Institutionalization Of Human Rights Research Articles

La incorporación de la Educación en Derechos Humanos en el sistema de educación pública, sector primaria, en el Uruguay

Esta presentación da cuenta de la investigación de tesis de Maestría, del Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídica y Sociales (UNLP) que propone una evaluación de la política pública educativa, a partir de la incorporación de la Educación en Derechos Humanos (EDH) en la Ley General de Educación, N° 18.437, de diciembre 2008. Comprende a la EDH como una disciplina compleja y busca identificar fortalezas y debilidades a partir de su instauración como eje transversal. Se describen las relaciones entre la ley, el currículo y las prácticas educativas - los tres elementos que hacen a la incorporación de los derechos humanos en la educación.

Інституціоналізація прав людини як основа правопорядку

У статті визначено інституціоналізацію прав людини як процес формалізації соціальних відносин із залученням міжнародних інституцій і громадських організацій, основною метою якого є створення таких юридичних інститутів і норм, які виступатимуть інструментом обмеження державної влади, гарантом безумовної реалізації та захисту прав, свобод та інтересів людини. Наголошено, що у своєму арсеналі державна влада має нормативні й інституційні засоби для врегулювання різних видів соціального конфлікту. Державна влада повинна втілювати такий концепт: не людина існує для держави, а держава існує для людини. Людське буття та вільна воля людини – це онтологічна цінність для влади в демократичній державі, а сутність людини у владі – центр побудови механізму державотворення.Інституційний механізм забезпечення прав і свобод громадян уособлює комплекс співзалежних елементів, які надають належні юридичні й фактичні можливості для повноцінного здійснення кожним своїх прав і свобод. Акцентуючи увагу на тому, що інституційний механізм забезпечення прав людини оберігає кожного індивіда від свавілля з боку інших суб’єктів, у тому числі й самої держави, автором виокремлено такі атрибутивні ознаки інституціоналізації прав людини:
 1) інституціоналізація прав людини – це елемент соціалізації індивіда, що виводить на рівень суспільної свідомості сприйняття прав людини як певних можливостей, необхідних для задоволення її потреб;
 2) інституціоналізація прав людини сприяє стабільному суспільному розвитку, виступає гарантом безумовної реалізації соціальних, економічних, політичних, культурних та інших прав, свобод, інтересів людини;
 3) інституціоналізація прав людини – це процес формалізації соціальних відносин, перехід від неформальних відносин і неорганізованої діяльності до формування організаційно структурованих інституцій реалізації та захисту прав людини;
 4) інституціоналізація прав людини – це інструмент обмеження влади держави, спосіб удосконалення законів у напрямі їхньої гуманізації;
 5) інституціоналізація прав людини – це можливість активної громадської участі в житті суспільства й держави.

The role and effectiveness of national human rights institutions: lessons from selected African countries†

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and determine the role that national human rights institutions have played in promoting and protecting human rights in selected African countries. The countries chosen for discussion include South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Ghana and Ethiopia. There are specific reasons for the choice of these countries. The paper highlights these reasons before discussing the various human rights institutions in detail and concluding with comparative lessons and recommendations on how the role and effectiveness of these institutions can be enhanced.

The Study of Human Rights from a Different Perspective

In the current era, human rights has become one of the most serious international issues and has become particularly important in the foreign policy and bilateral and multilateral interactions of countries; So that today no country can deny human rights norms. With the institutionalization of human rights in international politics, the relevant norms have become an integral part of politics between states and societies; and affect the quality and quantity of foreign relations. One of the issues facing the United Nations today; How to balance the sovereignty of states with human rights. In fact, part of the mystery of the relationship between human rights and sovereignty has to do with international law. While some provisions of the UN Charter explicitly support the sovereignty of states, the other part allows the Security Council to use military force wherever necessary to maintain and restore international peace and security. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on the other hand, states that in order to promote development, countries must have friendly relations with each other and respect the freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The trend of globalization and border permeability has affected countries' policies in an interactive and networked environment and has made countries in a cohesive environment sensitive to each other's policies (even human rights behaviors) with their citizens. .

National Human Rights Institutions (nhris) in asean

This paper analyses and compares the protection capacity of National Human Rights Institutions (nhris) in the Philippines and Thailand, as well as the impact of governmental action on their performances. Here, protection capacity means the extent to which the law authorizes the nhris to carry out protective functions in dealing with human rights violations. This comparison evidences that the Philippines’ nhri has greater protection capacity and much more stable mandates than the Thai nhri. Moreover, although the two nhris share the same core mandates to receive complaints of human rights violations, to investigate them, recommendation of remedial measures to the concerned parties, and referral to legal channels, the ways in which these mandates are carried out in the two countries differ. Also the legal and political means by which the governments of both countries have impacted the nhris’ performances, differ considerably.

‘An ombudsman for Mauritius?’ Decolonization and state human rights institutions in the 1960s

AbstractMauritius had a pivotal role in the evolution and spread of state human rights institutions in the 1960s. The island offered an influential model for how an ombudsman, a Scandinavian mechanism, could be transported to postcolonial, economically developing, and multi-racial countries. However, this was a compromised mechanism that fell short of local ambitions for an effective guarantee of individual rights, minority protections, and socioeconomic justice. This article argues that the Mauritian ombudsman embodied the uneven power-laden struggles of the postcolonial transition, where British colonial imperatives and jealousy over sovereign authority predominated. With the use of private papers, British archival records, and Mauritian legislative debates, the article examines the relationship between decolonization and the early precursors to national human rights institutions, later popularized in the 1990s. The findings are critical for recognizing the inherent limitations of these institutions and the forgotten possibilities imagined by some anti-colonial actors for remaking postcolonial society.

Overlapping international human rights institutions: Introducing the Women’s Rights Recommendations Digital Database (WR2D2)

With the proliferation of the international human rights regime, states confront a dense set of institutional commitments. Our knowledge of the influence of these commitments is limited for two reasons. First, scholars largely focus on the effect of treaty ratification on states’ human rights behavior, but states engage with these institutions after ratification via regional human rights court rulings and UN recommendations. Second, scholars often examine these institutions in isolation. The institutions do not operate in isolation, however, nor do states necessarily consider the requests they receive from these institutions independently. In this article, we introduce the Women’s Rights Recommendations Digital Database (WR2D2), which maps the various recommendations international women’s rights institutions make on European states. We begin by discussing the importance of recommendations from international institutions and their relationship with commitment and compliance. We then describe the data collection effort, including two dimensions on which recommendations made to European states vary – precision and action. Next, we report descriptive statistics from the dataset, including regional and temporal trends. We conclude with a discussion of the multifaceted research agenda that this new dataset can facilitate.

Types of somatic rights and their legal regulation

The article deals with topical issues of legal recognition of a new type of human rights – somatic rights as rights that appeared in connection with the rapid development of biomedical science. This has given rise to a number of difficulties since these rights are characterized by a purely personal nature and close relationship with the physiological nature of a person. The concept of bioethics is given as an emerging social institution, the meaning of which is to regulate conflicts arising in the field of new medical technologies, on the one hand, and directly with the individual and society on the other. The purpose of this article is to consider the main types of somatic rights, their characteristics and definition, as well as some normative legal acts on the regulation of this type of legal relations in Russia and abroad. Human rights are not a fixed category. Human rights standards have historically emerged, changed and developed in the process of development of society and statehood. Legal constructions characterizing a person as a subject of law with an inherent set of rights, duties, and freedoms were formed at each historical stage in the development of human rights and freedoms. The institute of human rights is in constant development, aimed at expanding the number of rights and freedoms, as well as improving existing ones. Currently, law enforcement agencies do not have the task of expanding existing rights and freedoms. An important point in the development of the last generation of the institute of human rights is to ensure and guarantee the protection of human and citizen. Human rights must be realized in accordance with modern ideas, the current level of development of society, the new challenges they face and the new requirements of democratic development. Theoretical approaches in the field of somatic rights classification, as well as international legal and national regulation of this problem, are investigated using the system, structural and functional methods.

Інститут прав людини в державах ісламської правової сім’ї

Інститут прав людини в державах ісламської правової сім’ї

Нормативно-правові форми стимуляції … бойової відваги: солдати та офіцери Червоної армії у Другій світовій війні. Частина 1. Орденські виплати та преміальні за знищену ворожу техніку

Нормативно-правові форми стимуляції … бойової відваги: солдати та офіцери Червоної армії у Другій світовій війні. Частина 1. Орденські виплати та преміальні за знищену ворожу техніку

From the local to the global: learning about the adverse human rights effects of climate policies

ABSTRACTTransnational advocacy networks (TANs) use local experiences and knowledge to teach climate negotiators about the adverse human rights effects of climate policies. Employing a variety of tactics, including information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics and accountability politics, they initiate instrumental and social learning processes among state representatives. Learning about rights impacts leads to a policy transfer between the human rights regime as the source institution and the climate regime as the target institution and institutional interaction through commitment. I concentrate on the activities of one particular TAN, the Human Rights and Climate Change Working Group, and how it has fostered the institutionalization of human rights into the Paris Agreement 2015. My research relies on a content analysis of primary and secondary documents, expert interviews and participatory observations at the Conferences of the Parties (COPs) in Warsaw (2013), Paris (2015) and Bonn (2017).

On the Establishment of a National Human Rights Institution in China

Contemporary human rights have universal values, and human rights issues are important factors in assessing the legitimacy of a government . The Paris Principles provide an international standard to establish a national human rights institution in each country. To comply with the development of international human right cause and overcome deficiency of decentralized domestic human rights institutions, it is necessary to establish a kind of national human rights institution which is in line with international standards as well as the situation of China. Based on a number of conditions that has been initially possessed for the establishment of a national human rights institution, China should make further preparations progressively for the institution’s establishment in order to implement the constitutional principles and fulfill its international obligations.

Russia v ECtHR - Resistance or Dialogue: A Comparative Analysis

This article pursues a comprehensive and critical analysis of Anchugov and Gladkov v Russia – a recent Russian Constitutional Court (RCC) decision in which Russia has declared a European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgment impossible to implement for the first time. I intend to move beyond the usual narratives of Russia showing disregard for international human rights institutions and focus, instead, on the RCC’s decision as a form of constitutional brake. Compared to similar legal devices deployed in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK), the RCC’s response seems less measured and thus less legitimate. Despite this it will be shown that the RCC was facing a unique constitutional conundrum in which such a radical response was understandable.

The civil legal category of property rights in Ukraine in the context of ECtHR decisions: problems of theory and practice

For the moment, ECtHR is one of the most respected and effective human rights institutions, so its decisions have the potential to create a platform to optimize and improve the application of legal rules and legal relations in case of gaps in national law. The study of the civil law category of property rights in the context of ECtHR jurisprudence is a significant step towards modernizing the consciousness of modern Ukrainian society and unifying the regulation of issues related to property. The authors used the method of analysis and the synthesis method as well as the comparative legal method in this research. In conclusion, the authors highlighted that since ECtHR decisions are binding in the administration of justice in Ukraine, there are many problems regarding the correlation between the concepts of "property", "ownership", "intellectual property", etc. The Ukrainian legislator and the law enforcer need to adapt to the flexibility of these concepts to minimize the divergence of views on legal categories that play a decisive role in the exercise of the applicant's right to judicial protection.

The Ability of Kenya’s, Zimbabwe and South Africa National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) to Promote Constitutionalism

National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) have a crucial role in promoting constitutionalism and human rights. The modern NHRIs can be traced from South Africa's transformative project, as part of bodies meant to support the societal transformation and ingrain constitutionalism. Their structure, objectives, and functions differ from the traditional human rights institutions since they have a constitutional entrenchment of their independence, enormous powers, the obligation of other state organs to assist them, the prohibition on their interference, and their obligation to report to the National Assembly. These designs and functions are meant to support their role as constitutional watchdogs. The Kenya and Zimbabwe Constitutions have transplanted NHRIs to support their transformative constitutional projects. This research assesses the ability of these institutions to promote constitutionalism. First, it addresses the structural and operational design of the NHRIs. Second, it conducts a functional analysis of these institutions. Third, it considers the practical challenges in promoting constitutionalism. Fourth, it discusses how the challenges are being overcome. The paper argues that NHRIs are remarkable in promoting constitutionalism. However, they must take a proactive approach such as being engaged in the budgeting process. Also, the NHRIs should walk the fine line between cooperating with other government institutions and maintaining independence. Overall, the paper concludes that the protection of NHRIs should go beyond legal text to practice through, for example, fixing their minimum funding in law.

The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Implementing Decisions of the Inter-American System: Three Recent Examples from Costa Rica

Abstract This practice note reflects on the potential role that national human rights institutions could play to promote implementation of judgments and decisions from supranational human rights bodies. In particular, it reflects on the experience the author had as head of one such institution in Costa Rica and the role she played promoting compliance by Costa Rica with cases decided by the Inter-American Court. She writes about the changing landscape of national human rights institutions in the Americas region and their potential in the future to impact implementation.

The Approach to Implementation of the Kilwa Decision: Communication 393/ 10–IHRDA and Others v. DRC (2016)

Abstract States are required to implement decisions adopted by human rights treaty bodies, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights being one of them. Although the responsibility to implement lies with the state, treaty mechanisms play an important role in ensuring compliance with their decisions. The African Commission does not have an institutionalized mechanism tasked with implementation. It does however use other means such as promotion visits and the consideration of state reports to follow up on implementation of its decisions. This practice note recalls the approaches that the Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA) and its partners have used and plan to use to follow up on implementation of the Kilwa decision. After a brief background on the case, this note assesses the content of the Kilwa decision, and outlines the road map for implementation. The note concludes with a look at the impact expected from the implementation of the Kilwa decision.

Monitoring, Cajoling and Promoting Dialogue: What Role for Supranational Human Rights Bodies in the Implementation of Individual Decisions?

AbstractThis article analyses the role of supranational human rights bodies in the implementation of their orders and recommendations in individual cases. It elicits the means, roles and impact of supranational mechanisms in triggering implementation processes by looking at the practice of UN treaty bodies and the three regional systems, through the in-depth study of specific cases and semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. The article argues that supranational bodies are doing more than monitoring implementation of orders and recommendations in individual cases despite the scarcity of resources. They use different tools, both persuasive and coercive. Dialogue is central to their work, a dialogue that at times is opened to other actors such as civil society organizations, national human rights institutions and others. However, supranational bodies could do more to enhance the role they have promoting implementation by states of their orders and recommendations.

Inštitucionálna ochrana ľudských práv Slovenskej republiky v komparácii s Českou republikou

The Czech and Slovak system regarding the establishment of human rights institutions is different, although the countries constituted a common state for more than 80 years. While the Slovak behaviour on creating institutions is very fruitful (Slovakia established more than 5 human rights institutions), the Czech Republic has remained with a single one since 1999. Different approaches regarding this issue represent a very interesting area for research and the article defines the main reasons on opposing institutional behaviour of two previously connected countries. In such regard, the article attempted to answer the main research question on why such trend of human rights institutionalism occurred in countries of former Czechoslovakia through the lens of historical institutionalism. The analysis of critical junctures defined the situations why powerful actors decided to establish new institutions with a path dependent process. One party governmental systems - in Czech republic (1998-2002) and Slovakia (1992-1994, 2012-2016) established the most of the human rights institutions, while the period of Mikuláš Dzurinda’s second government in Slovakia (1998-2002) is the only period of multi-party coalition, when a human rights institution was created. The reasons of establishing human rights institutions remain dubious and without further explanations, and therefore the former political will can arrange the human rights institutional arrangement with its own perspective and simple reasoning. The article used as main methodological tool the content analysis of relevant documents (explanatory memorandums) and original transcripts of speeches of the Czech and Slovak Members of the National Council.

Neue Menschenrechte vor regionalen Menschenrechtsinstitutionen

Judges are rarely front-runners when it comes to coining new human rights. Since vis-à-vis the state parties their legitimacy is based on the human rights instruments they are created to apply, regional human rights institutions will in general attempt to accommodate present needs and to include marginalised groups rather by an extensive reading of established rights than by subscribing to a new ‘human right to …’. However, as legitimacy is not confined to this dimension alone, under certain circumstances human rights institutions might be more inclined to innovation. In three comparative case studies this article analyses how regional human rights institutions mediate between evolution and revolution and offers some tentative conclusions.