Paris Institute Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Inclusive Writing in University Discourse: Case Studies from France and Italy

This article examines inclusive writing in the university discourse of France and Italy from a comparative perspective. The research aims to analyze the use of gender-specific and gender-neutral forms in higher education institutions in Paris (Sorbonne University and Paris Catholic Institute) and at the University of the Aosta Valley in Italy (a private university located in a region where French is the second official language). The study is based on a corpus of archival texts and documents, selected through continuous sampling from electronic versions on archive.org between 2020 and 2023. The authors draw conclusions about the specificity and frequency of inclusive writing in these institutions. The findings indicate that, in France, despite the country’s language policy efforts to ban inclusive spelling at the official level, public universities actively use it, in contrast to private institutions, where gender-specific forms are primarily found in job vacancy sections. The authors conclude that the choice of using gender-specific or gender-neutral forms is often left to the discretion of the individual or institution. The study also explores the most common methods of expressing gender specification, including the duplication of feminine and masculine forms, the use of feminine endings/suffixes in brackets or separated by a hyphen, and the marking of positions/professions with “(M/F)” after the masculine form. The potential implications of these practices are analyzed. In Italy, the study reveals a strong connection between French and Italian university cultures but finds no evidence of inclusive writing within the Italian university discourse. Despite the active development of gender equality programs at the state level, there remains an uneven tendency toward gender specification in Italy. The authors conclude that the methods of expressing gender specification play a significant role in shaping the university discourse in both France and Italy. They also note the complete absence of gender-neutral language or any moves beyond the gender binary in the universities studied.

Fr. Cyprian (Kern, 1899–1960), His Diaries and Memoirs

Abstract The article is devoted to Fr. Cyprian (Kern, 1899–1960), evaluating his Diaries and Memoirs, edited it 2021 by the author. One of the eminent theologians of the Russian Emigration, professor of Saint Sergius Theological Institute in Paris, Fr. Cyprian was born and brought up in Russia, took part in the Russian Civil war, and lived as a young Russian emigrant in Yugoslavia in 1920–1930. In 1928–1930 he was the Head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem. His Memoirs and Jerusalem Diaries are a very important and in fact unique source not only on the biography of Fr. Cyprian himself, but for the religious and cultural life of the Russian Emigration in the Balkans and in the Holy Land during the first half of the 20th century. They also shed light on characteristic patterns concerning the interaction between different communities in those regions.

Designing deaf spaces: education, hygiene, and citizenship in nineteenth-century France

ABSTRACT This article examines the changing architectural environments of deaf education in the nineteenth century, taking the national institutes in Paris and Bordeaux as its main focus. Founded in the late eighteenth century and initially housed in government-expropriated properties, both schools underwent comprehensive renovation and reconstruction projects in the nineteenth century to emerge as modern educational spaces. Although these projects remain overlooked in the history of modern architecture, they were closely tied to contemporary discourses on education, hygiene, and citizenship. The renovation of the Paris Institute for Deaf-Mutes during the 1820s–30s engaged pressing questions about hygiene and social progress in the postrevolutionary era of national reconstruction. The architectural transformation of the Bordeaux Institute for Deaf-Mute Girls from the 1860s not only reflected the changing pedagogical focus from sign language to oralism; it was also imbricated in broader debates about laïcité and educational standardisation as France transitioned from empire to republic. Far from being marginal, these institutions functioned as key sites for working through notions of citizenship and national identity. Their histories reveal how architectural and material frameworks could serve to impose ideology on the one hand, and provide important grounds for the formation of a minority community on the other.

MINING PENCILS, SCULPTING GRAPHITE: THE SIBERIAN EXPEDITION OF J.-P. ALIBERT (1844–1857) AND THE EVOLVING 19TH CENTURY EUROPEAN VISUAL AND MATERIAL CULTURE RELATED TO EARTH SCIENCES

ABSTRACT This article explores, through a case study of Jean–Pierre Alibert's (1820–1905) expedition in Siberia (1844–1857), the relationship established between Earth sciences, mining, and visual arts during the second half of the 19th century. Alibert was a French businessman who discovered an important deposit of graphite in Siberia. He then built a mine to exploit this material which was in high demand to produce pencils. When Alibert returned to Europe in 1857, he created an album of gouaches to commemorate his expedition, and he offered some sculptures composed of graphite and nephrite jade to important scientific institutions in Paris as trophies of the expedition. While a few written sources are available, I will directly question these visual and material sources to situate this case study within the context of its time, and of Earth sciences’ progress and technical achievements, to shed light on the phenomena that characterized the quest for a renewed scientific visual language related to Earth sciences.

“Joseph Maigrot (1900-1983): a track and field coach who pioneered a French style of coaching”

ABSTRACT This paper concerns the study of an eminent figure – Joseph Maigrot (1900–1983) – whose personality had a lasting impact on the development of athletics in France, influencing even the way coaching was conceived. After a fruitful experience in gymnastics and sports, Maigrot helped to build up and manage a team of track and field coaches at the National Sport Institute in Paris during the 1940s to 1960s, and in the French Athletics Federation In the framework of this study, we see how his personality, his personal and professional career, may have influenced his style, methods and the knowledges mobilised in the federal field. Maigrot is indeed responsible for the choice of technical processes of foreign origin and for the eclectic training methods – tinged with realism, pragmatism, humanism and empiricism.

Bulgakov’s sophiology and the neopatristic synthesis

AbstractIn 1922, many representatives of the Russian Intelligentsia, including many philosophers, were exiled from the young soviet state. Many left with the so-called Philosophy Steamer (Chamberlain in The philosophy steamer: Lenin and the exile of the intelligensia (2006) Atlantic Books). The exiled philosophers tried to go on with their previous professional lives in cities as Prague, Berlin and Paris. The St. Serge Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, founded by, among others, Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944), became the new center of Russian religious philosophy and theology in Europe. Soon, however, the community of immigrant Russian religious philosophers and theologians was divided by conflicting opinions, and fell apart in various brotherhoods and movements.An important conflict was the so-called Sophia controversy: the Brotherhood of St. Photius, which included Vladimir Lossky (1903–1958), as well as the famous spokesman of the Neopatristic Synthesis, Fr. Georges Florovsky (1893–1979), attacked the Brotherhood of St. Sophia, which included the above mentioned Bulgakov. His Sophiology, or study of Sophia, Divine Wisdom, was accused of heresy on the instigation of Florovsky and Lossky. From this Sophia controversy, the Neopatristic Synthesis emerged as the dominant school of Russian Orthodox Theology, whereas Sophiology fell practically into oblivion.This article will attempt to answer the question whether there is still room for a re-valuation of the sophiological stance in Orthodox theology through a survey of recent literature on the subject. The article will conclude the affirmative: namely, that the controversy is shown to be the result of a conflict between generations and the necessity to empower their Orthodox identity in emigration, rather than the result of intrinsic philosophical or theological differences.

Pathway to Independence - an interview with Clotilde Cadart.

Clotilde Cadart undertook her PhD thesis with Matthieu Piel at the Curie Institute in Paris, before moving on to a postdoc with Rebecca Heald at the University of California Berkeley. Her interests lie in understanding the links between cell ploidy, cell size, metabolism and developmental progress. Clotilde is one of Development's Pathway to Independence Programme Fellows, and we caught up with her over Zoom to find out why she left medical school to become a researcher, and what she hopes to achieve in her own lab.

Письма иеромонаха Афанасия (Нечаева) иеросхимонаху Ефрему (Хробостову) из Парижа на Валаам (1927-1929)

Letters from Hieromonk Athanasius (Nechaev) to his confessor and elder, Hieroschemamonk Ephraim (Khrobostov) are presented in the publication. They were written from Paris to Valaam in Finland, where at that time the Valaam Monastery was located. Hieromonk Athanasius - the future archimandrite and spiritual mentor of monasticism abroad, the superior of the Three Hierarchs metochion in Paris (1933-1943), dean of the parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate in France, the first spiritual mentor of the future Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh (Bloom). His addressee was the fraternal confessor at the Valaam Monastery, and before the revolution, the confessor of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich (the younger) and his family, Hieroschemamonk Ephraim (Khrobostov), - is the respected and authoritative member of the spiritual governing body of the monastery. In the Smolensk skete on Valaam, he daily served a liturgy in memory of the Russian soldiers who died at the front for the faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland. The letters were written during the period of study of Father Athanasius at the St. Sergius Theological Institute in Paris and during his service in the monastery-orphanage "Unexpected Joy" in Livry-Gargan near Paris. They deal with many problems of the church life of the Russian diaspora in France and the Russian emigration in general as a phenomenon. Father Athanasius described the causes of jurisdictional disputes in exile, problems at the Theological Institute, conflicts between hierarchs, and more. He was something of a correspondent who kept the Valaam monastery authorities up to date on events. Describing in detail the essence of the disagreements, at some point he apparently got tired of them and plunged headlong into pastoral work, warmly describing the life of the emigrant communities he served. During the cross-over of Metropolitan Evlogy to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Father Athanasius could not reconcile himself to the break with the Russian Church, and believed that it was better to return to Valaam. However, these plans were not destined to come true.

Laveran, the military doctor

Son of Louis-Theodore Laveran, holder of the Chair of Diseases and Epidemics in the Armies at the Val-de-Grâce and grandson of an artillery commander through his mother, Alphonse, born in Paris on June 18, 1845, follows in his father's footsteps by entering the Imperial School of Military Health in Strasbourg at the age of 18.After his thesis, he participated in 1870 in the war against Prussia. He was taken prisoner in Metz. He then prepared for the competitive examination to become a professor, which he passed in 1874. He was appointed to the Chair of the Val-de-Grâce, which his father had created. He then went to Algeria. It was at the military hospital in Constantine on November 6, 1880 that he indisputably discovered the haematozoa responsible for malaria in the blood of a soldier in the crew train.In 1884, he was appointed to the Chair of Military Hygiene and Legal Medicine at Val-de-Grâce. At the end of his professorship in 1894, after being refused a posting to Paris to continue his research and not being consulted for the preparation of the Madagascar expedition, which turned into a health disaster in 1895, he retired prematurely in 1897. Hosted by Émile Duclaux and Émile Roux at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, he continued his research mainly on protozoa as agents of human and animal diseases until his death. His work in medical protozoology earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907. During the Great War, with the benefit of his experience, he warned the Minister of War in January 1916 about the risk of malaria incurred by the army of the East in the delta of the Vardar River in Salonika. The spring would prove him right.An illustrious military doctor and scientist of international renown, Laveran died on May 18, 1922 in Paris.

EPIDEMIC (COMMUNICABLE) DISEASES ON LESBOS ISLAND (1890-1912)

Lesbos Island was one of the first places where quarantine was applied in the Ottoman Empire due to its location. Many diseases such as smallpox, measles, cholera, rabies, meningitis, typhoid, and plague were widespread on the island. The plague, which broke out in 1907 had great effects on the island.With the outbreak of the plague, precautions had to be taken in many places, especially in the island and Istanbul, to which it was connected. A bacteriologist was brought from Istanbul and Izmir for the diagnosis of the cases, and measures were taken accordingly. The plague, which spread in a short time, infected two confectioner’s apprentices who came into contact with the dead mice in the sacks; the number of contacts increased after one of the shopkeepers, Grocery Yorgi, threw the mouse away. The symptoms of the plague in the baker’s apprentice were understood from the inguinal swelling. The plague also spread to Anatolia from those who went from Lesbos to Dikili. The government attempted to treat plague with medication. Given the course and spread of the disease, serum was brought from the Pasteur Institute in Paris and used as a treatment. The plague, which first appeared on Lesbos Island in 1907, continued for three months; was prevented by quarantines and tight cordons. The public was not satisfied with the disease prevention and the assistance provided. In particular, the financing of health maintenance by local municipalities resulted in social unrest. In this study the diseases that occurred in Lesbos Island and how the plague, which occurred in 1907, affected the island and surrounding sanjaks were examined based on the documents. The studies of the Ottoman Empire especially on protection of public health and how they struggled with diseases were discussed.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) without boundaries: research and interventions beyond classifications.

On June 2022, the 2nd Webinar "Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) without boundaries took place at the Imagine Institute in Paris and was broadcasted live and in replay. The aim of this webinar is to address NDD in a dimensional rather than in a categorical approach. Several speakers were invited to present their researches on the subject. Classifications in NDD were discussed: irritability in NDD, involvement of the immune system in neurodevelopment, nutrition and gut microbiota modulate brain inflammation and neurodevelopment, co-occurring conditions in autistic adolescents and adults without intellectual disability. Classifications in psychiatric disorders were asked: mapping the effect of genes on cognition and autism risk, epigenetics and symptomatic trajectory in neurodevelopmental disorders, the autism-schizophrenia continuum in two examples: minor neurological signs and EEG microstates, the cerebellum in schizophrenia and autism: from imaging to intervention perspectives. Both genetic and environmental factors, along with clinical and imaging features, argue toward a continnum between NDD but also with adult psychiatric presentations. This new paradigm could modify the therapeutic strategy, with the development of large-spectrum treatments or new psychotherapies addressing co-occuring symptoms. The complexity and the heterogeneity of NDD apply well to the next scientific and political challenges: developing international convergence to push back the frontiers of our knowledge. This article is a summary of the 2nd webinar "Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) without boundaries: research and interventions beyond classifications" sponsored by the French National Academy of Medicine, the autism and neurodevelopmental disorders scientific interest group (GIS), the International Research Network Dev-O-Psy and the French Institute of Psychiatry (GDR3557). Oral presentations are available as a replay on the following website (in French): https://autisme-neurodev.org/evenements/2022/04/12/tnd-sans-frontieres-la-recherche-et-les-interventions-au-dela-des-classifications/ .

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

Science knows no country: fulfilling Louis Pasteur's legacy

2022 marks the bicentenary of Louis Pasteur's birth. Pasteur's discoveries helped lay the foundation of modern public health, microbiology, and medicine. His legacy echoes in the many streets, schools, and hospitals that bear his name, and in the widespread use of pasteurised food worldwide. After his pioneering work on veterinary vaccines, Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine for humans in 1885, the success of which led to the foundation of a dedicated institute in Paris, France.1 The Institut Pasteur was registered in 1887 as a private foundation of public utility, and its statutes state that the institute's dual purposes were “the treatment of rabies according to the method developed by M.

AML-078 Pain and Anxiety Associated With Bone Marrow Aspiration in Hematologic Patients

Bone marrow aspiration is an essential procedure used to diagnose hematologic malignancies, monitor treatment, and evaluate the response. It is painful and feared by patients but has to be done frequently during the course of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of pain and anxiety in patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration in order to make it easier and more tolerable. We observed 54 patients admitted for bone marrow aspiration in the outpatient hospital unit of the Department of Hematology in Gustave Roussy Institute in Paris during the month of February 2022. The patients were adults already diagnosed with hematologic malignancies who were undergoing treatment or under surveillance. Each patient filled out a questionnaire before and after the procedure, and another was filled out by the doctor performing the procedure. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate anxiety in patients during this period of their lives. Pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker FACES® pain scale with numbers ranging from zero to 10 and was compared to the patient's expectations. On the other hand, the doctor noted the analgesics used and graded the anxiety and the pain he observed in the patient on a scale of one to 10. The average HADS score was 7.85/21, suggesting a basal anxious state in patients, and anxiety assessed by doctors was 4.7/10. Pain during the procedure averaged 3.25/10 and exceeded expectations in only 2 patients. We can see that anxiety is the main problem in patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration, whereas objective pain is well controlled by analgesics. These results encourage the use of anxiolytics before the procedure to make it more comfortable for patients and doctors.

Prevalence and prospective evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions after SARS due to SARS-CoV-2 virus. The COgnitiVID study

ObjectiveCOVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 virus is a new cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Little is known about the short-term cognitive prognosis for these patients. We prospectively evaluated basic cognitive functions shortly after care in the intensive care unit (ICU) and three months later in post-ICU COVID-19 patients. Material and methodsWe performed a prospective single-center study in our institution in Paris. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 SARS were prospectively recruited via our ICU. Patients were evaluated using standardized cognitive tests at baseline and at three months’ follow-up. Our primary endpoint was the evolution of the following five global tests: MMSE, FAB, oral naming test, Dubois five words test and MADRS. ResultsWe explored 13 patients at baseline and follow-up. All patients had cognitive impairment at baseline but they all improved at three months, significantly on two of the five global tests after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing: MMSE (median 18 (IQR [15–22]) and 27 (IQR [27–29]) respectively, P=0.002) and FAB test (median 14 (IQR [14–17]) and 17 (IQR [17,18]) respectively, P=0.002). ConclusionsWe report here the first longitudinal data on short-term cognitive impairment after intensive care in COVID-19 patients. We found acute and short-term cognitive impairment but significant improvement at three months. This pattern does not seem to differ from other causes of post-intensive care syndrome.

Рецензия на издание: Таинство будущего: исследования o происхождении библейской типологии / пер. с фр. В. Н. Генке под общ. и науч. ред. А. Г. Дунаева. М.: Издательство Московской Патриархии Русской Православной Церкви, 2013. 448 с. ISBN 978-5-88017-428-7

Cardinal Jean Danielou (1905-1974), a world-renowned Catholic theologian and professor at the Faculty of Theology at the Catholic Institute in Paris, The Mystery of the Future1 deals with the emergence and development of a typological interpretation of the so-called Six Books of the Bible (from Genesis to Joshua). It consists of five studies, each tracing the history of a single exegetical theme from its biblical prehistory in the Old and New Testaments and in Judaism, both Palestinian and Alexandrian, and then in the writings of the Church Fathers to about 400 BC. The task the author had set himself with regard to these several topics was to establish the links between the typological exegesis of the New Testament, on the one hand, and the exegesis of the great teachers of the fourth century, on the other, in order to find out whether there was a continuity and what it consisted in. J. Danielou has made a significant contribution to the study of ancient Christian exegetics. Although this book was written more than half a century ago, it remains an unrivalled and much sought-after study in terms of its intention and composition and its breadth of outlook.  

SCIENCES PO – УСПЕШНАЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНАЯ РЕФЛЕКСИЯ ЛИДЕРСТВА НА РЫНКЕ ПОЛИТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (К 150-ЛЕТИЮ СОЗДАНИЯ)

The article presents a historical overview of the formation and 150-year development of the international research university Paris Institute of Political Science (Sciences Po). The criteria for periodization are identified and the stages of development of the educational and research activities of Sciences Po are analyzed in the context of historical events in the French Republic. The strategic directions of the development of an educational institution in the 21st century are characterized. The transformation of the architecture of the original innovative educational model is described. Recommendations are given for the improvement of master's training in the direction of «Political Science» in the Russian Federation.

В. Н. Ильин: из неопубликованных лекций по истории средневековой философии

Philosopher, theologian and literary critic Vladimir Nikolaevich Ilyin (1890–1974) taught in 1925–1940 the history of medieval philosophy at St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris. Later, based on lectures, he prepared for publication the book «The History of Medieval Philosophy in Connection with General History of Culture, Science and Theology», which remained unpublished, but was preserved in the archival fund of V.N. Ilyin (Archive of Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad. F. 31). This publication contains one of the lectures by V.N. Ilyin entitled «Problems, origins and ways of medieval philosophy». It gives an idea of the general approach of V.N. Ilyin to medieval philosophy, about his main concept. According to Ilyin, medieval thought of Western Europe was determined by the antinomy between dogma and dialectics. Ilyin divided the history of medieval philosophy into two periods: until the XIII century, the era of the struggle of ideas and active development, and after the XIII century, when scholasticism won, and then fell into decay. V.N. Ilyin considers that two thinkers Thomas Aquinas (around 1225–1274) and Bonaventure (around 1217–1274), their ideological confrontation, are of great importance for understanding the philosophy of the XIII century. Thomas Aquinas won and determined the further development of Western philosophy, but Bonaventure’s ideas about the union of theology and philosophy did not disappear and develop in new philosophical teachings (Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, Henri Bergson, Gabriel Marcel and others). In Ilyin’s opinion, in order to overcome scholasticism and rationalism, which prevailed in Western philosophy, it will necessary to return to the fathers of Church, to Plato and Aristotle. V.N. Ilyin proposed his program, based on the main thesis «Return to the Fathers of the Church as a source of true philosophy», expressed solidarity with V. Gioberty and I.V. Kireevsky.

The Contexts behind the Creation of Anton Kartashev’s Book about Holy Rus’

Based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes complex contexts of writing a narrative about Holy Rus’ by a well-known émigré historian. The political and ideological contexts were determined by changes in the composition and sentiments of Russian refugees after the Second World War. On the one hand, the spread of “Soviet patriotism” among some emigrants of the first wave as a result of their acknowledgement of the decisive victory of the Red Army encouraged the historian to remind them about the anti-Bolshevik origins of the post-revolutionary emigration. On the other hand, his book represented a religiously grounded ideal which could serve as the basis for cultural and historical identity of the anti-Soviet “displaced persons”. The religious context was primarily determined by the failure to unite the Orthodox jurisdictions of Russian emigrants after the World War II, which required the historian to dissociate himself from the reactionary program of protagonists of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. The situation was further complicated by the disagreement between older and younger generations of the representatives of the “School of Parisian theology”, which characterized the academic context. As a result, Kartashev had to disassociate himself with those of his disciples who did not follow his interpretation of the Chalcedonian dogma. Last but not least, the organizational and financial contexts, which also depended on the ideological and political contexts, meant that he could not seek financial support from the American curator of Saint Sergius theological institute in Paris, but applied for it to Novitsky brothers who organized fundraising activity among Russian Orthodox emigrants in the United States to ensure publication of the book.

Traditionalism and innovation in the formation of the educational program of the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris

Traditionalism and innovation in the formation of the educational program of the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris