Institutional Conditions Research Articles

Peran Asessment dan Evaluasi Pendidikan terhadap Akreditasi Sekolah

Accreditation is an important thing in an effort to obtain information about the real conditions of an educational institution based on minimum standards that have been set towards targeted educational planning. This research aims to determine the role of educational assessment and evaluation on school accreditation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative which describes in detail the topics discussed in this research. The research results illustrate several roles of educational assessment and evaluation in school accreditation, namely measuring the competencies of students, supporting improving teacher quality, as evidence of effective school management and supporting curriculum development. Apart from that, this research also discusses several points, namely the characteristics of educational assessment and evaluation, namely based on a comprehensive and holistic Islamic curriculum, continuous assessment (formative assessment), centered afterlife assessment, focus on spiritual development and worship, authentic and contextual assessment, oriented towards improvement and tazkiyah. Islamic education assessment and evaluation methods are competency-based assessment, authentic assessment, formative assessment, summative assessment and evaluation of worship practices. The educational assessment and evaluation approaches are the holistic approach, affective approach, spiritual approach and authentic approach.

The impact of home institutions on the internationalization of emerging market SMEs: a systematic review

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review literature on home-country institutional factors influencing the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from emerging markets. Based on the analysis, the authors propose a research agenda to guide future studies in this field. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows a systematic procedure to review 58 selected articles on how institutional contexts in emerging economies impact SME internationalization, covering studies from 1999 to 2023. This period was chosen to capture recent research following the post-1990 market liberalization in most emerging economies, which has shaped new opportunities and challenges for SMEs expanding abroad. Findings This literature review shows that SMEs’ internationalization knowledge in emerging markets is strongly shaped by home-country institutional conditions. Key mechanisms include imprinting by home institutions and learning from domestic institutional sources, both critical yet underexplored areas in SME development. These processes offer substantial opportunities for future research into how institutional contexts influence SMEs’ global growth. Originality/value This research builds on previous studies that have emphasized firm-level and external factors such as host market appeal, consumer needs and resource availability driving SMEs’ internationalization. Focusing on home institutional factors, the authors provide a comprehensive review of academic studies and propose a future research agenda on the external institutional influences shaping emerging market SMEs’ global expansion.

Unburdening the (Dis)Connected Individual? A Digital Disconnection Policy Paradox in Flanders (Belgium)

The concept of digital disconnection, which refers to limiting digital media use for the sake of one’s well-being, has gained prominence in scholarly and public debates. Compared to a burgeoning digital disconnection industry that commodifies individuals’ struggles with constant connectivity, the development of evidence-based disconnection policies and regulations that support individuals to maintain digital well-being lags behind. The absence of digital disconnection policy may partly be due to a lack of studies investigating the contextual and institutional conditions in which policies and regulations are designed, implemented, and received. The few studies that do shed light on these conditions show that politicians’ and policymakers’ responses to digitalization involve discourses of individual responsibilization. Building on these insights, our study draws from in-depth interviews with 21 experts from organizations in Flanders (Belgium) who are responsible for digital well-being and digital disconnection across work, school, and family contexts. In particular, we have explored their perspectives on the challenges of constructing and implementing digital disconnection policies and regulations. Overall, the experts’ discourses reveal a conflict between striving for autonomy and the need for regulations concerning digital disconnection. This conflict leads to a digital disconnection policy paradox in which experts advocate for collective disconnection initiatives but ultimately resort to solutions on an individual level. We discuss the implications of our findings for the scholarly field of digital disconnection as well as for media policymakers.

Characterising diversity of rural farm households in Eastern Africa: implications for food security and intra-household decision-making

The heterogeneity in East African small-holder agricultural systems influences the farm households’ welfare outcomes. We examine the heterogeneity of rural farm households in Eastern Africa and the influence of such diversity on household food security and how these relate to intra-household decision-making dynamics. Using data from the Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) 1,199 households in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Uganda were typologized using partition-based cluster analysis. These were grouped into relatively homogenous classes reflecting their socio-demographic characteristics, resource endowment and farm orientation based at a country level to reflect the unique institutional conditions within these countries. Additional analysis was then used to characterise the differences in food insecurity and intra-household decision-making of these clusters. Five distinct farm household clusters were identified in Ethiopia and Kenya, four in Malawi and three in Uganda. The main factors differentiating the farm clusters were educational attainment of the household head, levels of resource endowment, market orientation and off-farm income. Market orientated clusters and clusters comprising more educated household heads were generally more food secure across all countries. In Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, women had greater decision-making control in clusters comprising least educated household heads. Female decision-making control was negatively associated with the resource endowment of clusters in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda. This emphasises the importance of understanding rural farm household heterogeneity when tailoring interventions to target household food insecurity and gender inequity in decision-making in Eastern Africa.

The Sustainable Future: Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Development in the Peruvian Amazon

The research is important because it allows us to reflect and seek successful management of solid waste to achieve sustainable development in the Amazon region of Peru, as a constant form of protection of health and life; at the same time, becoming an incentive for family economies. The study sought to establish a relationship between solid waste management and sustainable development in the Peruvian Amazon. The type of basic research, with a non-experimental design, correlational scope and cross-sectional, whose population was 8,000 thousand users and the sample was 1,000 thousand. The data collection technique was the survey and the questionnaire was used as an instrument. The results found: The level of solid waste management is low at 60.1%. The level of sustainable development is low with 52.5%. There is a low and significant positive correlation between the dimensions permanent external conditions, institutional condition, waste treatment, collection - transportation and final disposal of the variable solid waste management and the variable sustainable development with a Spearman's Rho coefficient of 0.342; 0.325; 0.063; 0226; 0.239 and a p-value of 0.000, significance level of 0.001. It was concluded that, There is a low and significant positive correlation between the solid waste management variable and sustainable development in the Peruvian Amazon, with a Spearman's Rho of 0.309 and a p-value of 0.000, which is < 0.01; Others, it only has a variability of 30% between variables.

I have seen this before: imprinting experiences and Bank CEO risk-taking in times of crisis

Abstract Understanding the causes and consequences of corporate risk-taking has remained a crucial topic for organizational scholars. Using the case of U.S. banks and one dimension of their risk-taking behavior around the 2008 financial crisis, we offer a theory of how the diverse experiences of corporate leaders can shape their risk-taking behavior. Building on the imprinting literature, we theorize how different types of experiences that bank CEOs had in the past interact to shape current risk-taking behavior, resulting in risk moderation under crisis conditions. We focus on two imprinting experiences with particular relevance for bank CEOs’ risk-taking behavior—MBA education and past crisis experience. We argue that the latter played a pronounced role during the crisis because of greater imprint-environment fit. Our analysis using data from 170 large banks between 2001 and 2019 shows that bank CEOs’ firsthand experience of a prior banking crisis not only directly tempered bank risk-taking but also did so indirectly by limiting the risk-taking tendencies of CEOs with an MBA, particularly during the crisis period. Our study contributes to the sociological literature about organizational risk-taking by emphasizing the crucial role of organizational leaders’ biographies and exploring how earlier institutional conditions shape their risk-taking behavior later.

Тренды «инклюзивного образования» в современном мире: международные дискуссии и перспективы для России

<p>The article examines the trends in the development of the concept of "inclusive education" in the documents of international organizations, discussions in academic publications regarding this concept, its evolution and implementation. The prospects for the implementation of the highlighted trends in Russian education in the current socio-political context of Russia and taking into account the discourses of contextualization and decolonization of the concept of inclusive education are discussed. The contradictions between the global trends of inclusive education and the situation of development of Russian education and the state are revealed. The interpretations of the Russian case of the development of inclusive education are proposed as an example of the implementation of a global concept promoted by international organizations in specific socio-cultural and institutional conditions.</p>

Health-preserving physical culture and wellness competences as an important condition for ensuring and spreading a high level of public health (methodological aspects)

WHO indicates that the purpose of actions aimed at strengthening public health protection is to ensure conditions under which people can remain healthy, able to strengthen health and well-being, and prevent deterioration of health. However, in the basic documents, there is no place for health-preserving physical culture and health-improving competencies of a person in the system of general efforts. The aim of the work is to reveal the need and place of health-preserving physical culture and wellness competencies of a person as a condition for ensuring and spreading a high level of public health in Ukraine. Material and methods. The study was organized at the Dnipro State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology, the National Technical University “Dnipro Polytechnic” (all in Dnipro) and the Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University. The used methods of theoretical research were: study and generalization of data from domestic and foreign official and literary sources, as well as abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Results. Conceptual principles and didactic technology of physical education of a non-professional physical education (NpPhE), with an emphasis on strengthening the general cultural component of the educational component “Physical education” in higher education, aimed at eliminating existing shortcomings. Provided with pedagogical technology, NpPhE contributes to the formation of the building blocks of one’s own health. And the system of effective pedagogical mechanisms of NpPhE is significantly different from the provision of information about health, which is the subject of modern valeology. In this context, the development of conceptual directions of creative valeology is relevant, as a means of supporting a person’s creativity in a safe effect on health. Namely, the formation in institutions of higher education of the builders of their own health. Conclusions. A system of pedagogical mechanisms is proposed, which is significantly different from just providing information about human health as a benefit/harm of influences and actions, which is what valeology is focused on. This is a prerequisite for the formation and development of creative concepts of modern valeology based on the improvement of cultural and practical components of the educational component “Physical education” in the conditions of a higher education institution for specialists who take care of building their own health from specialties related to civilians. In conditions where the majority of their graduates are engaged not in physical, but intellectual work, the further implementation of approaches related to professional-applied physical training for professional activities is something that it is time to abandon.

De la investigación sociojurídica a la investigación interdisciplinaria en derecho: una mirada crítica sobre las transformaciones en las últimas décadas en Colombia

This article aims to give account on the conditions that made possible the emergence, growth, and transformation of socio-legal research in Colombia during the past decades based on a bibliographical research work conducted from 2020 to 2022. In the first part, a diachronic explanation about the emergence and transformation of socio-legal research in Colombia is presented; in the second part, the article shows some interdisciplinary research topics during the past years; finally, there is a recapitulation of the main arguments in the article. Based on research, this study argues that during the past decades different social, intellectual, and institutional conditions have enabled new subjects to problematize legal knowledge in the Colombian context and enhanced new interdisciplinary research processes.

Institutional Capacity of Ukrainian Governments: Issues of Efficiency and Legitimacy

The article analyzes the effectiveness and legitimacy (which are interrelated) of Ukrainian governments in 2014–2024 and identifies the regulatory and legal traps that create an acute deficit of their institutional capacity. The author emphasizes that the crises of institutional capacity of governments in modern consolidated democracies and in Ukraine, which is still being formed as a democracy, have different origins. The basic determinant of the "democratic backslide" of liberal democracies is the departure of governments from egalitarian practices. In Ukraine, the deficiencies in the capacity of governments are due to the "embedding" of regulatory and legal "traps" in the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996, which have been destroying the system of power distribution inherent in democratic political regimes for 30 years, making it difficult for governments and parliaments to demonstrate their own subjectivity and creating conditions for influential informal institutions (e. g., oligarchs) to participate in politics. The researcher argues that the regulatory and legal traps that disable Ukrainian governments and lead to the formation of a government product of mediocre quality (for example, the reforms of 2014–2021) are the dual management structure of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (both the Prime Minister and the President have grounds for this). Lack of effective and balanced relations between the government and the parliament, which regulates the practice of semi-accepted governments, and a mechanism for resolving government crises. The article argues that the process of Ukraine’s accession to the EU gives a new impetus to the dismantling of post-Soviet institutionalism that began in 2014. This process becomes especially dramatic in the first year of full-scale war (from 2022 onwards), when the beginning of the dismantling of post-Soviet institutions overlapped with the need to maintain the country’s governability during the war. The author hopes that the need to "bring" Ukrainian institutions and their inherent practices to the EU level gives reasonable expectations for the formation of a legal framework in our country that will modernize Ukrainian institutions (and governments, above all). It is important, according to the researcher, to propose an approach to reform that would be a synthesis of both updating the legal framework governing the government and introducing instrumental changes that would form a new institutional culture.

미술치료 전공 학부생의 임상실습, 수퍼비전, 학부과정 경험에 대한 질적 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore through qualitative research the experiences of undergraduate students majoring in art therapy in clinical practice, supervision, and undergraduate courses, and to analyze the intrinsic meaning of these experiences. Methods Data were collected through two in-depth interviews with six undergraduate students majoring in alco-hol treatment. The interviews used a semi-structured questionnaire to encourage undergraduate students to talk freely about their experiences in clinical practice, supervision, and undergraduate courses. The collected data were analyzed using open coding according to qualitative research methodology, and themes were derived inductively. Through this, the main themes and subcategories experienced by the participants were identified and the research results were derived. Results As a result of the analysis, 6 main areas, 14 categories, and 37 subcategories were derived. In clinical practice, external factors such as conditions of the practice institution, workload, communication between thera-pists, and changes in clients, and internal factors such as self-criticism, tension while performing roles, and sense of accomplishment after practice were identified. The supervision experience consisted of process aspects such as close supervision and shared experiences with colleagues, as well as academic and emotional support from the supervisor. During the bachelor's course, self-exploration, anxiety and burden about art work, and interaction with classmates served as factors that promoted improved future vision and psychological growth. Conclusions These findings provide significant implications for establishing criteria for selecting clinical practice institutions, improving supervision education, and enhancing the role of school education in undergraduate pro-grams aimed at training art therapists.

Operationalizing Macro-Level Structural Sexual Minority Stigma: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Structural stigma, including discriminatory laws, inequitable policies, and negative attitudes, has been conceptualized as the general societal climate and institutional conditions that shape sexual minorities’ lives, mental, and physical health. While multidimensional indices have been used globally, U.S.-based studies have largely relied on single indicators (e.g., a law or policy; presence of resources). This scoping review aimed to identify structural sexual minority stigma indicators relevant to the U.S. context, to inform comprehensive, multidimensional future operationalizations. Methods Systematic database searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, and JSTOR, and snowball techniques resulted in 70 articles. After duplicate deletion and abstract review, 25 unique indices were long-listed relevant to structural sexual minority stigma at country or state level (i.e., macro level). School (district) and county (i.e., exo level) indicators were excluded. Results From the long-listed indices, a total of 112 legal and policy indicators were narrowed down to relevant 33 macro-level indicators and grouped across seven domains: criminal justice, hate crime protections, non-discrimination, religious refusal, relationship recognition, parenting, and youth laws and policies. Two different quantifications of population attitudes were identified that aggregated social and policy opinions across states regarding sexual minority adoption, hate crimes, health benefits, labor and housing, public speaking or teaching, marriage, sodomy, and civil unions. Discussion While a large variety of legal and attitudinal indicators was identified, few U.S.-based studies used multidimensional operationalizations (e.g., law, policy, opinion) needed to reduce risk of confounding bias through population-attitudes-to-law/policy backdoor pathways. To further advance the science on structural sexual minority stigma and health globally, future studies may benefit from multidimensional approaches. Key messages • With many legal and attitudinal indicators identified, few studies used multidimensional operationalizations (e.g., law, policy, opinion) needed to reduce risk of confounding bias. • To further advance the science on structural sexual minority stigma and health globally, future studies may benefit from multidimensional approaches.

Acoustic flow resonances in installed rectangular jets

Zonal Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of complex installed rectangular jet flows are performed for subsonic jet conditions of the Central Institute for Aviation Motors (CIAM) experiment, where a strong tone was reported. For far-field noise modelling, the zonal LES solutions are coupled with the permeable formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) method. The obtained noise spectra predictions are compared with the acoustic measurements in the CIAM facility. To reduce statistical noise of the relatively short LES time series, contributions due to several dominant low frequency tones and the remaining broadband signal are computed separately, using a tailored Fourier transform technique for each signal type. For cross-validation, noise spectra measurements of an equivalent isolated round jet in the CIAM facility are compared with the empirical sJet model calibrated on the NASA Small Hot Jet Acoustic Rig (SHJAR) jet noise database. While the two datasets agree reasonably well for mid to high frequencies, larger discrepancies are observed for low frequencies, which are attributed to acoustic reflections in the non-anechoic CIAM facility. The differences in noise levels between the CIAM dataset and the sJet model representing the NASA jet noise data are used to determine the experimental uncertainty of the CIAM noise measurements for each frequency and observer angle. For the installed rectangular jet, it is shown that far-field noise spectra predictions of the zonal LES-FW-H method for both the fundamental tone, its sixth harmonic corresponding to the jet Strouhal number of around 1, and the broadband component are broadly within the experimental error bar for most observer angles. Some discrepancies between predictions of the zonal LES method and the CIAM measurements for the main low frequency tone for the 30° and 90°, where the experimental uncertainty at low frequencies is largest are also noted. After validating the acoustic solutions, spectral and conditional averaging analysis methods are applied to elucidate mechanisms of the acoustic-flow resonance in the installed rectangular jet flow. The numerical dispersion relation is obtained to analyse phase velocities of the upstream and downstream travelling pressure waves in the stream-wise direction. The conditional analysis of pressure fluctuations inside the jet reveals the emergence of internal reflection points corresponding to a rapid change of the acoustic wave phase as well as the saddle points interpreted as localised zones of vorticity shed from the side-wall edges. To independently investigate the effect of trailing edges and corner points of the jet embodiment geometry on closing the acoustic-flow resonance cycle, several modifications of the baseline rectangular nozzle are considered, such as introducing chevron-like lobes and cuts on the trailing edges of the side walls as well as smoothing the sharp corner points of the wall edges. Following the series of additional zonal LES runs with the modified installed nozzle geometries, an optimized tone-less modification of the original installed nozzle was obtained, in broad agreement with the conditional analysis results. The obtained tone-less modification of the installed rectangular jet is further analyzed to provide insights into its similarity and differences from the aeroacoustics of the reference isolated round jet in the same CIAM facility.

The state role in the housing sector in Hamburg and Havana challenges and successes of the state's claim to control in different political and planning systems

AbstractHousing supply is a controversial topic across the globe. In Europe, for example, housing provision is fundamentally characterised by capitalist market economy. However, the intensity of state intervention differs significantly in the respective European countries. Germany is certainly one of the countries in which the state traditionally intervenes considerably in the housing market and attempts to control it through various measures. In addition, the stakeholders in the housing market are very different, and the housing market is highly segmented. In Cuba, as a rather atypical example for Latin America, where the housing market is largely liberalised, the housing market is very strongly regulated by the socialist Cuban state. In this article, we address the topics of housing supply by analysing the institutional framework conditions and the different levels of intervention in the very different systems of Germany and Cuba. In doing so, we find that the objectives at the planning and political levels in these two case studies are quite similar despite the major political and social differences. It has become clear, that there is a gap between the aspiration of the political-administrative planning system and the planning expectations of the citizens in both systems. However, it is also emphasised that the state's claim to intervene in the housing market and the regulations, production and financing conditions are very different. Using Vaus’s ‘most-different-case approach’, we emphasise for the two cities of Hamburg and Havana that although considerable successes have been achieved in both systems in terms of adequate housing provision, but major challenges still exist in both cities. The analysis has also made clear how important it is to combine housing policy demands with the realities of housing industry, real estate markets and urban planning perspectives.

Pedagogical practices, knowledge and institutional conditions in which Colombian teachers work. A study on inclusive education and disability

En 2017 se expidió en Colombia el decreto 1421, según el cual todas las escuelas del país debían acoger estudiantes con discapacidad y ofrecerles oportunidades de calidad para su ingreso, permanencia y egreso. El Ministerio de Educación dio un plazo de cinco años, contados a partir de su aprobación, para que esta política se implementara en todo el territorio nacional. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar las prácticas pedagógicas, los conocimientos y las condiciones institucionales en las que labora una muestra de docentes colombianos, seis años después de expedido el decreto. Para ello, se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental transeccional y la aplicación de una escala a 249 maestros y maestras de distintos niveles educativos. Con base en los hallazgos obtenidos, puede concluirse que hay un cambio positivo en las prácticas pedagógicas y los conocimientos de aquellos docentes que cuentan con formación en inclusión y que laboran en colegios que acogen alumnado con estas trayectorias de vida. Aun así, las condiciones institucionales del profesorado encuestado todavía no responden a proyectos inclusivos. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de los retos que enfrenta el sistema educativo colombiano en pro de atender alumnado con discapacidad.

EXPORT AND IMPORT MANAGEMENT OF ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

The paper reviews the general business trends and proves the need for cooperation at the international level for enterprises. It has been established that export-import operations are a special form of the enterprise's foreign economic activity and are characterized by certain features. Therefore, the use of the "export-import management" category is suggested. The interpretation of export-import management as a special direction of the enterprise's activity which involves the effective organization of the interaction of all divisions and officials of the enterprise in order to ensure the rapid movement of goods or services across the border and the full implementation of signed agreements in order to achieve the commercial goals of the enterprise is presented. The institutional conditions for the development of export-import management and signs of its necessity are determined. The need to improve the efficiency of export-import operations due to such problems of their organization as the disorganization of management processes, the inconsistency of the processes of informatization and digitalization of business in different countries, the complexity of the procedures for obtaining the status of an authorized economic operator, the complexity of the conditions for the formalization of foreign economic contracts, a large number of criteria for the efficiency of export-import activity is emphasized. Partial criteria for the effectiveness of export-import management are suggested. The importance of export-import management in the development of machine-engineering enterprises has been proven. The main positive consequences that effective export-import management that can be provided for the machine-engineering industry have been determined. It was revealed that an important direction of export-import management of machine-engineering enterprises is the study of potential partners, in particular, their legal, technological, scientific-technical and organizational aspects of development. Special attention is paid to the use of export-import management measures by machine-engineering enterprises after the start of a full-scale invasion.

Leveraging fintech mobile money to expand banks’ financial services in developing countries

Mobile money consists of payments through mobile devices using Fintech platforms. Despite the accelerated mobile money adoption in developing countries, financial inclusion levels lag those in the developed world. We unveil how disruptive Fintech can foster financial inclusion, by examining a sample of nearly 70,000 observations from 70 emerging countries in 2021. Our results indicate that mobile money and its associated epidemic effects enhance the transition to deposit and credit-based financial services if institutional conditions and banks’ financial technologies are well aligned. This suggests that non-banks’ Fintechs can facilitate the uptake of financial services provided by conventional banks.

Punitive Subjectivities and Emotions in Immigration Detention

In immigration detention centres, emotions run high; tensions, conflicts, anxiety, and affection occur amid bureaucratic procedures, paperwork, files, lists of people, systematisation of cases, buses that come and go with detainees, and people who will be deported. Although immigration detention belongs to administrative law, in practice, detention centres operate closer to penal detention. Little is known about the operation of these places in Mexico, including how punishment takes place in daily practice. Even less is known about the people who work there, especially the rationale and emotions behind their daily decisions and the different ways in which they collaborate with a system that promotes punishment as a central element of immigration detention. In this article, I study how fear and disgust are emotions embedded in institutional practices that reinforce punishment in immigration detention, while empathy can challenge it. I analyse working conditions and daily interactions in detention centres, immigration control facilities and their surroundings. I argue that immigration agents can develop punitive subjectivities to channel emotions derived from anxieties and frustrations of daily work, as well as to embrace a sense of institutional belonging and the illusion of order and control. However, border officers also show empathy towards migrants to cope with emotional distress and humanise their daily work. I intend to answer the questions in this paper: Under what institutional conditions do emotions become power in immigration detention settings? What do emotions reveal about the functioning of punishment in immigration detention centres? How do emotions expressed by INM agents (such as fear, disgust and empathy) enhance or challenge punitive subjectivities?

Беспощадная непреложность рецепции: был ли заимствован институт президентства в России?

The article raises the problem of reception of the presidency institution in Russia. The author addresses the problems of borrowing of legal institutions and the institutional theory that stipulates rather strict conditions for borrowing of any institutions. Ignoring such conditions (e.g., clear choice of the institution to be borrowed, creation of institutional conditions, strategy, accounting for the cultural factor, etc.) means that the borrowed institution will be dysfunctional or will negatively affect all other institutions. The author uses files of the Constitutional Conference of 1993 to illustrate the initial problems of borrowing of the presidency institution. Justifying the role of the president in the system of separation of powers, the participants of the Constitutional Conference addressed the monarchical culture and Russian traditions ignoring a number of important institutional arguments. Later on, an institutionally strong president has been able to overcome one of the most important characteristics of presidency that distinguishes it from the monarchical institution, which is limitation of the term of office (cadence). The author concludes that overcoming of such important institutional characteristics (fundamentals of presidency) and subsequent concentration of power by the president are the result of mistakes made at borrowing.

Historical Foundations of Green Developmental Policies: Divergent Trajectories in United States and France

ABSTRACTIn recent years, many countries have adopted biodiversity offset policies to internalize the ecological impacts of land developments. Although national policies share the general principle of equalizing ecological harm with gain, there is substantial variation across programs regarding the institutional forms governing offsetting. In this paper, we compare biodiversity governance in the United States and France to reflect more broadly on the factors shaping divergent trajectories of green developmental policies. Both countries have some form of biodiversity offsetting in place, but the major fault line of difference is the more extensive use of market‐based instruments (MBI) in the United States. Using a historical lens, we argue that one important reason for this variation lies in the different legal‐institutional definitions of biodiversity. A narrower definition in the United States focused on individual species, versus a broader definition in France focused on ecosystems, has facilitated a more standardized biodiversity governance arrangement in the United States. Leveraging this standardization, biodiversity markets have expanded in the United States while similar efforts to institutionalize market mechanisms have struggled in France. The comparison allows us to draw insights into the challenges in greening economic development, particularly in showing how historical scientific, legal, and institutional structures condition policy outcomes.