Institute Of Experimental Medicine Research Articles

V.A. engelhardt and V.S. Ilyin: their role in the development of biochemical science in the second half of the XX century

The paper is devoted to two well known scientists V.A. Engelhardt and V.S. Ilyin, who were at the head of department of biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, one from 1944 to 1952, the other from 1952 to 1976. Presented are their most famous investigations, which enriched Russian and the world science. Both had to work in very hard period for our country and science, both being a model of high moral and so they wun victory.

From the principle of sustainable non-equilibrium to sustainable development

Ervin Bauer was Hungarian and Soviet scientist, who had a short, but bright and talented life. In 1935, working at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in the USSR, he published the book «Theoretical Biology», in which he proposed an idea of a special “non-equilibrium” state of living systems and the existence of internal machineries in the organism that work against thermodynamic equilibrium and increase the organism's capacity for work. Currently, this idea is called “the principle of sustainable non-equilibrium” or “Bauer's principle”. During the repressions of the 1930s in the USSR, Bauer was executed, the book « Theoretical Biology» was banned. Currently, his works are poorly known, especially outside the post-socialist region. We believe that his ideas could help in rethinking not only the biochemistry and bioenergetics of cells and tissues of living organisms, but also biogeochemical and civilizational processes on a planetary scale.

The 35th anniversary of the North-Western District center for AIDS prevention and control at the Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

The organization of the North-Western District Center for AIDS Prevention and Control (AIDS Center) originates from the onset of the HIV epidemic in the Russian Federation. Over the 35 years of work, the staff of the AIDS Center has made an invaluable contribution to the development of HIV diagnostics, the introduction of new clinical and preventive technologies, patient counseling, and training of qualified personnel. The anniversary article highlights the main stages regarding establishment of the AIDS Center as a structural unit of the Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute. The versatile naturally multidisciplinary functions and tasks related to the AIDS Center organization, its major Russia-wide and global achievements are considered. Special attention is paid to the long-term international cooperation, the results of diverse implemented programs and projects supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The AIDS Center continues to cooperate with the main scientific facilities such as the Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Institute of Experimental Medicine, N.P. Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc. The ongoing joint research invariably contributes to assessing the epidemiology and clinical course of various viral infections and comorbid conditions. The knowledge acquired becomes regularly summarized and published in a series of monographs, journal articles being presented demonstrated at conferences of various levels. Currently, the AIDS Center is represented by several structural divisions continuing to conduct practical and scientific activities on investigating HIV and viral hepatitis.

Disciples of Pasteur from Russia — 2

In 2022, a global scientific community noted the 200th anniversary of the outstanding scientist, one of founders of a science of microbiology Louis Pasteur. Pasteurs works promoted formation of the microbic theory and gave a momentum to a search of ways for prevention of infections, including hospital ones. Among Pasteurs disciples and colleagues are E. Ru, I.I. Mechnikov as well as many Russian scientists. Not all family names of Pasteurs disciples were revealed to a wide range of readers. Much of them returned home and to bring a marked contribution to development of microbiology and immunology in Russia. Here, we continue seek out and return biographies of the Russian scientists Louis Pasteurs disciples. Among Russian scientists who passed school of Pasteur Institute there may be mentioned many graduates of one of the oldest medical institutions of Russia Military Medical academy as well as associates of I.I. Mechnikov and N.F. Gamalei J.J. Bardach, S.I. Zlatogorov, N.I. Chistovich, L.A. Tarasevich; renowned surgeons V.A. Ratimov and V.A. Oppel, one of founders of Pasteur Institute in Saint Petersburg P.P. Maslakovets. Many Pasteurs followers took part in creating the institute resembling Pasteur Institute nowadays known as the Institute of Experimental Medicine. In the latter regard, we mention E.F. Shperk, V.I. Nedrigajlov, etc. Moreover, it is also necessary to note the first woman in Russia Doctor P.V. Tsiklinskuju who was awarded a title Professor of Bacteriology. Pasteurs disciples received theoretical and practical knowledge from their teacher and returned to own Fatherlands to fully serve with full dedication. They brought with new methods of scientific research and diagnostics of infectious diseases, used already known immune serums and vaccine preparations and developed their own similar agents to combat infections that were relevant in those years: rabies, plague, cholera, typhoid fever, tuberculosis. All Russian scientists, disciples of Louis Pasteur as well as its friend and colleague I.I. Mechnikov continued to serve to a society owing to great achievements in the field of microbiology by transferring own knowledge and experience to numerous disciples continuers of work of the great scientist Louis Pasteur. Many of them were immortalized in the names of research institutes, departments and laboratories.

On the history of the study of endogenous antibiotics

The review presents data on the history of the discovery of the first endogenous antibiotic compounds, on the contribution of Russian scientists, in particular, researchers from the Institute of Experimental Medicine (St. Petersburg), in the study of the structural and functional properties of antimicrobial proteins and peptides important molecular factors of innate immunity that can act as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in the fight to control pathogenic microorganisms.

Training of students of higher medical educational institutions in endovideosurgery skills

Aim. Evaluation of basic skills in endovideosurgery of students of higher medical educational institutions (HMEI) before and after taking an elective course Basics of Surgical Technique.
 Materials and Methods. Basic skills in endovideosurgery were investigated in students of the General Medicine Faculty before and after taking an elective course Basics of Surgical Technique organized on the base of the simulation hall of the experimental surgery and oncology laboratory of Research Institute of Experimental Medicine at Kursk State Medical University. The training course included the following exercises on box trainers: Peg Transfer, Pattern Cut, Intracorporal (single interrupted) Suture. After achievement of satisfactory results, final assessment was conducted in the form of examination in practical skills and abilities on laboratory animals biological models (Wetlab). Manipulations conducted by students were assessed using Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skill (GOALS).
 Results. The average values of the assessed parameters increased: criteria manipulations with tissues from 2.8 to 4.0 points (42.9%), perception of depth from 2.4 to 3.6 points (50%), movement effectiveness by 54.5% (from 2.2 to 3.4 points), bimanual orientation by 60% (from 2.0 to 3.2 points). Criterion independence increased by 66.7% (from 1.8 to 3.0 points).
 Conclusion. After the elective course Basics of Surgical Technique, all average values of the studied parameters increased. The results obtained evidence effectiveness of the methods of training in basics of endovideosurgery within the frames of the elective course, which permits to develop skills in endosurgical technique at the stage of getting higher medical education.

Professor V.A. Waldman and his family: a contribution to Russian medicine

Outstanding representatives of the St. Petersburg medical dynasty from the Waldman family: V.A. Waldman, his son A.V. Waldman and sister A.A. Waldman made a huge contribution to the health care of our country. The founder and first head of the department of faculty therapy at the Leningrad State Pediatric Medical Institute, Viktor A. Waldman, is an outstanding therapist, cardiologist, rheumatologist, classic of domestic medicine, a successor to the best traditions of the Botkin school. Cardiovascular pathology was studied clinically and experimentally by him and his staff, the pathogenesis of various forms of rheumatism was studied, methods for its diagnosis and treatment were developed. He did a great job of creating the rheumatological service of the city, for the first time founded in Leningrad cardiac rheumatology rooms at large enterprises, and later on a cardiac rheumatology clinic. Arthur V. Waldman son of V.A. Waldman, a prominent pharmacologist, head of the department of pharmacology of the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute named after academician I.P. Pavlov, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR made a significant contribution to the study of the mechanism of action of various pharmacological substances on synaptic transmission of excitation in the central nervous system. A large series of works by A.V. Waldman is devoted to the pharmacology of emotional stress, the problem of the experimental study of emotions and means of controlling them. Alisa A. Valdman sister of V.A. Waldman, a pathologist, an employee of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, studied the role of nervous and hormonal regulation in the development of the infectious process, which she studied on a paratyphoid model for enteric infection in laboratory animals.

Immunohistochemical markers for neurobiology

In neurobiological studies, crucial is the selection of most appropriate and informative experimental methods, one of which is immunohistochemistry. This review briefly summarizes the experience of adaptation of immunohistochemical methods to nervous system studies accumulated over years the Laboratory of Functional Morphology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System (Institute of Experimental Medicine). The aim of this work was to determine the most effective and reliable immunomarkers for neurobiological studies. The article contains theoretical basis and practical recommendations for use of key cytospecific and functional markers used in studies of structural and functional organization of brain and spinal cord of mammalian animals and human. In particular, the results of immunohistochemical reactions to neural markers (NeuN, neurofilament proteins, alpha-tubulin, alpha-synuclein), neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, NO synthase) and glial markers (GFAP, glutamine synthetase, Iba-1, vimentin) are demonstrated. The presented methodology is useful for experimental neurobiology and clinical morphological diagnostics.

Использование экспериментальных данных, полученных на животных, для понимания патофизиологических механизмов нервных расстройств пациентов в клиниках И. П. Павлова

Having studied the physiology of higher nervous activity in animals since 1901, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov simultaneously began to devote great attention to the physiological understanding of human mental activity in normal conditions and in various pathological states. In 1918 he began to visit the Psychiatric Hospital in Udelnaya, and later studied the patient histories in the psychiatric clinic of the Women’s Medical Institute. By the 1930s, Pavlov’s laboratories had accumulated vast experience in studying animal higher nervous activity not only in the norm, but also in various pathologies. Since the 1920s, experimental neuroses were successfully induced in test dogs applying various stimuli and their combinations. It was proven that the strength and depth of a neurosis depended on the type of the dog’s nervous system. The classification of these types, according to Pavlov, largely coincided with the classical types of temperament defined by Hippocrates (phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric and melancholic). Experimental neuroses were treated with various methods (bromide preparations, recesses in experiments, etc.). Pavlov was confident that the accumulated experience of studying pathological processes in the higher nervous activity of animals could be used to successfully treat patients with nervous and mental diseases, and his conviction in the matter led to the establishment of the Pathophysiology of Higher Nervous Human Activity Department at the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM) on October 6, 1931. The department supervised two new clinics — a psychiatric and a neurosis one, where psychiatrists and physiologists joined their efforts in administering treatment to the patients. For the first time in the history of Russian neuropathology, the physiological analysis of nervous and mental illnesses, such as neurasthenia, psychasthenia, hysteria, and also schizophrenia, narcolepsy, manic-depressive psychosis, etc., was conducted. A detailed pathophysiological analysis of more than 200 patients’ medical histories was produced as a result of this effort. Transcripts of clinical conferences were published between 1954 and 1957 in the form of a three-volume edition of “Pavlov’s Clinical Wednesdays” (1931–1936).

Summarized criteria of chemical compounds identification using the chromatography-mass spectrometry

Criteria of chemical identification used in target and non-target analysis during chromatography-mass spectrometry are reviewed. In both cases, the final criteria are comparable and have a close similarity of both chromatographic retention values (times or relative times) and mass spectra (individual ion masses, their relative peak intensities) of identified analytes and analytical standards. Similarity, usually, means maximum permissible deviations of those values from the corresponding standard values assigned to the known compounds. Identification criteria used are contained in the general guides on the chemical analysis issued by the international or national regulatory organizations. In the case of non-target identification, the analytes and the corresponding standards are unknown before the analysis. In the first stages of this kind of analysis, the candidate compounds are selected for the identification and then the candidate features are compared to those of the standard compounds with the use of the criteria suggested for the target analysis. During the selection of the candidates, one uses high resolution chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry, advanced computer methods of data processing and prediction, and performs searches in chemical data bases, collections of retention indices, and mass spectral libraries. The use of these techniques and workflows can be considered as a reliable condition of the candidates’ selection for the identification. The progress in non-target analysis depends on technique innovations in mass spectrometry, first, by improving the accuracy and reproducibility of ion masses. The development of computer technologies is no less important, which should ensure the emergence of more complete libraries of mass spectra and more accurate methods for predicting the mass spectrometric and chromatographic data. Keywords : chemical identification, mass spectrometry, chromatography, computers, quantitative criteria of identification DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.24.3.003 B.L.Milman 1 , I.K. Zhurkovich 2 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlova 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russian Federation 2 Institute of Toxicology, ul. Bekhtereva 1, Saint Petersburg 192019, Russian Federation

Memory Transfer Studies at the Institute of Experimental Medicine: History and Analysis of Methodological Errors

Memory Transfer Studies at the Institute of Experimental Medicine: History and Analysis of Methodological Errors

The problem of initial stage of mass production of penicillin in the USSR

The article analyzes the problems of initial stage of mass production of penicillin in the USSR on the basis of documents of the State archive of the Russian Federation. The analysis covered declassified documents of the funds of the Narkomzdrav of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the A. M. Gorky All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM). The secret correspondence of the People's Commissar of Health Care with the Government, with the Head of the Department of Biochemistry of Microbes and experimental production laboratory of VIEM Z. V. Ermolieva, with Directors of plants for organization of production of penicillin is analyzed. The transcripts of meetings and orders of the People's Commissar of Health Care are considered. It is demonstrated that development of production facilities and provision of health care with antibiotics was an extremely difficult task. Its solution was complicated by many factors such as the inaccessibility of advanced methods of deep fermentation, general technological backwardness, organizational problems associated with specificity of management and public decision-making. It is established that during 1944 the main producer of penicillin was the laboratory of VIEM and serial production of penicillin at the Karpov enterprise and plant of endocrine drugs in Moscow began only in late 1944, and amount production was were extremily not enough. In this situation, in early 1945, G. A. Miterev, the People's Commissar of Health Care, raised the question of buying plants for the production of penicillin in the United States. However, the final decision was not taken by the government. The attempt to devote part of the resources of the Central Military Sanitary Department of the Red Army for ensuring public health with antibiotic failed. In 1945, enterprises of the People's Commissariat of Meat and Dairy Industry were involved in the production of penicillin. At all enterprises of the USSR in the end of 1945, production of antibiotic was carried out by surface fermentation and liquid penicillin was produced, except for the A. Mikoyan Moscow meat-packing plant, where the production of drug in dry form was established. The outdated technologies and limited scale of production determined lower productivity of enterprises, which did not allow to cover the needs of health care even approximately.

MICROGLIA AND ASTROCYTES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

In recent years, attention of researches has focused on glial cells of different brain formations - astrocytes and microglial cells. This is due to active role of these cells in ensuring synaptic plasticity and regulation of neurogenesis. The study aimed at analyzing the structural organization of microglia and astrocytes of the human brain substantia nigra, which is the main dopaminergic nerve center. For the study, material from the archive of the Morphology Department (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia) was used. Cells were detected using immunocytochemical markers (GFAP for astrocytes and Iba-1 for microglia). It has been established that microglial cells bodies in substantia nigra are located in neuropile singly. In pars compacta of substantia nigra these cells distributed relatively evenly, rarely being in close proximity to neurons. An unexpected fact was that the processes of microglia cells of the human brain substantia nigra have a sufficiently large thickness - 1.5-3 microns, which is not typical for a ramified microglia. Astrocytes of substantis nigra were characterized by the presence of very long processes (more than 100 microns) and the formation of the pericellular sheath around the nerve cells. These sheaths consisted of a dense interweaving of thin sparingly branched astrocyte processes. The processes of microglia were rarely present within such sheaths. The results obtained indicate moderate activation of microglia in substantia nigra and the special role of astrocytes in ensuring the compartmentalization of the pericellular zones in this nerve center.

Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Neurons in the Substantia Nigra of the Human Brain

Objectives. To identify the cytochemical chromosomes of structurally unaltered neurons in the substantia nigra of the human brain using a wide spectrum of immunocytochemical markers, some of which (glutamate decarboxylase 65, PGP 9.5, unphosphorylated neurofilament proteins, α-tubulin) have not previously been used in studies of dopaminergic neurons in humans. Materials and methods. The study used fragments of human midbrain (17 men and women aged 28–78 years) obtained from the archive of the Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine. Studies were performed using classical neurohistology and immunocytochemistry methods using antibodies to 15 different proteins. Results. Most neurons in the substantia nigra were characterized by decreased expression of general neuronal markers – nuclear protein NeuN, protein PGP 9.5, and neuron-specific enolase. The substantia nigra was not found to contain GABAergic (GAD65-immunopositive) neurons. The dorsal part of this area contained occasional cholinergic neurons not containing neuromelanin. Calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin were absent from most nigral cells, though the dorsal part of the substantia nigra contained occasional calbindin-containing neurons, while the ventral part contained occasional calretinin-containing neurons. Nitric oxide synthase was present in both the neuropil and neuron bodies in the substantia nigra. Conclusions. The data obtained here provide evidence of the unique cytochemical properties of nigral neurons, which may be associated with their increased predisposition to degeneration.

The Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences: Stage I. The Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars "On Establishment of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences" (June 30, 1944)

The activities of the Secretariat of K. E. Voroshilov, the Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars during June 1944 resulted in adoption of the Charter of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, lists of academic research institutes, lists of candidates to full and honorary members of the Academy and other documents (the USSR Council of People's Commissars Decree # 797 of June 30 1944). The Charter had such peculiarities as electiveness of the top official of the Academy by the General Meeting under organizational and financial control of the USSR Council of People's Commissars. The organized Academy consisted on 60% of the USSR central research institutes and only on 40% of theoretical and clinical departments of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. At that, out of 38 institutes that the USSR Council of People's Commissars expected to re-subordinate to the Academy, only 25 were included into final choice basically at the expense of reduction of number of clinical institutes. The final version of the list of candidates to full members of the Academy included 56 names instead of 80 and the list of honorary members increased from 10 to 18. At relatively equal scientific deserts preference was given to personalities aged of 50-70 years (90,5%), Russians by nationality (80%), males (97%), residing in the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (88%). The average age of candidates was 61 year, candidates to honorary academicians - 74 years, and 74% 0f candidates to members of Academy were unaffiliated. The leading role in organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences at the first stage, including its adoption played K. E. Voroshilov who was involved both in organization, development and reorganization of the A. M. Gorky All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. in 1932-1944 and preparation, including endorsement and editing of all package on needed documents to be presented at the meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee of C. P.S. U.(B.) of June 29 1944 and the USSR Council of People's Commissars of June 30 1944.

Patriarch of the Soviet pharmacology (to 125 anniversary of S.V. Anichkov)

Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Sergei Viktorovich Anichkov (1892-1981) is a great Soviet scientist pharmacologist, the founder of Soviet neuropharmacology. Educated in Military Medical Academy, Kazan Medical Institute, Petrograd Woman’s Medical Institute. The famous Russian Professors I.P. Pavlov, V.N. Boldyrev, N.P. Kravkov and A.A. Likhachev were his teachers. Headed Department of Pharmacology in Military Medical Academy, Leningrad (1924-1937), Department of Pharmacology in Institute of Experimental Medicine, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1948-1981). The main studies of S.V. Anichkov were devoted to pharmacology of chemoreceptors of the carotid bodies, cholinergic regulation of physiological functions, pharmacology of endocrine regulation, pharmacotherapy of neurogenic dystrophies, toxicology of military toxic compounds. Published more 250 papers including 10 monographs. Under his leadership, more 10 drugs (ethimizol, sygetine, metamizil, paramion etc) were developed and adopted for wide medical practice in the USSR. Founded one of the big scientific school in the field of pharmacology in the USSR. Laureate of Lenin and State prices of the USSR.

EXPERIENCE OF USING ALLOGENIC BIOIMPLANTS IN LARYNGEAL RESECTION

Introduction. Currently, a great importance is being attached to improvement of the surgical component of combination treatment of locally advanced laryngeal cancer. New technological capabilities (transoral microsurgery of the larynx and robotic surgery) offer great opportunities for early cancer stages. However, in some cases capabilities of endoscopic laser intervention are limited. Therefore, open laryngeal resection is still relevant as it serves as the only type of radical organ preservation treatment for stages Т2–Т3. But major laryngeal resection is associated with a problem of tissue defect closure. The article describes data on the use of biocompatible materials, their advantages and disadvantages. The study objective is to present experience of using a Russian allogenic bioimplant for plastic reconstruction of the opening of the larynx after laryngeal resection. Materials and methods . The authors present their experience of using a Russian bioimplant produced in collaboration with the Samara Tissue Bank of the Research Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology of the Samara State Medical University. The material was tested in anterolateral laryngeal resection with simultaneous reconstruction in 5 patients with stages Т2–Т3 laryngeal cancer and in a patient with chondrosarcoma. Conclusion. The Russian biocompatible implant served as a reliable, simple, cheap, and effective variant of plastic material for reconstruction of the larynx.

Development and approval of live attenuated influenza vaccines based on Russian master donor viruses: Process challenges and success stories

Influenza is a viral infection that affects much of the global population each year. Vaccination remains the most effective tool for preventing the disease. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been used since the 1950s to protect humans against seasonal influenza. LAIVs developed by the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), Saint Petersburg, Russia, have been successfully used in Russia since 1987.In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a Global action plan for influenza vaccines (GAP). WHO, recognizing potential advantages of LAIV over the inactivated influenza vaccine in a pandemic situation, included LAIV in the GAP.BioDiem Ltd., a vaccine development company based in Melbourne, Australia which held the rights for the Russian LAIV, licensed this technology to WHO in 2009. WHO was permitted to grant sub-licenses to vaccine manufacturers in newly industrialized and developing countries to use the Russian LAIV for the development, manufacture, use and sale of pandemic and seasonal LAIVs. To date, WHO has granted sub-licenses to vaccine manufacturers in China (Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), India (Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.) and Thailand (Government Pharmaceutical Organization). In parallel, in 2009, IEM signed an agreement with WHO, under which IEM committed to supply pandemic and seasonal candidate vaccine viruses to the sub-licensees.This paper describes the progress made by collaborators from China, India, Russia and Thailand in developing preventive measures, including LAIV against pandemic influenza.

Podvisotskaya O.N. the first academician dermatologist since the moment of establishment of the AMS USSR

Olga Nikolaevna Podvisotskaya (1884-1958) made her way up from the laboratory assistant at the Clinic of Dermal and Venereal Diseases at the St. Petersburg Women’s Medical Institute to the first dermatologist academician at the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. She is one of the leaders of the domestic dermatology of the mid 20th century and the creator of a new school of dermatology, based on pathophysiological researches. O.N. Podvisotskaya is the author of fascinating researches on blastomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, epidermophytia (acute trichophytia of Podvisotskaya), onychomycosis, tuberculosis. She is known as the founder of the Leningrad Lupus Sanatorium. At this time the process of formation of the Academy of Medical Sciences as a standalone structure, designed to put together the practical and theoretical sciences in the country has been evolving. One of the complex phases in this process was the foundation of All Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (AUIEM) and its further reorganisational changes. O.N. Podvisotskaya was taking most active part in the activities of the AUIEM and later - at the AMS after becoming the academician, since the moment of foundation of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1944.

YEVGENI ALEKSANDROVICH GANIKE: THE PRINCIPAL AIDE OF I. P. PAVLOV AT INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

The activities of a notable Russian scientist Ye.A. Ganike, who was the principal aide of I. P. Pavlov at Institute of Experimental Medicine in Saint Petersburg, is described based on archival materials. The publication is dedicated to the centenary of the establishment of the Physico-Physiological Department of IEM by Ye. A. Ganike in 1916.