Institute Of Informatics Research Articles

Heterogeneidad no observada en los ingresos de los trabajadores independientes en el Perú urbano

The research estimates that socioeconomic factors influenced the income of self-employed workers during the periods 2017-2019 and 2020-2022, using data from the National Household Survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics. A finite mixture quantile panel regression model was applied, which allowed estimating the heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic factors and modeling the individual characteristics of people, known as unobserved heterogeneity. It was found that, by using two locations or mixtures in the quantile regressions, there is a wide range of effects of years of education across different quantiles for both women and men. Moreover, these effects differ when comparing the periods before and during COVID-19.

15th Conference on Data Analysis Methods for Software Systems. November 28–30, 2024

15th Conference on Data Analysis Methods for Software Systems. November 28–30, 2024

Exploring Teacher Job Satisfaction in Regular Basic Education: The Case of Peru

Teachers play a pivotal role in shaping the educational journey of children and adolescents. This article endeavours to examine whether teacher satisfaction in Peru has seen consistent improvement over time, influenced by various factors such as salary increments, enhancements in infrastructure and working conditions, as well as changes in teaching and learning methodologies. This inquiry stems from the significant increase in government budget allocation to the education sector since 2000, with a notable 546.2% rise in student expenditure at the secondary level. We proposed as research question: “How has job satisfaction been for regular basic education teachers in Peru?” To address this, a qualitative, descriptive, non-experimental approach was adopted, drawing upon data from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and the Ministry of Education (MINEDU). We found that despite the increase in factors such as salary, budgetary allocation, and job stability within the public sector, teacher satisfaction has not seen the desired improvement. On the contrary, teachers express a sense of unrecognized contributions by their educational institutions. Received: 20 March 2024 / Accepted: 1 November 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

The morbidity of adult population in the Russian Federation and its Federal Okrugs and Subjects in 2016-2022

The population morbidity is one of leading indicators of public health. On the basis of morbidity, not only population needs in various types of medical care are determined, but also development of medical organizations network is prognosticated and effectiveness of health care system is assessed. This approach permits to adjust functioning of population medical care services in each Subject of the Russian Federation. Hence, studying dynamics of adult population morbidity by disease classes and considering regional characteristics continues to be actual. The purpose of the study is to analyze dynamics of general and newly registered (primary) morbidity of adult population in the Russian Federation, Federal Okrugs and Subjects of the Russian Federation in 2016-2022. The research materials and methods included calculation of dynamic series indicators (visibility indicators, growth rates, growth/loss rates), direct ranking method. The indicators of total and newly registered (primary) morbidity per 100,000 of adult population (aged 18 years and older) in dynamics in 2016-2022 were calculated. The research materials are the statistics collections of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Federal State Budget Institution "The Central Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics" of Minzdrav of Russia of adult population morbidity of the Russian Federation. The software Microsoft Excel was applied to process statistical data. The results. The analysis of total morbidity of adult population in the Russian Federation in 2016-2022 demonstrated that in 2022 value of this indicator made up to 159,545.4 per 100 thousand of population that is 9.0% more than in 2016. The increase of total morbidity is observed in 66 Subjects of the Russian Federation that consists 77.65% of total number of the Subjects. The level of primary morbidity in the Russian Federation increased by 21.9% (from 55227.3 per 100 thousand adults in 2016 to 67326.6 in 2022). The increase of primary morbidity is observed in 81 Subjects of the Russian Federation that consist 95.3% of total number of the Subjects. The analysis of morbidity demonstrated that in 2016-2019 its indicators had no significant changes. In 2020-2022, sanitary and epidemiological well-being of population in the Russian Federation was determined by epidemic situation and global challenge associated with the new corona-virus infection. As a result, in 2020, occurred decreasing of morbidity registration for all classes of diseases, except respiratory diseases. In 2021, began to show increasing of registration of morbidity that proceeded in 2022 in most classes of the ICD-10.

The comparative analysis of dorsopathy morbidity of adult population in the Russian Federation and separate Subjects of the Northern-West Federal Okrug in 2013-2022

The dorsopathy is among of common causes of restriction of human life activity, affecting one's working capacity and quality of life. The purpouse of the study was to carry out comparative analysis of dorsopathy and spondylopathy morbidity of adult population in the Russian Federation and the Subjects of the Northern-West Federal Okrug in dynamics in 2013-2022. The statistical data of the Federal State Budget Institution "The Central Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Minzdrav of Russia" was used. Among all the Federal Okrugs of the Russian Federation, the highest rates of deforming dorsopathy morbidity were detected in the Siberian Federal Okrug and the Southern Federal Okrug. At that, spondylopathy morbidity was significantly higher in the North Caucasus Federal Okrug. The higher dorsopathy spondylopathy morbidity was detected in the Northern-West Federal Okrug particularly in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The study results testify that in Russia and in separate Regions deforming dorsopathy morbidity has trend to increase and requires new approaches to organization om medical care of population.

Impact of public health expenditure on malnutrition among Peruvians during the period 2010-2020: A panel data analysis

Background The study analyzes the impact of public health spending on malnutrition among Peruvians, using data from the National Household Survey, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Ministry of Economy and Finance from 2010. -2020. Previous studies have revealed the existing relationship of health spending with the reduction of malnutrition. Methods A quantitative approach is considered, with an explanatory type of research using panel data methodology considering the bidimensionality of the data, which allows quantifying this effect for the Peruvian case using the National Household Survey, data from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, as well as information from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Transparency Portal of the Ministry of Economy and Finance in the period 2010-2020. Results The results show that public expenditure on health has a negative relationship with malnutrition; the rural sector has a positive relationship with malnutrition given the limitations present for access to adequate food. Similarly, the unemployment rate shows a positive relationship with malnutrition, given that being unemployed leads to a higher cause of malnutrition in the population, and the gross domestic product has a negative relationship with malnutrition, given that greater economic growth produces an impact on reducing malnutrition, with the greatest impact being on the rural population and the gross domestic product. Conclusions In the analysis period 2010-2020 in Peru, based on the panel data analysis, the impact of public health expenditure on reducing malnutrition is observed in 10 departments, achieving a reduction in malnutrition; while in 14 departments, this indicator has not been reduced.

Third Information Day: Research Infrastructure Services in the Humanities and Social Sciences

The main results of the work of the team of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences on the research projects CLaDA-BG – the Bulgarian National Interdisciplinary Research e-Infrastructure for Resources and Technologies in Favor of the Bulgarian Language and Cultural Heritage, Part of the EU Infrastructures CLARIN and DARIAH and No KP-06-N50/4 30.11.2020 “Fourteenth Century South Slavonic Scribes and Scriptoria (Palaeographical Attribution and Online Repertorium)”, will be presented during the Information Day within the DiPP2024 conference. The main emphasis will be placed on developments and implementations of CultIS – a webbased software platform for intelligent digital management and presentation of large data sets and knowledge from the fields of culture, humanities, and social sciences.

Impact of public health expenditure on malnutrition among Peruvians during the period 2010-2020: A panel data analysis

Background The study analyzes the impact of public health spending on malnutrition among Peruvians, using data from the National Household Survey, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Ministry of Economy and Finance from 2010. -2020. Previous studies have revealed the existing relationship of health spending with the reduction of malnutrition. Methods A quantitative approach is considered, with an explanatory type of research using panel data methodology considering the bidimensionality of the data, which allows quantifying this effect for the Peruvian case using the National Household Survey, data from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, as well as information from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Transparency Portal of the Ministry of Economy and Finance in the period 2010-2020. Results The results show that public expenditure on health has a negative relationship with malnutrition; the rural sector has a positive relationship with malnutrition given the limitations present for access to adequate food. Similarly, the unemployment rate shows a positive relationship with malnutrition, given that being unemployed leads to a higher cause of malnutrition in the population, and the gross domestic product has a negative relationship with malnutrition, given that greater economic growth produces an impact on reducing malnutrition, with the greatest impact being on the rural population and the gross domestic product. Conclusions In the analysis period 2010-2020 in Peru, based on the panel data analysis, the impact of public health expenditure on reducing malnutrition is observed in 10 departments, achieving a reduction in malnutrition; while in 14 departments, this indicator has not been reduced.

The dynamics of morbidity of adult population of The Russian Federation by diseases of ear and mastoid in 2018-2022

The purpose of the study is to assess dynamics of level of common and primary morbidity in class of diseases of ear and mastoid in adult population of the Russian Federation in 2018-2022. The analysis of morbidity indicators was carried out on the basis of data from statistical collections of Minzdrav of Russia and the Federal State Budget Institution "The Central Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Minzdrav of Russia". It is established that in the Russian Federation, level of common and primary morbidity in class of diseases of ear and mastoid in adult population in 2018-2022 was decreasing and reached its lowest values in 2022 (2875.3 and 1760.8 cases per 100,000 of population respectively). The similar trend is observed in all Federal Okrugs of the Russian Federation. The increasing of level of common morbidity is established in 18 Subjects of the Russian Federation, with maximal increase in the Ivanovo Oblast (+17.0%). The increase of level of primary morbidity was noted in 21 Subjects of the Russian Federation, with maximal increase in the Penza Oblast (+35.0%). The most of Subjects of the Russian Federation are characterized by decreasing of both level of common morbidity with maximal decreasing the Republic of Adygei (-48.0%) and primary morbidity of adult population in class of diseases of ear and mastoid with maximal decreasing in the Republic of Tuva (-54.0%). The presented trends of indicators of morbidity in class of diseases of ear and mastoid are results of complex and multi-factorial processes. heir identification will permit to develop measures improving otorhinolaryngological care of population.

Impacto del gasto público en educación sobre el crecimiento económico en la región macro sur del Perú durante el periodo 2003-2021

The present research work aims to determine the impact of public spending on education on economic growth in the southern macro region of Peru during the period 2003 to 2021, covering the regions of Puno, Tacna, Arequipa, Moquegua, Apurímac, Cusco and Madre de Dios. The data used come from the statistical area of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Educational Quality Statistics of the Ministry of Education. The methodological approach adopted is hypothetical-deductive, non-experimental with a panel-type design; the estimation of the model was carried out using the Generalized Least Squares Feasible panel data technique which reveals significant quantitative relationships between the analysis variables. In general terms, the main findings indicate that a 1 % increase in public educational spending correlates with a 0.12 % increase in economic growth. Furthermore, when breaking down the impact of public spending by different levels of initial education - primary, secondary and higher - a 1 % increase generates an increase of 0.13 %, 0.14 % and 0.069 % respectively on economic growth. Furthermore, it is highlighted that investment in physical capital has a positive effect on economic growth. In conclusion, total public spending on education and spending by educational levels exhibit a positive and significant impact on economic growth, highlighting the strategic importance of government investment in education as a fundamental catalyst for economic growth.

Workshop Introducing The Internet Of Things For Teachers And Students Ar Ridho Al-Qur'an Educational

The scientific approach to computer technology is a support in all fields of education and at all levels of education. One of them is about the Internet of Things or what is usually called IoT. At the Al-Qur'an Education Park (TPA), computer technology knowledge and the like are a support for learning, but this knowledge cannot be directly obtained considering that there are no scientific resources such as teachers who are experts in this field, high implementation costs, concerns about security and data privacy, resistance to change, and inadequate technological infrastructure. By overcoming these challenges through the right approach and adequate support, implementing IoT in TPA can bring significant benefits in improving the quality of education and students' readiness to face an increasingly digital future. Based on these points, lecturers from the Faculty of Computer Science, Kosgoro 1957 Institute of Business and Informatics, designed Community Service activities (PKM) with the main aim of implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) in the Al-Qur'an Education Park (TPA) in order to improve the quality of education in an innovative and efficient way. By utilizing IoT, this activity is expected to make a real contribution to the transformation of education in TPA. This activity was carried out in the form of a workshop, including providing intensive workshops to teachers and students about the basics of IoT, the use of IoT devices, and other technologies related to IoT. Apart from that, there was also an outreach session for teachers and students about the benefits and importance of IoT in life. The application of IoT in TPA not only improves the quality of learning, but also has broad implications, such as empowering teachers in using technology, as well as increasing awareness of the importance of being wise in using technology. This PKM activity can also be a model for other educational institutions in adopting technology to improve the quality and effectiveness of education.

Attracting doctors to rural areas under the state program: performance indices

Introduction.The implementation of the state program “Zemsky Doctor” is one of the effective mechanisms to attract medical personnel to medical institutions located in rural areas. The purpose of the study. To analyze the indices for attracting doctors to medical institutionsss located in rural areas of the Russian Federation during Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics the period from 2015 to 2022 within the framework of the state program “Zemsky Doctor”. Materials and methods. The study used statistical data on eighty two subjects of the Russian Federation based on operational documented inquiries for the period from 2015 to 2022. Analytical and statistical methods were used in the research process. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis was conducted using the Statistica package version 13.3. Results. During the study period, more than 33,000 physicians of various specialties were attracted and employed in rural areas. The index of the number of doctors attracted to rural areas under the program from 2015 to 2022 increased by 32.2%, from 0.9 to 1.19 per 10,000 rural population. When analyzing this index by regions of the Russian Federation, significant differences were revealed. Research limitations. The research materials are limited by the results of the analysis of quantitative data obtained as a result of an operational request to the subjects of the Russian Federation and statistical data of the forms of federal statistical observation. Conclusion. The study revealed the regions with the lowest level of the indice of physician supply also to have a low index of the number of doctors recruited under the program. The results of correlation analysis showed that in most of the Russian regions there is a direct dependence of the index of physician supply on the results of the implementation of the program “Zemsky Doctor”. The results of the program implementation have a significant impact on the staffing of medical organizations located in rural areas.

Combination therapy of acupuncture and herbal medicine for heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by functional or structural dysfunction of the heart, resulting in impaired blood ejection or ventricular filling. Conventional Western Medicine (CWM) remains the mainstay of treatment for HF; however, the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments. Herbal medicine and acupuncture are adjunctive therapies for HF and have shown potential for improving heart function. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture and herbal medicine in treating HF. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Citation Information by National Institute of Informatics, KoreaMed, Research Information Sharing Service, and DBpia were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of acupuncture and herbal medicine along with CWM as adjunctive treatments for HF, published from inception to May 31, 2024. Treatment effectiveness was determined by evaluating the left ventricular ejection fraction as the primary metric, along with the measurement of the total effective rate, brain natriuretic peptide level, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide level, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and left ventricular end-systolic volume; the administration of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; and the conduct of a 6-minute walk test. Treatment safety was evaluated based on the incidence of AEs. The methodological quality of all included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager, version 5.4.1. Of the 133 publications identified, 8 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction, brain natriuretic peptide levels, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide levels, left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and 6-minute walk test results. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the total effective rate and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire responses. No significant medication-related AEs occurred in the intervention group. Conversely, 7 control patients developed well-known AEs associated with CWM. Acupuncture combined with herbal medicine and CWM is more effective than CWM alone, indicating a safe treatment approach. Consequently, the proactive administration of acupuncture alongside herbal medicine to patients with HF can be undertaken without concerns regarding AEs.

Training in Public Health Informatics and Technology Leveraging a Multi-institutional Partnership Model and Emphasizing Experiential Learning.

Though public health is an information-intense profession, there is a paucity of workforce with Public Health Informatics and Technology (PHIT) skills, which was evident during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This need is addressed through the PHIT workforce program (2021-2025) by the Office of the National Coordinator for training and to increase racial and ethnic diversity in the PHIT workforce. The objective is to share details on the Training in Informatics for Underrepresented Minorities in Public Health (TRIUMPH) consortium, funded by the PHIT workforce program. The TRIUMPH consortium is a collaboration between academic and practice partners with a commitment to training 879 students in PHIT. The Schools of Public Health and Nursing at the University of Minnesota, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health at Georgia Southern University, Morehouse School of Medicine, and Public Health Informatics Institute offer PHIT training through various programs. Academic institutions focus on student recruitment, developing courses/curriculum, and granting degrees/certificates, and the role of practice partners is to support experiential learning through internships/practicums. The TRIUMPH consortium is progressing toward its goals, with 692 students (79%) already trained in a PHIT modality as of December 2023. The learners comprise diverse race/ethnicity, including White (48%), Black/African American (32%), Asian (10%), White Hispanic (5%), American Indian/Alaska Native (2%), and Black Hispanic (1%). Numerous internships have been completed in settings ranging from state/local public health agencies to health care delivery systems. Diversity initiatives were supported by partnering with existing programs (e.g., the AMIA First Look program and the Nursing Knowledge Big Data Science conference). This consortium model is an excellent approach to informatics training and sharing expertise across partners. It provides scalability and broader geographic outreach while presenting opportunities to students from underrepresented backgrounds. Lessons learned have implications for overall informatics training (e.g., partnerships models, promoting racial/ethnic diversity).

Social Programs and Socioeconomic Variables: Their Impact on Peruvian Regional Poverty (2013–2022)

The aim of this research is to establish the extent to which social programs and socioeconomic variables have been influencing poverty in the 24 Peru regions (2013–2022). The study is quantitative, non-experimental, and correlational. We use secondary data obtained from official sources such as the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, Ministry of Economy and Finance, as well as the Peruvian Institute of Economics. For estimations, we use the Generalized Method of Moments System and dynamic panel data. The results indicate that Juntos, Pensión 65, Qali Warma, and Trabaja Perú social programs, with p-values of 0.383, 0.715, 0.681, and 0.870, respectively, have not had favorable impacts on reducing poverty. On the contrary, negative coefficients for human capital and physical infrastructure mean that improving them will reduce poverty at the regional level. A year more in schooling for the population aged over 15 years reduces poverty between 1.7% and 1.2%. Increasing 10% of the proportion of national roads in paved condition reduces poverty levels between 1.9% and 2.4%.

Pattern Identification Using Fuzzy Cluster Analysis and Latent Class Analysis: A Case Study in Perú

The Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) in Peru provides data on fertility and health. The ENDES 2020 report, based on 35,847 surveyed households, undergoes descriptive statistical analysis with the aim of identifying patterns to enhance social conditions. Techniques such as Fuzzy C-Means and Latent Classes, previously applied in various contexts, are employed. Correlation analysis using the R polycor package highlights significant relationships, leading to the exclusion of certain numeric variables in fuzzy clustering due to strong correlations. Random sampling is applied to address the data volume. Three clusters are determined through kmeans clustering, silhouette, Elbow, and Clara methods, assessing their fuzziness with the Dunn's Fuzziness Coefficient. Pattern identification reveals significant differences in family relationships, gender, education, and health insurance among the clusters. The widespread lack of health insurance, particularly ESSALUD/IPSS, stands out as a common issue. Fuzzy clustering and latent class analysis techniques provide groupings with variations in sizes and compositions. Received: 20 March 2024 / Accepted: 28 June 2024 / Published: 02 July 2024

The trends in morbidity of children aged 15-17 years: problems and actual challenges

The article presents results of analysis of morbidity rates in children aged 15-17 years in the Russian Federation, the Volga Federal Okrug, the Udmurt Republic, the Kirov Oblast and the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2014-2022. According to research data, in the Russian Federation there is an increase of general and primarily detected (primary) morbidity by 24.0% (from 229,468.3 to 231,505.5) and by 22.3% (from 143,109.3 to 149,143.8), respectively. In the morbidity structure, the greatest increase was noted for such diseases as obesity (24.0 and 27.8%, respectively), diabetes mellitus (30.9 and 32.8%, respectively) and diabetes mellitus type I (31.9 and 30.8%, respectively). The data of statistical reports on general and primarily detected (primary) morbidity of the Central Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Minzdrav of Russia were used. The study established general and primarily detected morbidity in the Russian Federation. However, forecast for 2027, as compared with 2014, is marked by decline of total morbidity by 8.3% and primarily detected (primary) morbidity by 5.2%. Due to the unfavorable forecast for morbidity in the Russian Federation for 2027, further scientific studies are needed concerning children aged 15-17 years in order to develop preventive measures at population, group and individual levels, considering regional characteristics.

Asociación entre el empleo informal y los casos positivos de COVID-19 en el Perú

Objectives: To identify the association between the number of informal employees and the number of positive COVID-19 cases in Peru. Methods: Data from the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the National COVID-19 database were used. Bivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were performed to evaluate the number of informal employees, population density, and altitude in relation to the number of COVID-19 positive cases. Results: Bivariate analysis showed that the number of informal employees was significantly associated with the number of COVID-19 positive cases in both high and low altitude regions (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the number of informal employees (p<0.001), population density (p=0.02), and altitude (p<0.001) were associated with the number of COVID-19 positive cases. Conclusions: Informal employees are common in low- and middle-income countries where there is no social security and they are economically dependent on daily wages. Their situation worsened due to social mobility restrictions, forcing them to continue working and, consequently, becoming quickly infected, further contributing as a contagion focus.

Transformer fusion-based scale-aware attention network for multispectral victim detection

The aftermath of a natural disaster leaves victims trapped in rubble which is challenging to detect by smart drones due to the victims in low visibility under the adverse disaster environments and victims in various sizes. To overcome the above challenges, a transformer fusion-based scale-aware attention network (TFSANet) is proposed to overcome adverse environmental impacts in disaster areas by robustly integrating the latent interactions between RGB and thermal images and to address the problem of various-sized victim detection. Firstly, a transformer fusion model is developed to incorporate a two-stream backbone network to effectively fuse the complementary characteristics between RGB and thermal images. This aims to solve the problem that the victims cannot be seen clearly due to the adverse disaster area, such as smog and heavy rain. In addition, a scale-aware attention mechanism is designed to be embedded into the head network to adaptively adjust the size of receptive fields aiming to capture victims with different scales. Extensive experiments on two challenging datasets indicate that our TFSANet achieves superior results. The proposed method achieves 86.56% average precision (AP) on the National Institute of Informatics—Chiba University (NII-CU) multispectral aerial person detection dataset, outperforming the state-of-the-art approach by 4.38%. On the drone-captured RGBT person detection (RGBTDronePerson) dataset, the proposed method significantly improves the AP of the state-of-the-art approach by 4.33%.

Influence of education on the level of quality of young salaried employment in Metropolitan Lima, 2022.

The connection between education and job quality is a topic of growing interest for labor market dynamics, since low quality salaried jobs can limit the development of the potential capabilities of the young workforce and, with it, the opportunity to move up the social pyramid structure. The level of quality of salaried employment is a multidimensional phenomenon; to measure it, a synthetic index was constructed from the perspective of the working class, considering the characteristics of the job. The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of the level of education on the level of quality of employment of the young salaried population, according to the size of the company, in Metropolitan Lima in the year 2022, from Amartya Sen's theory of human capabilities. Regarding the methodology, we used data from the National Household Survey, information provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for the year 2022 . The final sample size was 3 552 observations. In addition, a partial proportional odds ordinal logit regression model with robust variance was fitted. Among the main results, it was obtained that salaried employment was mostly of low quality in Metropolitan Lima in the year 2022. In addition, it was verified that the size of the firm and the level of education have a direct relationship with the level of quality of salaried employment. (p<0.05). The study concludes that the level of education is a key factor in the level of quality of salaried employment, but its influence depends on other conversion factors (gender, poor) that the young labor force possesses and on the size of the firm.