Protection Institute Research Articles

Faktor Penyebab dan Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Guru Yang Dianiaya Oleh Oknum Orang Tua Siswa di SD Negeri Naikoten II

Currently, the world of education can be said to be facing a crisis of value as the development of the dynamics of community life. The world of education in this era faces complex problems that can hinder the achievement of educational goals. These problems arise either because of internal factors or external factors. This study uses empirical legal research methods that examine how the law works in society. Aspects of the study examined the causes of violence committed by parents to teachers and forms of legal protection for teachers who experience violence. The results found that: (1) the factors that make the perpetrators (parents) abuse the teacher caused by lack of socialization and coordination between the school and the parents. The lack of socialization and coordination makes the perpetrators (parents) angry and emotional so they think of mistreating the teacher. Lack of accurate information that makes parents misunderstand the treatment of teachers to their children while at school that causes parents to start emotions and abuse such as beatings. (2) efforts made as a form of protection against cases of abuse against teachers by parents of students are realized through preventive actions by appealing to the public to immediately report to the authorities in the event of a crime including the crime of abuse by unscrupulous parents of students against teachers in the school environment.Suggestions from this study: (1) it is expected that the government and all related agencies in terms of improving education through schools, it is good to teach teachers with methods adapted to the current global conditions, so that teachers can better answer the challenges of the times in terms of education and the condition of students then and now is very much different. (2) expected for all parties concerned, both the police, legal aid agencies, witness and victim protection institutions of the government and the community to continue to improve cooperation in an integrated manner in tackling the occurrence of crime, especially crime cases of abuse by unscrupulous parents of students against teachers.

Legal Policy in Handling Domestic Violence The Role of Protection and Legal Institutions

Domestic violence (DV) is a complex phenomenon that stems from various social, cultural and economic aspects. Domestic violence includes not only physical violence but also psychological, sexual, and economic violence, all of which have a significant impact on victims and their families. The Indonesian government has issued various regulations and laws to combat domestic violence, such as Law No. 23/2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal policies to combat domestic violence (KDRT) in Indonesia as well as the role of protection organizations and law enforcement agencies in providing support to victims. Domestic violence is a serious problem that requires comprehensive and systematic treatment. This research uses qualitative methods with analysis of policy documents, annual reports and statistics on domestic violence cases. The research results show that although there are supportive policies, their implementation is still not optimal due to lack of coordination between institutions, lack of resources and sensitivity of the judicial apparatus to domestic violence issues. Protection agencies play an important role in assisting and assisting victims, but limited financial and human resources hamper the effectiveness of these agencies. The study recommends increased training for law enforcement officers, increased funding for protection agencies as well as public education campaigns to increase awareness and participation in managing family violence. Collaboration between the government, protection agencies, law enforcement and the community is very important in creating a more effective and fair system for dealing with family violence.

Теоретико-методологічні засади взаємодії державного та громадського секторів у реалізації природоохоронних заходів в умовах цифровізації

The article examines the current state of the theoretical, methodological and organizational foundations of interaction between the bodies of state supervision (control) in the field of environmental protection and civil society institutions in the course of implementation of environmental protection measures. It is established that the study of environmental protection functions of public authorities, local self-government bodies, civil society institutions and business should be considered through the prism of their systematic interaction, since the implementation of such an approach ensures a balance between the economic and environmental directions of the State's development. The author presents the successful experience of foreign countries in terms of involving a wide range of civil society representatives in the implementation of environmental protection measures with the help of appropriate digital tools, which provides a qualitatively new level of convenience and speed of access to environmental information, and also provides new opportunities for civil society to influence the processes of making public administration decisions. The author analyzes the current regulatory framework for ensuring the functioning of the state supervision (control) bodies in the field of environmental protection in terms of the possibilities of interaction of these bodies with other state institutions, non-governmental environmental organizations and local self-government bodies and identifies the factors that negatively affect the effectiveness of joint work on the preservation and reproduction of the country's natural resource potential. Attention is focused on the need to ensure transparency and timely informing the population about the immediate prospects and expected results of changes in the field of environmental protection as a result of the introduction of digital innovations. The author suggests ways to improve existing approaches to the creation and implementation of innovations in the public sector by using the successful experience of conducting information and popularization campaigns in other industries

Aleksander F. Tur — outstanding pediatrician, scientist, teacher (on the 130th anniversary of birth)

In 2024, the medical community will celebrate the 130th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding pediatrician, scientist, creator of scientific and practical schools of pediatrics — Alexander F. Tur. Alexander F. Tur was born on September 3 (15), 1894. In 1911 he was enrolled in the Imperial Military Medical Academy. From April 1915 he worked as a doctor in the active army; in August of the same year, A.F. Tur was captured and worked as a doctor in the infirmary for 3 years. In 1918, A.F. Tur resumed his studies at the Academy. From 1921 to 1930 — he worked part-time in the clinic of childhood diseases of the Military Medical Academy, under the guidance of Professor M.S. Maslov, in 1925 he was enrolled in the staff of the Leningrad Scientific and Practical Institute of Maternity and Infancy Protection named after Clara Zetkin. In 1939, the Department of Hospital Pediatrics was organized at the institute, headed by Alexander F. Tur and worked there until the end of his life. During the war years, A.F. Tur supervised the organization of clinic bomb shelters, advised children, conducted rounds, lectured students, and gave lectures to residents of the besieged city. A.F. Tur worked on a wide range of scientific problems in pediatrics, devoting his work to the most pressing issues of medicine: physiological characteristics and education of healthy children, physiology and pathology of newborns and premature babies, hematology of a healthy and sick child, dietetics of a healthy and sick child, rickets in children and its prevention, organization of children’s healthcare. A.F. Tur laid the foundations of preventive medicine at the outpatient stage, which are still followed today. The legacy of scientist is a fundamental pediatric school, a large number of scientific discoveries and works, thousands of trained do.

Protection of labor and social rights: experience of an interdisciplinary approach

The problems of using an interdisciplinary approach to protect labor and social rights are considered. Legal regulation of labor, which is inextricably linked with the personality of a worker, requires reliance on knowledge of the sciences about man and society. The legal institution of labor protection, formed contrary to or without taking into account technical standards, will not achieve the goal of creating safe working conditions. Sectoral labor legal protections for effectively achieving results in the field of labor migration, creating a comprehensive system for protecting the life and health of an employee during working life, protecting workers in the event of an employer’s insolvency, implementing the constitutional guarantee of respect for the working person, etc. must achieve intersectoral and interdisciplinary harmonization. At the same time, the author proceeds from the fact that Labor Law both has an interdisciplinary impact on other branches of law and itself is improved under their influence. Labor and social standards must undergo interdisciplinary verification at the stage of their formation by the legislator. It is proposed to make it mandatory to discuss all bills containing norms regulating labor and social relations in the State Duma Committee on Labor, Social Policy and Veterans Affairs and the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy, as well as in the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, even if in general these projects belong to a different industry.

Expecting the expected – learning from the past to provide forward scenarios through geomorphic change detection, monitoring and modeling

This paper tells the story of a landslide, its origins, its activity and the actions undertaken to mitigate the risks that it poses. The Rotolon landslide is a large Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (DGSD), located in the Eastern Italian Alps, whose unremitting movements provide a sediment supply for large-scale debris flow events. It has been active since at least 1789, threatening the valley where the thermal baths town of Recoaro Terme is located. In 2010, a major reactivation of the landslide channelled 320,000 m3 of material towards the town causing significant concern, the evacuation of the exposed population and threatening several buildings. A few days after the emergency, the personnel of the Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection of the Italian Research Council (IRPI-CNR) deployed a monitoring system consisting of an automatic total station, several extensometers and web cameras to monitor the evolution of the unstable slope and set up an early warning and alarm system equipped with sirens to warn the local population. Subsequently, after the emergency phase, the 2010 event was studied through multi-temporal LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and modeling. The authors have continued monitoring and actively studying this landslide ever since. In 2020, a new LiDAR survey of the area allowed assessment of the sediment dynamics within the catchment through the comparison with the post-2010 event LiDAR DTM. Based on DEM of difference maps, new insight into the behaviour of the catchment emerged, which appears to be influenced both by natural processes and anthropic activities. The authors were able to assess the amount of sediment that could be stored in the channel without causing overflooding and to calculate the expected damage to the built environment should another event occur. Furthermore, the considerable amount of data collected by the monitoring system throughout the years has allowed identification of two active sectors of the DGSD that may be prone to detachment, and through numerical modeling, future hazard scenarios were produced. Based on these outcomes, a second-tier targeted monitoring campaign was implemented, consisting of a network of four permanent GNSS receivers, additional topographic benchmarks and web cameras, and a new early warning protocol, in an ever-updating cycle of monitoring, modeling and mitigation.

Investigating Electromagnetic Interference Induced Risks for Autonomous Driving

Abstract. The results of immunity tests on components of self-driving automobiles to radiated high power electromagnetic (HPEM) pulses are presented in this work. It is of particular interest to investigate such automobiles' resilience towards deliberate attacks with electromagnetic interference (EMI). Different types of HPEM capabilities at the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection (WIS) in Munster are applied for this investigation. Two types of automotive components have been tested, a two-axis acceleration sensor and an electronic power steering unit. Statistics of errors from the devices under test (DUTs), as well as a characterization of the applied pulses are presented. A correlation can be drawn between the pulse repetition rate or the amplitude of the applied pulses and the severity of the effect on the DUTs.

Orthodox activism as perceived by the population of the region: main frames

The article presents the results of a qualitative sociological study of Orthodox social activism and its social consequences, undertaken by the authors within the framework of the research project "Social Projects of the Russian Orthodox Church". An analysis of the mutual perception of Orthodox activists and the rest of the population of the region in terms of the implementation of Orthodox social initiatives allows us to identify four main frames of perception depending on the degree of awareness of secular subjects about their activities and attitudes towards interaction or avoidance of it: partnership, client, stereotyping and critical. The partnership frame is characterised by varying degrees of interest of permanent and situational (episodic) partners, the client frame is characterised by the perception of Orthodox charities and aid groups as substitutes for state institutions of social protection or education and the predominant disregard for their religious specificity. Stereotyping and critical frames, based on the attitude of distancing oneself from interaction with Orthodox activists and differing depending on the degree of awareness of their activities, can be considered as forms of negative self-identification of the non-church or weakly churched part of the regional society of their secular subjectivity in relation to Orthodox activists as bearers of alternative values ​​and lifestyle. The stereotyping frame is characteristic of citizens who are not aware of the extra-religious activities of activists (including both non-believers and believers who identify themselves as Orthodox), the critical frame is characteristic of disappointed activists. As a limitation for the institutionalisation of Orthodox social activity, the authors highlight the negative attitude of potential volunteers and activists to the installation of their churching as subordination to religious activity. The tendency to adopt Orthodox family values ​​and lifestyle is characteristic only of some employees of partner state organisations whose job responsibilities are related to the implementation of a social project to increase the birth rate. In general, the attitude to Orthodox initiatives of non-churched or weakly churched clients, partners, potential or former activists is characterised by a focus on separating religious and social activity and a lack of readiness to submit to religious discipline in the non-religious sphere.

Институциональная трансформация политики занятости Китая в условиях рыночных преобразований: ретроспективный анализ

During the period of market reform and economic opening up, China's employment policy has undergone profound institutional changes. Since 1978, in the process of building a socialist market economy with Chinese specifics, there has been a large-scale institutional transformation of the state policy of distributing the total labor force of society across territories, industries and enterprises into a policy of supporting employment through state regulation of the labor market, improving the education system and creating the institution of social protection of workers. Four stages of institutional transformation of China's economic employment policy have been identified. For more than 40 years of reform and gradual improvement over the centralized distribution of labor force, the employment policy by now organically combines the market mechanism with an effective system of state regulation of employment. It is substantiated that institutional changes in China were implemented purposefully, providing a gradualist replacement of the centrally planned distribution of labor force in the prereform economy by a labor market with sufficiently effective state regulation with gradual supplementation and expansion of successful rules. The impact of institutional changes on the structure of employment in rural areas is analyzed, as well as the emergence of new challenges that are associated with adaptation to the new economic system.

Levels of Social Participation among Silver-Age Citizens and Factors of its Activation in the Region of Russia (Case of the Sverdlovsk Region)

Introduction. The quality of life of silver-age people is associated not only with psychological, economic and physical well-being, but also with the peculiarities of interpersonal relations and the diversity of their social activity. The widespread ideology of active or “delayed aging” actualizes the study of the nature of inclusion of elderly citizens in various practices of social participation that fill their daily lives. The aim of the study is to reveal the level characteristics of social participation of citizens of silver age in the Sverdlovsk Oblast and the factors that determine them. Materials and Methods. The article analyses the data from the survey of residents of the Sverdlovsk Region over the age of 60, the sample is structured by gender, age, and place of residence of the respondents (type of settlement). The authors’ survey method was used to determine the nature and frequency, level and type of social participation of the Urals elderly, to identify factors that contribute to or impede activity in old age. Results. The study showed that socio-consumer participation characterized by activities “for oneself” and collective participation aimed at social integration “together with others” constitute the main content of social participation of the studied cohort. The participation of the elderly in the practices aimed at helping and caring (“for others”) is significantly lower, and a radical decrease in the activity of the elderly Urals residents is revealed when they switch to “civic participation”. It has been proved that the intensity of social participation of silver-age citizens living in cities is higher than in rural areas. The only exception is participation in civic activities. The same influence on the intensity of the different practices of social participation at all levels is exerted by the status of residence (independent or in a residential institution), the presence of close relatives and the frequency of Internet use. Discussion and Conclusion. The identification of the levels and factors of social participation of older citizens creates an evidence base on the processes of active aging in a typical Russian region. The results of the study demonstrate the relevance of focusing regional social policy on aging and the non-profit sector on increasing the social participation of people and groups of the “silver” age. The article may be of interest to regional authorities, social protection and service institutions, the regional non-profit sector, offering tools for the development and implementation of effective social aging policies aimed at implementing resources and supporting the social participation of the older generation.

Temporary Protection for Ukrainian Refugees in the Czech Republic and Poland

Abstract One of the most immediate effects of the Russian war against Ukraine was the unprecedented influx of Ukrainian refugees in some countries. This article analyzes temporary protection for Ukrainian refugees in two countries—the Czech Republic and Poland, which represent the countries most exposed to immigration from Ukraine. The authors compare the political and legal response of both countries to the institute of temporary protection to reveal similarities and differences in the scope, tools, and nature of temporary protection, including causes and consequences. Both countries go beyond the minimum standards set in the EU Temporary Protection Directive and differ in their approach to its implementation. The authors claim that although the concept of temporary protection has expanded with the current situation, it allows significant benefits in allowing fast-track integration into the labor market, which aligns with the concept of refugees’ “deservingness.” However, the duration of temporary protection is a major limitation to refugees’ integration due to the emphasis on voluntary return to the country of origin.

The Existence of Supervision by Non-Governmental Organizations in Providing Legal Protection for Consumers with Bad Credit

Convoluted formal procedures have led to a crisis of public confidence in state institutions, this is what happens with bad credit, in fact the public prefers to take bad credit issues to complain to YLKI rather than going to state institutions that handle consumer protection. This research is intended to examine and analyze the role of Indonesian consumer foundations in providing protection to consumers with bad credit. The research method used is normative legal research which is carried out by conducting research, using library materials or secondary data. This research concludes, first, the problem of consumer protection for bad credit is that the public does not have confidence in resolution through consumer protection institutions under state institutions and through legal action in court as a litigation step. The reason is that complicated bureaucracy and the weak response of state institutions to the issue of bad credit have encouraged the public to choose YLKI to advocate for the issue of bad credit. Second, the existence of supervision by non-governmental organizations since 1970 has been able to respond quickly to consumer protection issues, especially regarding bad credit, namely through advocacy to save bad credit consumers who experience arbitrary collections. The problems experienced by YLKI are a lack of budget and the number of human resources that are unable to keep up with the volume of handling advocacy cases such as bad credit issues, causing YLKI to not optimally handle bad credit cases.

Toxicological evaluation of combination products containing imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen

The purpose of the research is to investigate subacute cutaneous toxicity in rats, allergenic properties in guinea pigs and tolerance of increased doses of drugs based on imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen by dogs and cats of different age groups.Materials and methods. Toxicological studies (subacute cutaneous toxicity, study of allergenic properties) were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on male rats and guinea pigs. Experiments on the tolerance of drugs by target animal species (dogs, cats) were conducted in the Podolsk department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The choice of doses, frequency and methods of administration of the studied drugs were determined in accordance with the Guidelines for Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances. All doses were calculated for the drug taking into account the density (1.08 g/cm3).Results and discussion. When studying the acute cutaneous toxicity of the drug on rats, LD50 exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10 000 mg/kg (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). In a subacute experiment on rats, it was established that doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg are ineffective (safe), the threshold and toxic doses could not be established. These drugs, when treating animals 8 times with an interval of 3 days in a three- and five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose during the experimental period, did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals, their physiological status and behavior; no statistically significant changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, physicochemical parameters of urine were noted in animals from the experimental groups compared to the control. However, in one adult dog from the second experimental group, which was used a five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose of the drug, depression was noted on the 20th day of the experiment. The physiological state of the animal returned to normal within 24 hours voluntarily without the use of symptomatic therapy.

The role of green finance in the construction of new energy system: Evidence from China

Under the rapid development of energy transition and new energy technologies, it is of practical significance to construct a new energy system and explore the empowerment mechanism of green finance on the new energy system. This study conducted empirical research, analyzing the specific theoretical mechanism and transmission path of green finance in constructing a new energy system. The research results indicate that green finance directly promotes the construction of a new energy system, further driving the improvement of technical innovation levels, and facilitating the establishment of more environmental protection institutions, thereby indirectly promoting the construction of a new energy system. Additionally, green finance has a stronger promotion effect under conditions of lower openness levels, economic development levels, urbanization rates, and proportions of the tertiary industry. Moreover, under higher government fiscal expenditure conditions, green finance also generates a greater promotion effect. As the development level of the new energy system increases, the marginal impact of green finance first rises, then stabilizes, and ultimately decreases. Within the empirical analysis framework, this paper provides a novel perspective on the empowerment of green finance, contributing to the construction of a new energy system under new development conditions.

Juridical Review of E-commerce Selling and Buying on Consumers and Buyers in Indonesia

The use of e-commerce in the world of trade has had a huge impact on Indonesian society, this is related to very important legal issues. The importance of legal issues in the field of E-commerce, especially in providing legal protection for consumers who carry out buying and selling transactions via the Internet. This development emerged due to offers and acceptance from the public, as evidenced by the emergence of various online stores such as Kaskus, Tokopedia, Bukalapak, Shopee and Lazada. This research aims to find out and analyze legal protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions (e-commerce) and to find out and analyze legal remedies that can be taken by consumers if there is a default in online buying and selling transactions (e-commerce). The approach method used in this research is a normative juridical approach. The specification of this research is descriptive analysis. The data source used is secondary data, which consists of primary, secondary and tertiary law. The data collection tool is library research. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The results of this research and discussion are legal protection for e-commerce users by upholding consumer rights in accordance with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection articles 19, 20, 21, 24, and 26 and regulations related to the implementation of online buying and selling (e-commerce) and the implementation of consumer protection is also supported by involving several parties such as the government, national consumer protection bodies and non-governmental consumer protection institutions. Legal efforts that can be taken to resolve defaults in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection are litigation and non-litigation.

Organizing activities of student associations in higher education institutions of Russia and China

Introduction. Student associations of higher education institutions contribute to successful socialization and early professionalization. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that designing educational and upbringing programs for future bachelors and masters of social work at the university, great importance is to be attached to professionally focused student associations. The study aims to develop and test the authors' practice-oriented methodology for training future specialists in social work in the context of student associations of higher education institutions using the example of Russia and China. Materials and methods. To determine the readiness of students for professional activities in the context of student associations, the authors conducted a survey based on the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kostroma State University; it lasted from September to December 2023 and involved 1-4 year students (100 people) specializing in social work. Research methods and techniques were: content analysis of documents, frequency analysis, observation, survey, questionnaires and experience generalization. Results. The authors’ methodology for organizing student associations activities was developed; psychological and pedagogical conditions necessary for the training of future bachelors of social work were experimentally tested and clarified. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of how student associations activities in universities in Russia and China are organized. The abovementioned authors' methodology helps students form meanings and values: professional experience (23.25%); communication with friends (19.77%); social support and assistance to people in difficult life situations (15.11%); participation and organization of work forms related to professional activity (12.79%); obtaining new knowledge (9.30%), emotions (4.65%); teamwork (6.98%); visiting professionally focused institutions (3.49%). Conclusion. The ‘Social Work’ educational program includes practices of the following student associations: Abilympics, PROVICH, Studaktiv, Student Scientific Community in the Social Work Training Program ‘#SR’, and Chinese Student Association of Kostroma State University. Organizing activities of student associations is held in accordance with the following pedagogical conditions: assistance of the head of the student association in searching for variability in professional self-determination; psychological and pedagogical conditions; organizational and pedagogical conditions (external): internal environment of student association’s activities (pedagogical potential: managerial, educational, existential); the level of comfort students enjoy when working in the student association program; external environment of the student association (social partners, employers, social protection institutions, etc.); as well as internal psychological and pedagogical conditions (subjective conditions that contribute to the formation of personal psychological mechanisms of professional development).

Unique findings of <i>Phoma</i>-like fungi associated with soybean

Ascochyta leaf blight of soybean is a widespread disease caused by several closely related Phoma-like species, this disease often leads to significant crop losses. Among Phoma-like species from Didymellaceae family, the most frequently associated with symptomatic soybean tissues are species of the genera Boeremia and Didymella. Currently reliable species identification in Didymellaceae relies on polyphasic approach based on consolidated species concept and combined molecular phylogenetic, micromorphological and cultural features. At least three loci are commonly used for reconstruction of the molecular phylogeny of Didymellaceae: internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA, partial RNA-polymerase II gene (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub2). As a result of long-term phytosanitary monitoring of soybean crops, soybean leaves with symptoms of Ascochyta blight were collected from major soybean producing areas of Russia. From surface sterilized plant tissues more than 100 isolates of Phoma-like fungi were obtained and stored in the collection of pure cultures of the Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology (MF, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection). Most of them, as a result of multilocus phylogenetic analysis, were identified as Boeremia and Didymella species. Eight isolates were identified as species of other genera, suspected to be rare findings. The aim of this study was to identify these eight isolates based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis, as well micromorphological, cultural, and pathogenicity data. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis has resulted in identification of all eight isolates to species level. Single isolate from the Ryazan region was Neoascochyta graminicola. Three other from three different districts of the Amur region were Remotididymella capsici. Two isolates from the Primorskiy territory and Amur region were Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis. Another two from two districts of the Amur region were S. stuijvenbergii. Pathogenicity tests have resulted in conclusion, that all studied isolates were not pathogenic for soybean leaves. Probably, these Phoma-like species are associate with soybean as saprophytes or endophytes. For all these Phoma-like species Glycine max was detected as substrate for the first time. Neoascochyta graminicola is widespread in Europe in association with Poaceae plants. There are only two findings of Remotididymella capsici in the world, both from leaves of Capsicum annuum. First finding was made in the former USSR in 1977 and was identified based on only morphological features. Second findings was collected in the Fiji and verified with multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis isolates were revealed in the USA, Canada, Netherlands and Russia and this fungus was believed to be specific for Asteraceae plants. Isolates of Stagonosporopsis stuijvenbergii are known only from soil in the Netherlands. Thus, such species as Neoascochyta graminicola and Stagonosporopsis stuijvenbergii were revealed in the Russia for the first time. Studied Remotididymella capsici isolates were first confirmed findings of this fungus in Russia. Additionally to detailed phylogenetic data, the manuscript is supplement with a detailed description of the cultural and micromorphological features of all species.

Legal analysis of the definition of “consumer” in the context of Chinese law

Ensuring the consumer’s interest is one of the basic tenets of the market economy and legal regulation of consumer relations, and therefore, it is necessary to properly consolidate the conceptual framework in consumer law, including in China. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to define the essence of the concept of “consumer” in general and as an element of consumer protection, to analyse it under Chinese law, and to formulate discursive provisions and applied conclusions aimed at improving Chinese and Ukrainian consumer law. The main results of the study were the identification of the existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “consumer” and the characterization of the theoretical and applied foundations of the existing legal framework for the definition of “consumer”. It was substantiated that the current Chinese legislation enshrines a narrow concept of “consumer”, defining it as an individual who purchases or uses goods or receives services in order to meet his/her daily needs. It has been previously proved that a consumer should be considered a natural person who purchases a product or service for personal use or consumption, without the purpose of their further sale. The author analysed the socio-legal development of the concept of “consumer” in the People’s Republic of China in the context of individualization processes, and establishes that there are different types of consumers depending on their legal status and consumer needs. The author described examples from the national case law concerning the legal construction and interpretation of the definition of “consumer”. It is substantiated that regular updating of legislation on consumers and their status will stimulate more effective protection of consumer rights and increase the degree of responsibility in consumer legal relations. It was concluded that the formation of the consumer protection institute in Chinese legislation should be consistent with the level of development of market relations, and should take into account practical experience and international standards in the relevant area

Kedudukan Hukum Justice Collaborator dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

Justice collaborators play an important role in law enforcement. The role or function of a justice collaborator includes disclosing a criminal act or the impending occurrence of a criminal act, so that the return of assets resulting from criminal acts can be achieved to the state, providing information to law enforcement officials, providing testimony in the judicial process. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal position of justice collaborators in the criminal justice legal system in Indonesia. This research uses a type of normative juridical research by analyzing primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the research are that the legal position of justice collaborator has a very important role in uncovering a well-organized criminal act, or a particular criminal case, so that the suspect or defendant's request to become a justice collaborator must be granted. considered based on the evidence at trial in this case. It is within the judge's authority to grant the justice collaborator's request, because this will affect the sentence. In conclusion, justice collaborators are not regulated in the criminal procedural law book in Indonesia, but are regulated in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, as well as Joint Regulations for Law Enforcement Officials and Witness and Victim Protection Institutions concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Complainant, Reporting Witness and Perpetrator Witness Working Together.

Consolidation of the Fundamental Principles of the Institution of Protection of Labor in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan

Consolidation of the Fundamental Principles of the Institution of Protection of Labor in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan