsA total of 479 individuals participated in this survey. Of these, 425 (89%) were community members, while 54 (11%) were employed as teachers at Nyabirehe or Rwinzovu public schools. Almost half of respondents 221 (46%) described the children’s health as poor. Many factors were associated with perceived children’s health, including having an established leadership team for school-based health promotion (OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.01,3,84), and being familiar with school-based health promotion (OR = 4.77, 95%CI: 2.27,10.0). Qualitative results described the CHW as a bridge between communities, schools, and primary healthcare centers.ConclusionThis study revealed that the health of schoolchildren needs particular attention. In resource-limited settings, HPS presents a promising opportunity to address the health and well-being of children at rural public schools. However, adapted policies, the establishment of health promotion teams, and hands-on orientation for teachers and community members are necessary to ensure an effective implementation of HPS. In Rwanda and other low-income countries where public schools lack nursing staff, CHWs could play a vital role in enhancing HPS and the linkage between schools and primary healthcare facilities.

Relationship Between Academic Self-efficacy and Cyberloafing Behavior Among College Students in Malang City

One of the negative impacts of increasing internet use in online lectures is cyberloafing. Cyberloafing is the behavior of using the internet for nonacademic purposes. The level of cyberloafing can be influenced by their self-confidence in their abilities in the academic field or what is known as academic self-efficacy. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and cyberloafing behavior among students in Malang City. This research is correlational quantitative research. The research subjects were taken by purposive sampling, a total of 405 students. Data collection instruments used The Five Factor Cyberloafing Scale with 29 of 30 items are valid and reliable (a = .991) and the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale with 27 items (a = .945). The results of hypothesis testing using Spearman Rank can be concluded that there is a negative and significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and cyberloafing in students (r(403) = -0.782 p<0.001). This shows that the higher the student’s academic self-efficacy score, the lower the cyberloafing behavior will be. Keywords: academic self-efficacy, cyberloafing, college students

Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbantuan Software Lectora Inspire pada Sub Elemen Keamanan Pangan Bagi Siswa SMK Kuliner Fase E

Learning media is one of the most important things in the learning process, so innovation is needed so that the media can overcome problems that exist in schools. This study focuses on the development of interactive learning multimedia assisted by lectora inspire on the sub-element of food safety for students of SMK Kuliner Phase E. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of interactive learning multimedia assisted by lectora inspire software based on media expert tests, material expert tests and student responses. This research method uses R&D with the ADDIE development model, the process used through four stages, namely analysis, design, development and implementation. The data collection instruments used are material expert validation sheets, media expert validation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive analysis using a Likert scale. The results of this study show the percentage of material expert eligibility of 92%, media expert validation of 90% and student responses of 83% with very feasible criteria. Thus, interactive learning multimedia assisted by lectora inspire on the sub-element of food safety for students of SMK Kuliner Phase E that has been developed is feasible for use in learning

A Case Report on Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome: Clinical, Embryological, Anesthetic, and Surgical Implications

AbstractPostaxial polydactyly (PAP) in the form of rudimentary soft tissue masses is quite common. Management involves ligation or surgical excision. Rarely do literature discussions cover complex variants in which the extra finger is fully developed. Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (EVC) or chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare disorder characterized by PAP. When chondral dysplasia encompasses PAP, dwarfism, and genu valgum, ectodermal dysplasia involves nails and teeth. We describe two EVC cases. When one had cardiac malformations, the other had dental anomalies. One of them underwent genu valgum correction and removal of the additional finger. The hand surgery proved complex due to fusion of its metacarpal with the fifth metacarpal. Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) scores at 1.5 and 2.5 years after hand and knee surgeries were excellent. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to achieve comprehensive care. Additional embryological research is necessary to elucidate the clinical manifestations described in this report.

CONECTANDO CONCEITOS: O IMPACTO DOS MAPAS MENTAIS DIGITAIS DINÂMICOS NA APRENDIZAGEM DE SISTEMAS LINEARES

Traditional teaching methods tend to emphasize verbal and linear learning, focusing on isolated information rather than identifying relationships between concepts. However, building meaningful understanding requires visualizing these conceptual interconnections. The shift from a linear approach to integrated network models, such as mind maps, facilitates this knowledge organization, allowing students to develop a deeper understanding of concepts. With the advent of distance learning, additional challenges arise in the production of teaching materials, requiring critical reflection on the potentialities and challenges of digital technologies in pedagogical practice. Therefore, this research investigates the effectiveness of using dynamic digital mind maps (DDMM) in learning Electrical Engineering, focusing on the Linear Systems course. The study aims to evaluate, through a data collection instrument, how mind maps can assist students in understanding mathematical and abstract concepts, highlighting two perspectives: how students learn, and their perceptions of meaningful learning based on Digital Educational Resources. The experience emphasized a lesson plan for knowledge construction in the face of the challenges of 21st-century engineering education, developing competencies and skills for solving real and interdisciplinary problems.

Uninsured Motorists’ Risk Attitudes and Pedestrian Road Safety: Evidence from Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria

With the increasing prevalence of uninsured vehicles in urban areas, motorists’ behaviours on pedestrian safety are crucial for developing effective road safety strategies. This study investigated the happenings around uninsured motorists’ risk attitudes and pedestrian road safety in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Using the survey approach cum the two-way sampling techniques comprised of purposive and convenience, data were gathered to analyse the behavioural dispositions of uninsured motorists and their implications on pedestrian road safety. The study adopted a structured questionnaire as a research instrument for data collection from a sample population of 209. The data analytical employed was descriptive statistics comprised of simple frequency percentages presented in tabular form and bar chart description. Findings revealed, based on pedestrian opinions, that uninsured motorists display riskier driving behaviours, such speeding and reckless driving pattern; which was found prevalent among commercial uninsured motorists. In addition, insufficient implementation of insurance regulation and socio-economic factors contributed to the proliferation of uninsured vehicles. The study also showcased the descriptive analysis of uninsured motorists’ risk attitudes towards pedestrian road safety. Further finding presented a descriptive analysis of pedestrians’ road safety metrics on Lagos roads. Then, the study accentuates the urgent need for comprehensive policy intervention targeting uninsured motorists, including stricter application of insurance laws, public awareness campaigns, enhanced infrastructure to improve pedestrian safety in urban environment, like metropolitan, Lagos, Nigeria and in similar contexts in other African cities and beyond. Thus, insurance practitioners, especially motor insurance providers, should synergise their efforts to improve the accessibility and affordability of insurance for motorists, particularly, the low-income individuals; by creating flexible payment options, and subsidising insurance premiums. Lastly, local communities should engage with other stakeholders in the transport industry to ensure road safety culture, promoting responsible driving behaviour and encouraging compliance with insurance regulation