Instructional Design Principles Research Articles

Redesigning the survey course: A focus on music, historically excluded identities, and the canon

AbstractSo‐called survey courses have been a persistent but contested genre in world languages, especially in regard to “the canon,” an unstable concept that has historically determined the textual choices of such surveys. This article presents a case study for redesigning the survey course genre in line with theory to diversify, decolonize, and decanonize the curriculum. It discusses a number of steps concerning the theoretical background, textual improvements, approaches to assignments, classroom atmosphere, and general pedagogy. It reflects on questions of positionality, institutional support, and workload. Focusing on music and short texts, the survey course described here questions the common practices and core values of German studies, music history, and musicology, and takes a critical stance toward privilege and power. In this context, the course counters tokenization, juxtaposes non‐canonical and canonical works, and focuses on inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility work, as well as universal instructional design principles and social justice education. Thus, the survey becomes a new genre—one that still offers students the breadth of cultural production but relies on a particular set of prerequisites determined by factors such as the space, time, and accessibility of a course, as well as the identity markers of instructor and students.

Changing the delivery of continuing professional education: An action research approach

AimA participatory action research project was used to change the design and delivery of continuing professional education in a large Irish academic teaching hospital. BackgroundParticipation in continuing professional education, designed as a short course, is often a method to maintain competence for many nurses. Structured short education courses are often used to orientate and upskill new staff to specialist clinical areas. Traditionally many courses relied on face-to-face delivery over a period of weeks which is challenging for one clinical area to release staff to attend theoretical days in person. DesignA six-stage participatory action research cycle over a 3-year period in a large Irish academic teaching hospital. MethodsMultiple methods were used in the cyclical process of participatory action research. Constructive alignment theory and instructional design principles were used to redesign the educational framework. Data collection included audits of courses, questionnaires and focus groups with key participants. ResultsAnalysis of the focus group themes included 1) underestimated time 2) the process of change 3) teaching and learning styles and 4) acceptance and integration. 20 learners completed the evaluation and reported a positive synergy between e-learning and clinical workshops. E-learning was reported as time-consuming. 75 % of learners reported they were motivated to learn. 90 % of the learners reported they gained new knowledge and skills, 84 % reported the clinical area benefited from the education and 80 % identified a direct improvement in their clinical skills in the specialist area. ConclusionsParticipatory action research supports organisational change in continuing professional education. Constructive alignment theory supports the value of outcomes-based learning. In this context it resulted in successfully blending theory and clinical skills for nurses working in specialist areas. The redesigned continuing professional education framework was positively evaluated across nurses in the organisation.

에듀테크 기반의 융합 수업설계 원리 개발

Objectives This study aimed to develop the instructional design principles for designing systematic convergence education using EduTech.
 Methods Through the application of a design and development research methodology, design principles were developed by conducting a literature review, three times expert valiation, and field application.
 Results We derived seven design elements, including 1) curriculum analysis, 2) problem setting, 3) edutech selection, 4) learner participation, 5) scaffolding provision, 6) reflection guidance and support, and 7) evaluation implementation, along with 17 design principles and 57 guidelines. We applied the insturctional design principles to a “VR virtual exhibition hall creation” class. fourty two 5th grade students of I Elementary School in Incheon participated. The satisfaction survey results showed 4.53, indicating high satisfaction.
 Conclusions The significance of this study lies in providing concrete guidelines on how to use appropriate Edutech to design the convergence education in accordance with the context of the class.

인공지능 리터러시를 위한 AI 융합 영어 쓰기 수업 모형 개발

Objectives This study aimed to develop a model for an English writing class integrating Generative AI for artificial intelligence literacy.
 Methods Literature and prior research on artificial intelligence literacy, prompt engineering, Generative AI, and the development of English writing class models were analyzed. The model prototype's purpose and theoretical foundation were established, validated for internal consistency by five experts in educational technology and English education. The prototype was tested with one English teacher and approximately 48 students over a two-week period in December 2023, refining its content for the final model.
 Results To achieve this, 31 first-year middle school students in Seoul were assessed through pre- and post-tests to measure their attitudes toward artificial intelligence literacy and English writing. The final class model consisted of seven stages, distinguishing between learner, instructor, and Generative AI roles. Nine teaching strategies were applied to 39 detailed stages of the class model, aligning with instructional design principles.
 Conclusions The developed model holds significance in encouraging students' divergent questioning and proactive learning attitudes through strategic and systematic integration of Generative AI interaction within the English writing class. Moreover, through the development of this class model and teaching strategies, it is anticipated to serve as an effective guideline for educators to design and implement prompt engineering-based Generative AI integrated English writing classes.

Exploring Faculty Development Frameworks in Medical Education: Challenges and Opportunities

This review examines the intersection of faculty development frameworks in medical education and instructional system design (ISD) principles. A systematic review of existing literature follows the PRISMA guidelines, and data analysis combined inductive and deductive approaches to examine key framework components, strategies in faculty development frameworks, and alignment with instructional system design principles. The findings show a tapestry of shared components and diverse approaches, each offering unique value. Incorporating ISD principles can amplify the impact of medical faculty development programs. The study can deepen our understanding of medical faculty development frameworks and provide valuable insights for creating reliable solutions.

Programmed Instruction is a System for Sustainable Development of Language Skills

Programmed Instruction (PI) stands as a promising system for fostering sustainable development of language skills in learners. With its roots in behavioral psychology and cognitive learning theories, PI integrates principles of instructional design and technology to create a structured and personalized learning experience. This abstract explores how Programmed Instruction contributes to the sustainable development of language skills, emphasizing its effectiveness, adaptability, and potential for widespread implementation. PI capitalizes on its systematic approach, breaking down complex language concepts into smaller, manageable units. Learners progress through these units sequentially, building a solid foundation before moving to more advanced topics. This systematic structure ensures a sustainable learning curve, preventing cognitive overload and fostering long-term retention. Moreover, the adaptability of PI enables learners to proceed at their own pace, accommodating various learning styles and abilities. This personalized approach promotes engagement and minimizes frustration, ultimately leading to enhanced language skill acquisition.The incorporation of technology in PI further amplifies its impact on sustainable language development. Interactive multimedia elements, such as audio, video, and gamified exercises, enhance learner engagement and comprehension. Real-time feedback mechanisms allow learners to track their progress and address areas needing improvement, reinforcing their commitment to continuous learning. Additionally, PI's digital nature transcends geographical boundaries, making quality language education accessible to a diverse global audience, thereby contributing to equitable sustainable development. The sustainable impact of PI extends beyond individual learners. Its structured methodology empowers educators to monitor and adapt instructional content based on learners' performance data, optimizing the teaching process. Furthermore, the scalability of PI makes it a viable solution for resource-constrained environments, reducing the dependency on physical learning materials. In conclusion, Programmed Instruction emerges as a robust system for nurturing sustainable language skill development. By blending effective instructional design, technology integration, and personalized learning, PI provides learners with a comprehensive, adaptable, and accessible pathway to acquiring and enhancing language skills. As education plays a pivotal role in sustainable development, PI's potential to contribute to linguistic competence aligns with global goals for inclusive and equitable quality education.

Virtual reality environment in pharmacy education: A cyclical study on instructional design principles

AbstractBackgroundIt is crucial to use innovative tools to gain clinical reasoning skills through experiential learning in pharmacy education, and one of the most effective tools used in this is virtual reality. However, the lack of research that empirically demonstrates the instructional principles of virtual environment design, especially in the clinical setting, has resulted in a significant gap in the current literature.AimIn this study, it was aimed to determine the instructional design principles of a virtual environment for the clinical pharmacy.MethodThe study was conducted as a design‐based research. The data of the study related to three components of the developed virtual reality environment in pharmacy education (VRPE). These components, scenario development interface‐scenario development interface, virtual environment, and scenario, were collected through interviews, observation, document review, and a system usability scale. Instructional design principles for the VRPE were determined through analysis of the collected data.ResultsThe prominent instructional design principles of the VRPE were revealed as immersion, interaction, diversity, flow, aesthetics‐ergonomic‐universal design, informing, and retest availability. The significance of the study was the adoption of a holistic perspective in the design of a virtual reality environment for pharmacy education. In addition, one of the most critical features of the study was eliminating the expertise barrier in virtual environment design. Thus, it was concluded that the VRPE is an extraordinary tool that can be used for pharmacy education to promote experiential learning.

Al-Chemy: e-learning platform for foundation students

The unexpected closure of educational institutions as a result of the emergence of COVID-19 prompted the authorities to suggest adopting alternatives to traditional learning methods. E-learning is an innovative approach for delivering electronically mediated, well-designed, learner-centred interactive learning environments by utilizing internet and digital technologies with respect to instructional design principles. This paper presents the implementation and prototyping of an innovative web-based e-learning platform for chemistry course known as Al-Chemy. Al-Chemy was developed for foundation students at Tahmidi Centre, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. The rapid application development (RAD) methods have been used in developing Al-Chemy through website wix.com. Al-Chemy was structured with interactive notes, animation, virtual experiment, quizzes, and games. The combination of these activities helps students in learning basic and advanced concepts of chemistry.

Mapping Design Principles to Instructional Realities in Early Grade Mathematics in South Africa: A Framework for Designing and Evaluating Learning and Teaching Support Materials

The majority of children in mainstream (no fee, poorly resourced, African language dominant) public schools in South Africa fall significantly behind curricular norms in mathematics by Grade 3; the early learning gap grows across time. The provision of quality instructional materials is a well-recognised component of effective strategies to improve early grade mathematics in low- and middle-income contexts. However, there has been little explication of what constitutes quality instructional materials, nor long-term design work to contribute theory to this instructional design challenge. Across 15 years, the author has been working in an education design hub with teacher educators and teachers in the rural Eastern Cape, with the goal of improving early grade mathematics. The gains in mathematics performance have been among the most significant reported in research literature. This paper presents the design principles emerging from the work. Engaging the theoretical layers discussed by diSessa and Cobb, the paper contributes to design theory by emphasising the relationship between explicit instructional assumptions and design principles, integrating four ontological categories (motive, pedagogy, language use and mathematical meaning-making). Since 2011, the Department of Basic Education has provided learner workbooks to support teaching and learning in foundation phase mathematics at system scale. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to the ongoing development of this vital national resource. The paper makes explicit instructional assumptions and design principles (available for critique, adaptation, and refinement), and provides a more nuanced framework through which to assess and improve materials across time.

Redesigning Educational Countermeasures to Increase Virginia Drivers’ Road-Sharing Safety Knowledge

The lack of alignment between drivers’ and cyclists’ road-sharing knowledge results in unsafe interactions. To address this issue, educational countermeasures must clearly present and apply evidence-based practices to increase the likelihood that drivers will learn how to share the road safely with cyclists. In this study, we redesigned an existing Virginia road-sharing safety educational handbook to support a series of experiments. The redesign was based on established principles of instructional, organizational, and visual design. Virginia drivers completed a comprehension test after reviewing road-sharing educational material online. Results showed that reviewing the redesigned brochure did not improve global comprehension, law-based knowledge, and procedural knowledge about sharing the road with cyclists. However, the improved design of the educational material enhanced drivers’ declarative knowledge of road-sharing laws and safety. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of transferring these design choices to other transportation domains, so policymakers and instructors can effectively prioritize approaches for improving road safety.

Development of E-Modules Based on 5E Instructional Models in Chemistry

Information technology in education opens up new opportunities to enhance learning in schools. The learning media that can be used is e-module, which is an interactive and flexible digital learning resource. This study aimed to develop an e-module based on the 5E instructional model in class XI chemistry at SMA. The development method used is 4D. Identify the needs and objectives of class XI chemistry learning. Furthermore, the structure and content of the e-module is prepared based on the 5E instructional model, namely: engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate. At the development stage, the e-module is designed and developed by taking into account the principles of instructional design that are in accordance with the characteristics of learning chemistry. E-modules are also equipped with multimedia, interactive simulations, practice questions, and automatic assessments to facilitate interactive learning. After the e-module has been developed, the implementation phase is carried out by testing the e-module in a sample group of class XI students in a high school. Furthermore, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the e-module was carried out through collecting data from students and teachers regarding the use, use, and satisfaction of the e-module. The results of this study are expected to improve the quality of high school chemistry learning, helping students be more active, creative, and independent in understanding complex chemical concepts. With the use of this e-module, learning is expected to be more interesting, interactive, and effective in achieving learning objectives

A MODEL FOR THE CREATION OF SCRIPTED SEQUENCES FOR SERIOUS GAME APPLICATIONS

This article presents a method for presenting information in an interactive application, using a method that video games use to create narrative – scripted sequences – while following the principles of instructional design. A model for creating such sequences is also presented, inspired by a similar model for adventure video games. Five adventure video games were analysed to create this model. The created application has several advantages over real-life presentations: 1) the user does not physically have to appear at the location of the presentation, 2) the user can stop and start the presentation at a convenient time, and 3) the application may be more engaging than a recording of a real-life presentation.

Integrating cognitive load theory with other theories, within and beyond educational psychology.

The long-standing aim of cognitive load theory (CLT) has been to generate instructional design principles that show teachers how to instruct students effectively, based on knowledge of the intricacies of human cognitive architecture. Historically, the focus of CLT has been on identifying cognitive processes related to learning and instruction. However, the theory has become more multidisciplinary over time, drawing on theoretical perspectives bothwithin, and beyond, educational psychology. This Editorial presents a brief historical overview of key developments in CLT and seven key themes that are pertinent to research on CLT. These themes are as follows: Level of Expertise, Cognitive Load Measurement, Embodied Cognition, Self-Regulated Learning, Emotion Induction, Replenishment of Working Memory, and Two Subprocessors of Working Memory. Summaries of the nine empirical contributions to the special issue are presented and discussed in relation to how they provide insight into one or more of these themes. Understanding the variables that impact student learning and instruction has always represented the core aim of CLT. The growing multidisciplinary features of CLT should provide researchers and practitioners with more holistic perspectives of the factors that predict student learning and, in turn, guide instructional design.

국내 대학 블렌디드 러닝의 교수설계 원리 및 요소에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰

Objectives This study aims to emphasize the importance of designing a learning environment considering each learning activity and instructional design elements in a blended learning class and provide instructional design principles.
 Methods This study conducted a systematic literature review focusing on the blended learning literature at domestic universities. Specifically, our study analyzed instructional method and learning environment elements within the blended learning activities as well as conversion elements between the learning activities.
 Results First, most studies applied surveys, class design, or experimental research and, in learning contents, deal with the language, literature, nursing, and arts, which require both lectures and practice. Second, among learning activities, the design elements such as video lectures, questions and answers, feedback, and provision of learning materials were mainly used. Finally, when converting the class, the design elements were limitedly derived.
 Conclusions Given that most lessons in domestic universities have limitedly applied design elements based on learning environments and methods, we provided the direction for effective instructional design. In addition, We discussed the research limitations and future direction.

A Mixed-Method Pilot Project: The Evaluation of Telehealth Training in a College of Nursing.

Telehealth has become ubiquitous, and advanced practice nurses will need to be proficient in its use. Recent literature has shown that graduate nursing curricula may not fully prepare students for clinical telehealth practice. This article describes an interactive, module-based course that was built using instructional design principles for the training of graduate nursing students to prepare them to conduct telehealth encounters. The course was proven to be efficacious based on pre-post test results and critical reflections. The blueprint described can be used by nurse educators and administrators to prepare nurses to provide safe and effective telehealth services.

How Do Visual Design Elements in Multimedia Learning Material Induce Positive Emotions in Learners?

Previous research into multimedia learning has mainly focused on cognitive factors to investigate different instructional conditions and design principles. Emotional aspects have so far been widely neglected. This study investigates how the cheerful emotional interface design influenced learners’ cognitive processes, emotional valences, learning outcomes, and subjective experience. This study used the PRISMA statement to identify the major themes from the literature. Following the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting records, we identified 47 articles for the analysis. This study used the VOS viewer for the themes using the content analysis and key term occurrences. The result shows two significant pieces, cognitive outcomes and affective outcomes, further divided into cognitive processes, emotional valences, learning outcomes, and subjective experience. In addition, the findings showed that learners using the cheerful emotional design had more positive emotions and higher comprehension and transfer test scores. Furthermore, learners who received the cheerful emotional design saw the materials as less challenging and expended more mental effort digesting them than learners who received the neutral design. They reported better motivation, contentment, and perception of the learning materials.

The Development and Evaluation of the Interprofessional Education Facilitation Program for Health Professionals Using the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) Model of Instructional Design.

Background It is important to learn interprofessional education (IPE) facilitation skills to promote interprofessional collaboration in healthcare. Nonetheless, to date, only a handful of IPE facilitation programs have been developed through research. Objective The objective of this study was to create an IPE facilitation program for healthcare professionals who wanted to promote interprofessional collaboration in their organizations based on the tenets of instructional design and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods This study's methodology was a mixed method based on relative subjectivism. We developed a two-day IPE facilitation program to learn IPE facilitation skills and promote interprofessional collaboration in the participants' own organizations. The program was developed based on the instructional design principles of the attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) model, measuring the participants' Interprofessional Facilitation Scale (IPFS) scores at three time points: before the first day, after the second day, and approximately one year after the course was completed. A one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare IPFS means at the three time points, and open-ended statements were qualitatively analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Twelve healthcare providers (four physicians, two pharmacists, one nurse, one rehabilitation worker, one medical social worker, one clinical psychologist, one medical secretary, and one other) participated in the completed IPE facilitation program. Their IPFS scores increased significantly from 17.4 ± 16.1 before the program to 38.1 ± 9.4 after the program and remained at 35.1 ± 11.7 for one year (p= 0.008). In addition, qualitative analysis suggested that the knowledge and skills learned in the program could be applied in the participants'workplaces, which helped them maintain their IPE facilitation skills. Conclusion We developed a two-day IPE facilitation program based on the ARCS instructional design model, and the participants' IPE facilitation skills scores increased and were maintained one year later.

Analytic study on strengthening the Future Education competencies in Korea

The purpose of this study is to devise and present an educational model to strengthen pre-service elementary school teachers’ future competencies based on the effects of existing core competency education. For this purpose, a literature study was conducted to examine the concepts and directions of future education and core competencies, core values, teaching and learning models and instructional design principles, components and instructional design procedures, and major characteristics of the 2015 revised curriculum of Korea. After the second expert validation of the developed draft was conducted, it was revised and supplemented to complete the final model of the education model for fostering future education capabilities. Based on the future education competencies obtained through literature research and the Delphi survey, a survey was conducted on professors, in-service elementary school teachers, and pre-service teachers to present the final future core competencies. Specifically, in order to find a framework suitable for the needs and competencies of instructors, previous research cases in and outside of Korea were analyzed, and surveys were conducted with pre-service and in-service teachers, and analyzed. Through this, the focus was on presenting specific methods for the expression of future teaching capabilities as instructors and providing an efficient roadmap to keep up with the overall trend of the education field according to the needs of the times.

Instructional design of virtual patients in dental education through a 4C/ID lens: a narrative review

Although VPs have been applied in various medical and dental education programmes, it remains uncertain whether their design was based on specific instructional design (ID) principles, and therefore, how to improve on them. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which ID principles have played a role in the development of VPs for clinical skills training purposes in dental education. First, as frame of reference we mapped key ID principles identified in VPs and medical simulations on the widely used four-component instructional design (4C/ID) model. Next, a literature search was conducted using Libsearch, a single search tool accessing databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycInfo and Scopus. Following the PRISMA framework for systematic reviews, we selected 21 studies that used screen-based VP simulations for undergraduate dental students. The data analysis consisted of a review of each study analysing the key instructional design features connected to the components of the 4C/ID model. Overall, the results indicate that a structured approach to the design and implementation of VPs likely will have a positive effect on their use. While some ID-principles are shared such as the importance of clinical task variation to improving the transfer of learning. Others, however, such as the choice of learning mode or the use of cognitive feedback are ambiguous. Given its impact on students’ ability to establish effective cognitive schemas and the option to compare and study designs we recommend a more rigorous approach such as 4C/ID for the design of VPs.

Workplace Education for Administrative Staff in a Czech Language Centre

This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive description and evaluation of workplace education within a selected Czech language center. The study comprises a theoretical framework, an empirical investigation through a specific survey, and concludes with a set of recommendations tailored to enhance workplace education for the administrative team. The theoretical framework establishes the foundation for the research by examining relevant literature and theoretical models related to workplace education. Drawing upon adult learning theories, instructional design principles, and best practices in workplace training, this research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles that underpin effective workplace education.