Institutional Governance Structures Research Articles

Why do democracies respond differently to COVID-19? A comparison of the United States and South Korea.

COVID-19 has posed severe challenges to crisis management in democracies. Different democracies respond to the crisis differently. This article proposes an analytical framework to explain why democracies respond differently to the public health crisis and how different contextual factors affect crisis response in democracies. By comparing COVID-19 responses in the US and South Korea, this article conducts a comparative case study with a most similar system design. The two countries have been selected as cases because they are both developed democracies with a robust healthcare system. However, different contextual factors in the two countries have created different crisis responses by shaping different crisis leadership and political and social solidarity. This study collected data from different sources, including government documents, official websites, leaders' speeches, research reports, academic articles and news media. We tried to enhance the reliability of the data by comparing different data sources. We found that individual, institutional and cultural dimensions of contextual factors can influence different crisis responses of democratic countries by shaping crisis leadership and political and social solidarity. On the individual and institutional dimensions, leadership style and governance structure shape crisis leadership (sense making, decision making and coordinating, and meaning making), which in turn influences crisis management. On the cultural dimension, political and social solidarity measured by political polarization and social cooperation are shaped by cultural and social norms. Our findings indicate that democracies require strong crisis leadership and a high degree of political and social solidarity to tackle public health crises. A centralized and coordinated system, as well as a political elite leadership style shaped by rich crisis response experience, expertise and high sensitivity to crises are conducive to crisis management. Fostering a cultural and social norm that facilitates state-society collaboration can promote crisis management. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to effectively respond to future pandemics.

Functions, governance and coupling in the integrated system of interventions and social services in Italy: the intertwining of the State and a regional case

The paper proposes a reflection on social policies (which necessarily have an effect on the social work organisation), in particular on the construction and implementation of the integrated system of interventions and social services in Italy, promoted by the Framework law for the implementation of the integrated system of interventions and social services (Law no. 328 of 8 November 2000). The proposed reflection problematises this construction process in view of the fact that Constitutional Law 3/2001 reforming Title V of the Italian Constitution makes Law 328/2000 in force, but not binding on the Italian Regions. The paper aims to unravel the ill-defined and complex intertwining of the national and regional levels, choosing to analyse a regional case ‒ Sicily, a Region with a special statute in the south of Italy ‒ in order to analyse whether and how it refers to Law 328/2000. In this direction, it focuses on the inspiring principles of the regulatory framework of reference and on the governance structure that the regulatory framework and the planning acts outline through the division of tasks and functions among the public actors of the national, regional and local levels. Furthermore, the paper proposes to trace the relationship (coupling) between the institutional actors involved in the process of construction and implementation of the integrated system of interventions and social services, on the basis of four ideal-typical coupling dimensions proposed in the literature ‒ choosing to adapt them to the proposed analysis considering exclusive legislative power in the field of social policies as the dimension of institutional distinctiveness and governance structures (network decision-making process) as the dimension of responsiveness ‒ and to outline the possible effects of these dimensions on the homogenisation and fragmentation of social policies on the national territory.

Beyond the Unitary State: Multi-Level Governance, Politics, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Animal Welfare.

It is argued that extant cross-cultural research on animal welfare often overlooks or gives insufficient attention to new governance theory, civil society, politics, and the realities of devolved or (quasi-)federal, multi-level governance in the modern state. This paper synthesizes relevant social theory and draws on new empirical findings of civil society accounts of campaigning on animal welfare policies and law in the United Kingdom. It is presented as a corrective to arguably reductive, earlier unitary state-based analyses. Our core, evidence-based argument is that cognizance of civil society activism and the contrasting institutional governance structures and political cultures of constituent nations in unitary states-such as the UK-are providing opportunities for the territorialization of legally grounded animal welfare regimes, and culturally distinctive practices.

Relevancy and drivers of trade openness: a study of GIPSI countries

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to systematically scrutinize the influence of macroeconomic determinants on trade openness, through the lens of various trade theories, with a particular focus on the economies of the GIPSI countries – Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy.Design/methodology/approachThis study investigates the macroeconomic factors influencing trade openness in the GIPSI economies from 1995 to 2020. Methods include stepwise regression (SR) for model selection, Pedroni panel cointegration test and panel regression results. The analysis uses advanced panel regressions, including FMOLS, Panel OLS and FEM. The long-term dynamics were tested using Pedroni cointegration, while Granger causality testing was used to examine the causal direction between the trade openness ratio and trade determinant.FindingsThe results show both long-term and short-term relationships between trade openness and (1) foreign direct investment, (2) labor force participation rate, (3) trade reserves and (4) trade balance. The researchers also detected unidirectional and bidirectional causality relationships between trade openness and these four factors. The study also revealed that trade reserves (TR) emerge as the most influential determinant of trade openness, and per capita income does not exhibit economic significance concerning the trade openness of GIPSI economies.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is conducted within the context of the GIPSI nations (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy). As such, the outcomes may not be universally applicable to other economic systems due to the distinct institutional settings and governance structures across different economic groups. Future investigations may explore the relationship between trade openness and its determinants by incorporating different variables.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study investigating the theory that suggested trade drivers drive the trade openness of GIPSI countries context. By focusing on GIPSI countries, the study offers a unique perspective on the dynamics of trade openness in economies that have experienced financial crises and stringent austerity measures.

Health system governance assessment in protracted crisis settings: Northwest Syria

BackgroundSince the withdrawal of government forces from Northwest Syria due to the conflict, several national initiatives have aimed to create alternative governance approaches to replace the central governmental system. One of the recent initiatives was the formulation of so-called ‘Central Bodies’ as institutional governance structures responsible for thematic planning and service provision; for example, the referral unit is responsible for planning and delivering medical referral services. However, the governance and administrative rules of procedures of these bodies could be immature or unsystematic. Assessing the governance of this approach cannot be condoned, especially with the urgent need for a methodical approach to strategic planning, achieving strategic humanitarian objectives, and efficiently utilizing available resources. Multiple governance assessment frameworks have been developed. However, none were created to be applied in protracted humanitarian settings. This research aims to assess the extent to which the existing health governance structure (central bodies) was capable of performing the governance functions in the absence of a legitimate government in Northwest Syria.Methods and materialsA governance assessment framework was adopted after an extensive literature review and group discussions. Four principles for the governance assessment framework were identified; legitimacy, accountability and transparency, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Focus Group Discussions were held to assess the levels of the selected principles on the governance thermometer scale. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using NVivo 12 and SPSS 22 software programs, respectively.ResultsThe level of the four principles on the governance thermometer scale was between the lowest and middle quintiles; ‘very poor or inactive’ and ‘fair and requires improvement’, respectively. The results indicate that the governance approach of Central Bodies in NWS is underdeveloped and summons comprehensive systematic development. The poor internal mechanisms, poor planning and coordination, and the absence of strategic vision were among the most frequent challenges to developing the approach.ConclusionHumanitarian actors and donors should pay more attention to health governance approaches and tools in protracted crises. The central bodies must improve coordination with the stakeholders and, most importantly, strategic planning. Establishing or utilizing an independent planning committee, with financial and administrative independence, is crucial to maintain and improving contextual governance mechanisms in Northwest Syria.

Innovations amid Gaps between Policy and Practice for Sustainable Development

Abstract This study asks under what institutional condition or governance structure might the gap between policy and practice be conducive to innovative practices. It examines how social innovations are formed amid gaps between policy and practice to tame a wicked problem and achieve sustainable development. First, data was gathered during the implementation of a livestock wastewater policy in four municipalities in southern Taiwan where livestock wastewater pollution is rampant and presents a wicked problem. Next, the focus narrowed to the governing network, namely metagovernance, ignoring other factors such as the role of the social entrepreneur. The article argues that the gap between policy and practice can be framed as a window of opportunity, with positive connotations for policy implementation innovation. The authors analyze the empirical and showcase how innovations, represented by the heterogeneity of metagovernance, were generated in a recursive manner amid gaps between policy and practice in different localities.

The Organization of Social Enterprises

Growing interest in the role of business entities in addressing social problems highlights the potential of social enterprises—organizations that cover all or most of their costs through revenue-generating business and have an objective to address a societal problem. A social enterprise can be an efficient and effective way to create social value by internalizing externalities, exploiting complementarities with commercial activities, providing better prices or quality to disadvantaged customers, and reducing the need for scarce philanthropic support. The challenges of managing an organization for financial success and social impact may limit their potential. Social enterprises can be for-profit or nonprofit organizations. The legal and institutional structure of for-profit and nonprofit governance and financing makes it challenging for a social entrepreneur to find a business model and organization structure to succeed.

Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks

Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored. In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.

Strengthening implementation of diet-related non-communicable disease prevention strategies in Fiji: a qualitative policy landscape analysis

BackgroundNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a comprehensive policy package for their prevention and control. However, implementing robust, best-practice policies remains a global challenge. In Fiji, despite political commitment to reducing the health and economic costs of NCDs, prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease remain the highest in the region. The objective of this study was to describe the political and policy context for preventing diet-related NCDs in Fiji and policy alignment with WHO recommendations and global targets. We used a case study methodology and conducted (1) semi-structured key informant interviews with stakeholders relevant to diet-related NCD policy in Fiji (n = 18), (2) documentary policy analysis using policy theoretical frameworks (n = 11), (3) documentary stakeholder analysis (n = 7), and (4) corporate political activity analysis of Fiji’s food and beverage industry (n = 12). Data were sourced through publicly available documents on government websites, internet searches and via in-country colleagues and analysed thematically.ResultsOpportunities to strengthen and scale-up NCD policies in Fiji in line with WHO recommendations included (1) strengthening multisectoral policy engagement, (2) ensuring a nutrition- and health-in-all policy approach, (3) using a whole-of-society approach to tighten political action across sectors, and (4) identifying and countering food industry influence.ConclusionDiet-related NCD policy in Fiji will be strengthened with clearly defined partner roles, responsibilities and accountability mechanisms, clear budget allocation and strong institutional governance structures that can support and counter industry influence. Such initiatives will be needed to reduce the NCD burden in Fiji.

Convergence and divergence of biosecurity and biodiversity in China

The year 2020 witnessed a sharp increase in public attention to biological security (biosecurity) and biological diversity (biodiversity) governance. While COVID has triggered significant attention, this research chronicles and examines the development of biosecurity and biodiversity governance in China. The Copenhagen School’s approach to securitization is employed as a theoretical framework to map the evolution of biosecurity and biodiversity. Through this lens, we find that biological governance has developed from ecological security to biological security, while biodiversity governance has been framed as involving various security concerns, including biological security. These fields have converged and diverged over time in China. This analysis reveals the potential for synergetic governance over biosecurity and biodiversity concerns while identifying policy gaps in China as well as in the fragmented institutional structure of global governance. This research also contributes to academic discussions surrounding associations between biosecurity and biodiversity governance.

Studi Perbandingan Kedudukan dan Kewenangan Lembaga Tuha Peut Aceh dan Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Nagari Sumatera Barat

The existence of Indonesia as a form of unitary state has recognized and respected customary law community units and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the development of society. One of them is regarding the specificity of customary institutions in the province that have certain and special powers such as the Tuha Peut Aceh institution and the West Sumatran Nagari Customary Council (KAN), this study will examine the similarities and differences in the authority of the two traditional institutions in the area. along with the position in the institutional structure of government in the village. This study aims to examine the position of Aceh's Tuha Peut Institution and West Sumatra's Nagari Adat Density Institution and to describe the differences and similarities in authority between the two institutions. The research method uses normative research or library research with a statutory approach and a comparative approach. The results of the study show that the authority for formulating village budgets, formulating village regulations, as well as supervision carried out by the two traditional institutions on the village government will have a positive impact on everyone, where any legal problems that can still be resolved in traditional institutions can still use traditional institutions. existing in an area.

The suitability and sustainability of governance structures in land consolidation under institutional change: A comparative case study

Land consolidation serves as a vital instrument for rural development worldwide. Various governance structures of land consolidation and their performance have been examined against diverse backgrounds; however, how institutional change affects different governance structures of land consolidation remains to be studied. A synthetic framework linking the institutional environment, governance structures and incentives of actors is proposed to examine the suitability and sustainability of different governance structures under changes in the institutional environment through the lens of land reallocation in land consolidation. The paper applies an embedded comparative case study using cases from China because the promotion of land consolidation in China is in parallel with rural land rights reform. The results have shown that both government-dominated land reallocation and self-organized land reallocation were suitable and individual exchanges was not suitable to solve the problem of large-scale fragmentation in China, while institutional environmental change characterized by the unimproved land consolidation legal framework and the enhanced private land right legal framework has undermined the suitability of government-dominated land reallocation. We conclude that whether initiation, land redistribution and conflict resolution match with the situation and align with each other determines the suitability of governance structures; Changing institutional environment may lead to mode fixing or mode shifting of governance structures in the long run, which depends on the incentives of actors. The government-dominated land reallocation is not sustainable because the behavior of the decision-makers in the mode, who are local government-officials, has a nature of upward accountability. The institutional environmental change has discouraged local government officials from conducting land reallocation. Based on this conclusion, we propose that land consolidation legal framework in China should be enhanced along with rural land rights reform, and in other developing countries that are undergoing similar reform, connections between related institutions should be carefully balanced rather than simply enhancing tenure security.

Impact of corporate governance on capital structure: mediating role of cost of capital

PurposeThis paper contributes to the existing literature by extending the empirical work on the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure by analyzing the mediating role of cost of capital in the non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX).Design/methodology/approachThe sample for this study includes non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (formerly Karachi Stock Exchange) for the period of 2004–2016. Based on 1800 firm-year observations, three approaches of panel data analysis are applied for the step-wise analysis of the underlying study. Firstly, Pooled OLS is applied. Secondly, fixed and random effect panel regression followed by the Hausman test to check the unobservable individual heterogeneity of the data. Hausman test indicates that the fixed-effects model is the most appropriate model for the sample panel data.FindingsThe study's findings are that board size, board composition, CEO/Chair duality, institutional ownership and managerial ownership have statistically significant direct effect on the firm's financing decisions. However, CEO/Chair duality, institutional ownership and managerial ownership have significant indirect effect on firm's capital structure decisions. The interesting finding of the paper is on the evidence of mediating role of cost of capital in the nexus of corporate governance and capital structure. Moreover, some conventional determinants of capital structure, including the firm's size, asset structure of the firm, profitability, business risk and growth, are found as determinants of capital structure decisions of the firms.Research limitations/implicationsThere are a few limitations to our study which could be addressed by upcoming research. We did not include all the four mechanisms of corporate governance including board structure, audit structure, compensation structure and ownership structure. However, we used only five important attributes including board size, board composition and CEO/Chair duality form board structure, managerial ownership and institutional ownership form ownership structure of corporate governance as our explanatory variables to examine their impact on the capital structure choices of the firms. Future studies may fill this research gap by involving some other attributes of corporate governance and analyzing their effectiveness and impact on value relevant capital structure decisions. Further, due to limited time and resources, we only tested the mediating role of cost of capital, hence, future researchers can analyze the mediating and moderating roles of different variables which may influence the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure choices of the firms.Practical implicationsThe study has many valuable guidelines and practical implications for the financial managers of the corporations. Our results will facilitate the policymakers in setting their corporate governance policies and practices and making the value relevant capital structure decisions in compliance with the implications of corporate governance mechanism. In addition, our study provides the empirical evidence in accordance with the argument that good governance practices, particularly the voluntary disclosures by the firm may reduce the information asymmetry which, ultimately, reduces the agency cost and the cost of capital for the firm. However, while deciding the financial policy of the corporations, managers can use our findings in order to assess the effectiveness of corporate governance practices employed by the firm in achieving the optimal capital structure at which the weighted average cost of capital is at its minimum level.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by investigating the mediating role of the cost of capital in the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure decisions of the firms. This paper provides empirical evidence that corporate governance indirectly affects capital structure decisions through the mediating role of cost of capital.

A comparative study of COVID-19 responses in South Korea and Japan: political nexus triad and policy responses

Korea and Japan, neighboring democratic countries in Northeast Asia, announced their first COVID-19 cases in January 2020 and witnessed similar patterns of disease spread but adopted different policy approaches to address the pandemic (agile and proactive approach versus cautious and restraint-based approach). Applying the political nexus triad model, this study analyzes and compares institutional contexts and governance structures of Korea and Japan, then examines the differences in policy responses of the two Asian countries. This study first reviews the state of COVID-19 and examines changes in the conventional president-led political nexus triad in Korea and the bureaucracy-led political nexus triad in Japan. Then, this study examines how the differences in institutional contexts and governance structures shaped policy responses and policy outcomes of the two countries in managing the COVID-19 crisis.Points for practitioners• Institutional and governance structure in a society are likely to affect policymaking processes as well as selection of policies among various policy alternatives. • Government officials often need to refer to government capacity as well as citizens’ voluntary participation in resolving wicked policy problems like COVID-19. • Policy decisions made by government officials affect policy outcomes while political environment and political leadership are equally important to policy effectiveness.

Opportunity management of the COVID-19 pandemic: testing the crisis from a global perspective

This article provides a conceptual framework for the analysis of COVID-19 crisis governance in the first half of 2020 from a cross-country comparative perspective. It focuses on the issue of opportunity management, that is, how the crisis was used by relevant actors of distinctly different administrative cultures as a window of opportunity. We started from an overall interest in the factors that have influenced the national politics of crisis management to answer the question of whether and how political and administrative actors in various countries have used the crisis as an opportunity to facilitate, accelerate or prevent changes in institutional settings. The objective is to study the institutional settings and governance structures, (alleged) solutions and remedies, and constellations of actors and preferences that have influenced the mode of crisis and opportunity management. Finally, the article summarizes some major comparative findings drawn from the country studies of this Special Issue, focusing on similarities and differences in crisis responses and patterns of opportunity management.Points for practitionersWith crises emerging in ever shorter sequences of time, governing turbulence and using crises for strategic institutional decisions has become an increasingly important issue for policymakers. Aiming at effective and proportionate responses, policymakers must take the institutional conditions, administrative traditions and relevant actor constellations of crisis management into account, which are key to learn from other countries’ experiences. Comparing these experiences and analyzing the politics of crisis governance from a cross-country perspective may help policymakers to identify strengths and weaknesses of their own national/regional approaches and to seize crisis-related windows of opportunity for institutional reforms at the national and international levels.

Water governance in rural communities of Chiloé Island, southern Chile: A multi-level analysis

Water is one of the most demanded resources in rural areas of developing countries. Its management and governance need knowledge transfers and interactions among several actors at different administrative levels, starting with local social actors’ participation. In this article, we analyze the water governance in Chile using (i) a governance instrument matrix, (ii) institutional networks, and (iii) a multi-level water governance conceptual cascade model. We applied it to two watersheds (Ancud and Quellón) of Chiloé Island (southern Chile). We describe and discuss (a) political and institutional water governance structures and (b) the role of local rural drinking water committees (APR) as multi-actor collective organizations. The results show that despite several institutional governance shortcomings, most people (≥80%) living in rural-connected areas of Chiloé Island get water through APRs. In comparison, 68% of people from isolated areas get it from rivers without interacting with their neighbors. Based on our results, we discuss the need for a multi-level contextual approach to rural water governance.

Examining Indigenous leadership in the academy: A methodological approach

Formal Indigenous leadership within Australian universities has expanded significantly in the last decade. Given this advancement, understanding how to integrate Indigenous leadership into existing institutional governance structures is an area that requires investigation. Recognising the need to further examine Indigenous leadership in the higher education governance structure, the Walan Mayiny: Indigenous Leadership in Higher Education project commenced in 2018. This Australian Research Council funded project specifically aims to examine the roles and subsequent responsibilities of senior Indigenous appointments within the Australian higher education sector and senior Indigenous higher education roles across Canada, New Zealand and the United States. In doing so, it investigates the responsibilities, impacts, key advantages and barriers of senior Indigenous appointments within Australian universities from an Indigenous perspective. The article provides details of the theoretical framework and research methods adopted within the Walan Mayiny: Indigenous Leadership in Higher Education project. Preliminary findings and demographic information pertaining to the participants who have currently contributed to the study will be presented in order to help us gain a better understanding of the role and subsequent value of Indigenous leadership within the higher education sector.

Implementation of multidisciplinary clinical pathways in a highly complex health institution

Clinical pathways or structured multidisciplinary care plans are a tool to standardize clinical practice. The aim of this article is to describe and propose a methodology for the development of clinical pathways in a highly complex health institution. We used the guidelines of the European Quality of Care Pathway, which are based on a 4-stage model: definition and diagnosis, development, implementation and continuity. To make this process operational, we incorporated the project management methodology (PMO). The implemented methodology contemplates the generation of an institutional governance structure responsible for the coordination of the project and the prioritization of the clinical processes to be standardized. The implementation of each clinical pathway was carried out in four steps, namely team generation, development, planning and implementation, and continuous improvement. With this methodology, 23 clinical pathways were developed between 2014 and 2018. Their implementation significantly reduced hospitalization days and their variability, optimized the use of resources and standardized clinical records. The standardization of clinical processes allowed the development of new skills such as the generation of clinical projects, an institutional methodology for managing change and sustainability through cycles of continuous improvement.

Inter-partner control, trust, and radical innovation of IJVs in China: A contingent governance perspective

International joint ventures (IJVs) in emerging markets need to develop radical innovation to compete successfully in the rapidly changing business landscapes there. Taking a contingent governance perspective, this study examines how formal and social governance mechanisms, namely inter-partner control and inter-partner trust, affect radical innovation development in IJVs through knowledge acquisition and integration, and how emerging market institutional governance structures moderate the effectiveness of the two internal governance mechanisms. Based on a sample of 181 IJVs in China, we find that both inter-partner control and inter-partner trust promote IJV radical innovation; moreover, legal enforceability weakens the impact of inter-partner control but strengthens that of inter-partner trust on IJV radical innovation; likewise, government intervention risk weakens the positive role of inter-partner control yet strengthens that of inter-partner trust. This study extends both the innovation and IJV governance literature by connecting governance mechanisms to IJV radical innovation and uncovering important institutional contingencies.

Sustaining Strong Institutions Through Compliance with the Rule of Law and Good Governance in Nigeria

Africa has struggles with leadership problems over the decades. More especially, Nigeria has struggled with bad leadership of the country through corrupt practices which culminates in paucity of social and human capital. There are cases of arbitrary military decrees in the past. The cumulative effective of previous autocratic regimes is that it enthrones the rule by individuals and dethrones institutional governance structure. The methodology adopted in this paper is based on literature review, governance experiences in the course of implementing government policies, and societal reactions and feedbacks from citizens. This paper examined the concept of rule of law vis-à-vis good governance as it ought to be for promotion of institutions above individuals in Nigeria. The paper anatomised challenges and effects of building and sustaining strong institutions in Nigeria. Keywords : Rule of Law, Institutions, Good Governance DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/97-09 Publication date: May 31 st 2020