Institutions In England Research Articles

Stillness and Temporality in the Work of Louis MacNeice

This essay brings into focus letters and poems by Louis MacNeice (1907-1963) that engage with the museum as a place of silence, stillness, and refuge. From memories of the British Museum formed in his youth to encounters with art institutions in Britain and the USA, it looks afresh at four poems reflecting on the intense immobility of the museum experience: “Museums” (1933), “The British Museum Reading Room” (1939), “Picture Galleries” (1940), and “The National Gallery” (1945). These poems are read here in literary critical terms in relation to the history and theory of ekphrasis, and museology. The aim in so doing is to pursue these references as a poetics of stillness and refuge in the face of upheaval, both personal and societal. The essay shows how MacNeice offered both a critique of the immobility such retreat engendered, and an appreciation of its space of refuge, indicating that the museum was for him a layered or deeply resonant trope. Themes to emerge include voices of silence in the museal space, idleness and temporality in the ekphrastic encounter, enargeia and, ultimately, inspiration and Pentecost. In his words from “Autumn Sequel, Canto VIII”, MacNeice put the issue succinctly: “So to the galleries: to escape mankind / By rediscovering it” (MacNeice 2007, 409, l. 77).

A Collective Biography: Women Pioneers of Physical Education at Anstey Physical Training College, United Kingdom

The aim of the historical analyses of the contributions of three women principals of a teacher training institution in England was to increase understanding of women as agents of change. Located in different historical, social, political, and economic eras the three women were pioneers and leaders responsible for shaping the profession of teaching physical education in different ways. Themes that emerged from document analyses, using figurational or process theory, resulted in the framework of professionalization, academicization and internationalization that is used to structure the paper. Ways in which the three women principals, Rhoda Anstey, Marion Squire, and Muriel Webster, contributed in each of the three processes of change within the profession are highlighted. All the women were principals of Anstey College of Physical Training, Birmingham, England, which opened in 1897 and was closed in 1984. The analyses illustrates long-term processes of change influenced by many aspects such as: the bifurcation of training for careers in medicine and education; increasing specialization; increasingly sophisticated systems of accreditation; political intervention to control and centralize education and its training institutions; and the drive for economic efficiencies as small institutions experienced forced mergers with larger institutions where power differentials were such that closure was inevitable.

Peer Emotional Support, Perceived Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health Morbidities Among Student-Veterans at a Public University

In the current U.S. military operational environment, it has been estimated that up to 700,000 troop years (cumulative years of service including multiple tours of duty) have been logged over the past decade since offensive campaigns began, following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (Smith, Benight, & Cieslak, 2013). With this influx of eligible beneficiaries, the utilization of Veterans Administration (VA) education benefits more than doubled between 2001 and 2012 (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2013). This study examined the relationship between peer emotional support and perceived self-efficacy and their implications for, or relationship to, mental health morbidities in a postsecondary educational setting. The study included 39 matriculated student-veterans at an accredited postsecondary institution in New England. Participants answered 32 questions related to three constructs: perceived self-efficacy, peer emotional support, and mental health morbidity. It was found that a moderate, but significant, positive correlation exists between perceived self-efficacy and peer emotional support in student-veterans. A moderate but significant negative correlation was uncovered between perceived self-efficacy and mental health morbidity. In addition, this study found that first-year students report significantly lower peer emotional support than seniors and graduate students. It was also found that those veterans with only one deployment reported significantly greater self-efficacy than those who had deployed twice. This study serves as a conduit into future research on the multifaceted issues facing student-veterans.

Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody.

While the prevalence of language and communication difficulties among young people in custody is well established, holistic understanding of the complexity and co-occurrence of additional vulnerabilities among this population are rare. Ninety-three young people in a young offenders institution in England were assessed using the Comprehensive Health Assessment Tool, the Test of Word Knowledge, and a range of additional assessments of communication, cognition, and neurodevelopmental difficulties. Forty-seven percent of the young people demonstrated an aspect of language skills significantly below the population average, with more than one in four identified as having impairment. Only one in four of those with an impairment had previously accessed speech and language services. Language needs were associated with difficulties with social communication and nonverbal cognition, as well as higher risk of self-harm and substance misuse. Earlier identification of language difficulties requires routine assessment of young people at risk of engagement in offending behavior. Where language difficulties are identified, holistic assessments of needs should be undertaken. There is a need for speech and language therapy provision within youth justice services, as well as in other services accessed by young people at risk of engagement in offending.

The histologic evolution of revealed, acute abruptions

There is considerable interest in using pathology to confirm acute abruptions. It has been suggested that pathologic findings can help to determine the timing of abruptions. Because of the dearth of evidence in the literature supporting this claim and its medicolegal implications, we undertook this study to explore further the possibility of timing abruptions by histopathology. We sought to correlate bleeding interval (duration from maternal presentation with vaginal bleeding [revealed abruption] to placental delivery) with placental histopathologic findings. We performed a retrospective review of clinical data and placental pathology from all cases of clinically diagnosed, acute, revealed abruptions at a single, large institution in New England between 2000 and 2015. Cases were identified based on clinical diagnoses, bleeding intervals were calculated from clinical notes, and histologic evaluations were performed by 2 pathologists blinded to the bleeding intervals. A total of 177 cases were analyzed. Of these, 103 (58%) had histologic findings corroborating the clinical diagnosis of abruption. The most frequent finding was maternal surface indentation (51 cases) followed by intravillous hemorrhage (50 cases). The former was also the earliest finding, with a minimum bleeding interval of 4 minutes. In multivariate modeling, plasma cell deciduitis was significantly associated with a longer bleeding interval (median 63 hours). If there were 2 pathologic findings, there was a trend toward a longer bleeding interval. There was modest sensitivity for the pathologic diagnosis of acute revealed abruption. Although there was not a clear, stepwise progression of histologic lesions; the presence of 2 or more findings tended to be seen with longer bleeding intervals. Our results suggest that histologic findings cannot be used to time acute revealed abruptions reliably, and any interpretation of such should be made with caution.

The impact of the social environment on the student teacher’s agency

This paper explores the agency of student teachers during the Post/Professional Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) year at a Higher Education Institution in England. It presents part of the findings of a year-long investigation into the reflective practice of student teachers during the PGCE year. The multi-method study includes surveying student teachers (n = 101) and longitudinal interviews with student teachers (n = 6). One of the aims of the study was to investigate the impact of the social environment on the student teacher. The research analysis found that the complex environment the student teachers exist in can be both supportive and constraining.

Nathaniel Bowditch and the Power of Numbers: How a Nineteenth-Century Man of Business, Science, and the Sea Changed American Life

Tamara Plakins Thornton examines the life and influence of the early nineteenth-century financial innovator Nathaniel Bowditch, who guided the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company (MHL) “to become the largest financial institution in New England” (p. 161). Bowditch did so, Thornton argues, by modeling his financial practices on the scientific theories of Pierre-Simon LaPlace, and by instituting uniform systems to organize office practices and the handling of information. This very readable biography argues that under Bowditch's leadership, Boston's financial institutions were characterized by impersonal bureaucratic methods that not only served “the interests of a self-consciously interconnected community” but also helped transform nineteenth-century American financial practices (p. 162). Bowditch was best known to contemporaries as the author of the New American Practical Navigator (1802) a guidebook for seafarers navigating ocean trade routes. Early chapters focus on his youth in Salem, his multiple trading voyages to Europe and Asia, and his early training in the insurance business. Here, Thornton delineates the influence of LaPlacean theories, which detailed the impersonal working of the solar system, on the development of Bowditch's world view, which Bowditch put to work in developing systematic and reliable financial practices.

The potential overlapping populations for treatment with belimumab and rituximab using current NHS England and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines in England and Wales.

The potential overlapping populations for treatment with belimumab and rituximab using current NHS England and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines in England and Wales.

Awareness, knowledge, and interest in interventional radiology among final year medical students in England

To investigate awareness, knowledge, and interests in interventional radiology (IR) among final year students. Three hundred and fifty-nine anonymous questionnaires were distributed to final year medical students at two medical institutions in England. A total of 220 students (61%) responded. In the present study, 167 students (75.9%) correctly identified that interventional radiologists perform angioplasty and stenting of arteries. One hundred and twenty students (54.5%) thought cardiac procedures are done by IR. Sixty-nine students (31.4%) knew IR procedures included treatment of tumours. Some of them were aware of other minor IR procedures such as insertion of drainage tubes (57.7%) and central lines (69.1%). The majority of students felt that their knowledge of IR compared to other specialities was poor (55.5%). Most students (81.4%) had not received any formal teaching on IR during medical school. Lack of interest and knowledge were commonly cited as deterrents by students who were against (47.7%) or unsure (37.3%) about pursuing a career in radiology. Nonetheless, 70% of students expressed that they wanted more exposure during medical school. Students express a lack of knowledge and insufficient exposure to IR on the undergraduate curriculum. This has a direct impact on the specialty's chances of being considered as a career path. Implementing teaching in the undergraduate curriculum and increasing early student exposure to IR will encourage the speciality's growth.

Neo-institutionalism is not yet a scientific success: a reply to Barry Weingast

ABSTRACTBarry Weingast agrees that the idea of liberalism was crucial for the making of the modern world, though in most of his comment he turns to his own writings making institutional change the crux. Yet institutions in Britain did not in fact change much, the changes had little economic oomph, and underlying property rights were good in numerous economies worldwide since ancient times. An ideational economic history works better: liberty caused our riches.

Effect on students from attending a university degree programme run in partnership with further and higher education institutions

This paper considers the effect on students from attending a university foundation degree programme delivered in partnership with six further education teaching institutions in England. The programme is situated within the early childhood education sector using an instructional design which promotes higher-level learning within the teaching institution and the workplace. Learning in one environment is aligned to the other. The research process actively involved students and was conducted within ethical parameters approved by a university ethics committee. A qualitative methodology examined data drawn from focus groups, an online survey and content analysis. Programme effect was seen as enhancing personal and professional capability and promoting higher-order learning. The findings go some way towards theorisation and documentation of programme effect by identifying the influence of instructional design and extend knowledge about aligning the pace of teaching and learning with professional practice.

Developing cooperative learning in initial teacher education: indicators for implementation

This paper examines the impact of supporting pre-service teachers to use cooperative learning in one initial teacher education institution in England. In a context where the government requires all teacher education to be ‘school-led’ and where school partners do not commonly use cooperative learning (Baines, Rubie-Davies, and Blatchford 2009), this presents challenges. Ensuring that government priority areas are fully addressed also squeezes the time available for pre-service teachers to develop the necessary depth of understanding of cooperative learning. Yet driven by a research-led programme that supports students to examine effective learning and teaching approaches, one university has endeavoured over the last five years to help all its student-teachers understand and adopt cooperative learning. In order to capture the impact, questionnaires and interviews with student-teachers have been utilised each year; results are summarised here together with research carried out by one of the students on the views of her cohort. Two short vignettes of former students in their early years of teaching signal the importance of formative experiences on teachers’ positive self-efficacy, and particularly the lasting impact of observing effective practice early in the journey to become a teacher.

The Exilic Classroom: Spaces of Subversion

This paper explores the possibility of the classroom as an exilic space of subversion in which we can pursue anarchist notions of personal transformation, relationships and society. Classroom environments in higher education institutions in Britain, particularly following the introduction of the Teaching Excellence Framework in September 2016, are premised upon relationships shaped by specific external standards: Employability, the instrumental pursuit of degrees, provider/consumer exchange, among others. Any notions of personal transformation are economic, and the broader goal is the pursuit of economic gain for individual, company and country. In an act of subversion of these external standards, I propose theorising the classroom as an exilic space: a temporally and spatially bracketed space in which participants and their relationships are not beholden to these various external referents. Instead, I put forward the exilic classroom as an anarchic space in which the interactions of the participants are not pre-defined but are formed in the process of the interactions themselves. In theorising the exilic classroom I draw on the work of Obika Gray, and push his notion of exilic space further by integrating the works of Michel de Certeau, Jamie Heckert and Gustav Landauer to help propose a classroom defined as a positive subversive everyday space that is not bound by its opposition to wider structures. The creation of such an exilic classroom assists the participants in stepping out of their expected roles as ‘provider’ and ‘consumer’, or ‘teacher’ and ‘student’, and allows the creation of a space of possibilities for our relationships

On-site Cytology for Development of Patient-Derived Three-dimensional Organoid Cultures - A Pilot Study.

Development of patient-derived three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures is an emerging technique in the field of precision oncology. We aimed to integrate on-site adequacy evaluation using cytology into the tumor organoid development workflow to ensure precise characterization and growth of these cultures. Cancer patients were consented to a Precision Medicine trial. Fresh tissue was procured for genomic analyses as well as organoid development. Fresh tissue destined for organoid development was evaluated by preparing on-site cytology smears to ensure that only lesional tissue would be submitted for further cell culture work. Cytology preparations were made from 64 different tumor samples and evaluated prior to tissue submission for organoid development. In 53 (82.2%) of those tumor samples, the cytology preparation was diagnostic, thus providing adequate material for organoid development. Characterizing the tissue prior to submission for organoid development ensures submission of lesional tissue only. Furthermore, it is a cost-effective method that can help document patient diagnosis. This can be of importance in biopsies, since the tissue submitted for organoid development cannot be retrieved for clinical diagnosis afterwards. Our findings in this pilot study led to the implementation of on-site cytological evaluation in the tumor organoid development workflow at the Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NY, USA.

Suicide patterns in children and adolescents: a review from a pediatric institution in England.

Suicide is a catastrophic event to both families and communities yet it is potentially preventable. This study aims to determine incidence and patterns of suicide in children and young adolescents in our region, raise awareness of this entity as a potentially preventable cause of death in this age group, and identify its possible associated risk factors. We retrospectively reviewed suicide cases presenting as sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents that underwent coronial post-mortems at our institution. This is the largest pathological review of completed suicide in children and young adolescents within a single institution in the United Kingdom. We identified 23 suicide cases during a 12year period from 2003 to 2015, in which 18 cases (78%) were male and 5 cases (22%) were female. The age range was from 8 to 16years (mean age 12.82 +/- 2.52 SD). With the exception of one case, all of the victims were Caucasian. The majority, 19 cases (81%), were found dead inside their place of residence, 15 of whom were discovered in their own bedrooms. Twenty-one cases (91%) died from neck compression due to hanging; 6 cases (26%) had used the cord of a dressing gown and 5 (22%) opted to use a belt as the ligature. Two cases (9%) that died from multiple-drug toxicity were female. In 7 cases (30.5%) there was evidence of self-harm and in 3 cases (13%) there was a history of previous suicide attempts. Petechial hemorrhages were found at autopsy in more than half of hanging victims and only three cases (14%) displayed dual distribution of post-mortem hypostasis (back and legs). Seven victims (30.5%) left some form of suicide message to family members and friends, 2 of which wrote the message on their arm. Parental separation, conflict with parents, and depression, were common amongst decedents prior to committing suicide. Substance abuse was uncommon in suicide within our cases. Valuable information is available from thorough review of suicide data in children and young adolescents from a single institution. Pathologists and clinicians can play crucial roles in identifying potential risk factors that may contribute to prevent future deaths.

Shakespeare, Revenge Tragedy and Early Modern Law: Vindictive Justice by Derek Dunne, and: Unsettled Toleration: Religious Difference on the Shakespearean Stage by Brian Walsh, and: Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention, and History, 1647–72 by Rachel Willie

Reviewed by: Shakespeare, Revenge Tragedy and Early Modern Law: Vindictive Justice by Derek Dunne, and: Unsettled Toleration: Religious Difference on the Shakespearean Stage by Brian Walsh, and: Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention, and History, 1647–72 by Rachel Willie Andrew Bretz Shakespeare, Revenge Tragedy and Early Modern Law: Vindictive Justice. By Derek Dunne. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Pp. ix + 229. $90 (hardcover). Unsettled Toleration: Religious Difference on the Shakespearean Stage. By Brian Walsh. Oxford UP, 2016. Pp. 221. $99 (hardcover). Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention, and History, 1647–72. By Rachel Willie. Manchester: Manchester University Press., 2015. Pp. ix + 242. $90 (hardcover). Correction: Oxford University Press was mistakenly listed as the publisher of Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention, and History, 1647–72 by Rachel Willie. Manchester University Press is the publisher. The online version of this article has been updated. The three books discussed in this review investigate early modern drama in relation to three discourses that have been at the heart of the critical tradition at least since the rise of New Historicism—the law, religion, and the representation of political change—yet, despite the fact that these may seem to be well-ploughed fields, these books prove that there is still exciting new and fertile ground for analysis to be found. The revenge tragedy and examples of revenge tragedy probably have more ink spilled about them than almost any other early modern theatrical genre. Derek Dunne’s Shakespeare, Revenge Tragedy and Early Modern Law: Vindictive Justice, however, provides a unique and clearly thought out, exceptionally well-researched addition to the field. Dunne explicitly builds on the insights of both literary and legal scholars such as Margreta de Grazia, Barbara Shapiro, Lorna Hutson, and C. W. Brooks to develop an argument that often takes to task traditional readings of canonical texts, such as Hamlet. The book argues that the explosion of the revenge genre in the late 1500s and early 1600s can be tracked against the crises in the legal institutions of England over the course of the same period as centralization and professionalization of the judiciary stood at odds with the much-lauded and more participatory jury system. The literary genre both critiqued changes to the law, and reflected the changes in society that led to the changes in the law as the structure of the revenge tragedy suggests the participatory structures of the legal system were under pressure by increasing centralization of authority in the hands of magistrates. The first, relatively short, chapter provides an account of the participatory nature of the legal system up until the last decades of the 1500s. [End Page 167] Here, Dunne suggests how literary and legal historians have tended to represent the relationship of the revenge tragedy to the legal system in simplistic terms, given the sophistication of early modern legal theorists regarding the place of revenge within the law. Drawing on the work of Bradin Cormack, Dunne argues that the period in which the revenge tragedy flourished was a transitional moment in the development of a rationalized legal system, founded on principles of equity and the power of the state or community to punish the bodies of offenders. The second chapter turns to The Spanish Tragedy, generally recognized as the first revenge tragedy. Here, Dunne shows how, although Hieronimo is usually represented as the archetypal lone avenger, in fact vengeance is a communal act taken on in the absence of, not as a result of, infernal divine justice. Revenge is not presented as a “satisfactory alternative to law, yet it is the law’s failure that makes revenge so necessary in the first place” (47). Chapter three investigates Titus Andronicus and the problem of the ambivalence of signifiers within a legal context. Whereas juries could often be led astray by ambivalent evidence, which further encouraged the centralization of the power of magistrates, Titus Andronicus develops the potential of the theater to make the audience mistrust their own senses. The senses of the characters are repeatedly shown to be untrustworthy, through blindness, muteness, or inability to touch, which problematizes the richly evidence-based vengeance of Hieronimo in Shakespeare’s exemplar for Titus. Chapter four examines Antonio’s Revenge and situates vengeance in...

International Banking and Transmission of the 1931 Financial Crisis

In May-July 1931, a series of financial panics shook Central Europe before spreading to the rest of the world. This paper explores how the 1931 Central European crisis propagated to the London and New York financial centers; it also examines the role of cross-border banking linkages in international crisis transmission. Using archival bank-level data, I document US and British banks' asset-side exposure to the crisis region. The Continental crisis disturbed few US banks but endangered several British financial institutions and triggered severe stress in the London money market. Central European credits were mostly held by large and diversified commercial banks in the United States and by small and geographically specialized financial institutions in Britain. Differences in the market structure of the trade finance industry explain why the 1931 Central European crisis infected London banks but not New York banks.

Reflections of the student teacher

This paper explores the concept of reflection and its changing role in the journey of the student teacher. It presents part of the findings of a year-long investigation into the reflective practice of student teachers during their training year. Specifically, it investigates the reflections of the student teachers’ lessons during the PGCE (Post/Professional Graduate Certificate of Education) year at a higher education institution (HEI) in England. The strengths and weaknesses of the student teachers’ lessons are analysed and how these reflections change as they reach Newly Qualified Teachers (NQT) status.

Jaqueline Tyrwhitt translates Patrick Geddes for post world war two planning

Beginning in Britain during the Second World War and continuing internationally through the 1970s Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (1905–83)—a British planner, editor and educator—played a key role not only in stimulating interest in Patrick Geddes’ planning ideas for post World War Two reconstruction, but also in formulating the Geddessian branch of the planning arm of the postwar modern movement. The range of Tyrwhitt’s contributions must be placed in the context of her efforts to reactivate transnational exchanges of planning ideas and practices that had been interrupted by the war. Tyrwhitt’s work at various educational institutions in Britain and North America, as a member of the inner circle of CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne), as a consultant to the United Nations, and in collaboration with Greek planner Constantinos Doxiadis (1913–75) in the Ekistics movement, positioned her to insert her synthesis of Geddessian bioregionalism and modernist social-aesthetic ideals firmly within the emergent global discourse on sustainable urbanism.

Abstract A20: Personalized models to guide precision medicine

Abstract Background: Precision oncology is a clinical approach aimed towards tailoring treatment strategies for patients based on the genetic profile of each patient's cancer. Available cell line models alone often do not accurately recapitulate the genetic profile of individual patient tumors and therefore limit preclinical evaluation of newly targeted agents. Furthermore, a high failure rate of drug candidates can be attributed in part to the use of monolayer cultures as the initial screening method that is associated with highly variable responses and does not predict clinically observed chemoresistance. In our Englander Institute for Precision Medicine we developed a program utilizing patient derived tumor organoids, in combination with individualized genomic sequencing, targeted and/or high throughput drug screenings to nominate drug candidates in a precision patient care setting. Drug candidates are further validated with personalized in vivo models. Utilizing these various genomic and biological platforms for pharmacological screenings, we can more closely recapitulate the in vivo tumor of individual patients and can more accurately model personalized therapeutic response and resistance in vitro and in vivo. Design: Fresh tissue samples were collected, washed and mechanically or enzymatically dissociated and then plated in a Matrigel (BD) scaffold with primary culture media. Primary spheres were characterized according to our cytology, histology and genomic platforms. Established and characterized tumor organoids were expanded, cryopreserved for banking, used for in vitro studies and implanted in nude mice for patient derived xenografts (PDXs) to further validate potential drug candidates. Results: Our success rate in generating patient derived pan-cancer tumor organoids is 30%, depending on specimen quality and tumor type (e.g. endometrial cancer 70%, metastatic prostate cancer 15%). Morphology and molecular profiles show good concordance among tumor organoids and native tumor tissues. The success rate in establishing PDXs from organoid cultures is currently at 70-80%. In vitro and in vivo drug screenings show tumor specific drug sensitivity. Conclusion: We have developed protocols for the generation and characterization of individual patient-derived tumor organoids. Cytopathology, histopathology and molecularpathology represent important platforms in our Precisicon Medicine Program. Tumor organoid characterization, pharmacological screenings and drug validation in PDX models are effective models which can be used to tailor standard of care treatment, study drug resistance, and nominate novel therapeutic targets unique to the individual genomic landscape and biology of each tumor. Citation Format: Chantal Pauli, Loredana Puca, Benjamin Hopkins, Brooke M. Emerling, Andrea Sboner, Olivier Elemento, Terra J. McNary, Yelena Churakova, Himisha Beltran, Mark A. Rubin. Personalized models to guide precision medicine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr A20.