Institution Of Electrical Engineers Research Articles

Speed Sensorless Control System of Five‐Phase Induction Motor Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Adaptive Full‐Order Observer

As the simplest type of multi‐phase induction motor, the five‐phase induction motor is suitable for applications that require high power and reliability due to its advantages such as low noise, low torque ripple, and strong load capacity. To address the problem that the speed encoder is easily affected by external environmental interference, a speed sensorless vector control strategy combining linear active disturbance rejection control and adaptive full‐order observer is proposed. Compared with the traditional speed sensorless vector control strategy, this paper's proposed method designs three first‐order linear active disturbance rejection controllers instead of traditional proportional‐integral controllers for speed control. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy exhibits stronger anti‐interference ability under load disturbance, improving the overall robustness of the speed sensorless control system. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Leveraging the Supercomputer Fugaku for the Assessment of Droplet/Aerosol Transmission Risks in COVID‐19 Mitigation Efforts

This work delves into the significant advancements in epidemiological modeling and public health policy driven by detailed, quantitative analyses of COVID‐19 aerosol transmission utilizing the capabilities of the supercomputer Fugaku, the world's fastest supercomputer in 2020. By integrating novel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques integrated in the multi‐physics solver CUBE, we achieved scalable, high‐resolution simulations essential for modeling micrometer‐sized virus‐containing aerosols, revolutionizing our understanding of transmission risks in various societal contexts. This innovation significantly reduced the time‐to‐solution for these intricate simulations and allowed for the quick creation of digital twins that captured a broad range of social scenarios with substantial transmission risks. These efforts required a significant amount of computational resources, which were provided for through Fugaku, during COVID‐19. The detailed transmission risk assessments that were produced through this work had a significant impact on public health policies and public behavior throughout Japan, exemplifying a pivotal shift in the digital transformation of epidemiology and the proactive management of pandemic‐related challenges. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A More Efficient Algorithm for Small Target Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Due to the relatively high shooting altitude of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the captured images often contain a multitude of small‐scale targets. To solve the problems of small target scale, lack of semantic information, and high miss detection in drone target detection, in this paper we proposed a more effective unmanned aerial vehicle small target detection algorithm(MEU‐YOLOv5) based on YOLOv5s. Firstly, an efficient global contextual module is proposed to enhance the algorithm's performance in feature extraction while reducing the excessive loss of shallow features. Secondly, a small‐scale target detector is added to enhance the algorithm's detection capability for smaller targets. Lastly, a recursive multi‐level feature fusion path is introduced to better fuse the shallow and deep features of the images, reducing overfitting and improving the algorithm's generalizability and robustness. Experimental results demonstrated that compared to YOLOv5s, MEU‐YOLOv5 achieves a 7.4% improvement in mAP@0.5 and a 4.9% improvement in mAP@0.5:0.95. Additionally, the overall performance of this algorithm surpassed various algorithms in the YOLO series, including YOLOv3, YOLOv5l, YOLOv5m, and YOLOv8s. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Retraction: Investigation of A Two‐Dimensional Model for Cogging Torque Calculation in Homopolar Inductor Machines

Retraction: Wang, Y. and Zhang, G. (2023), Investigation of A Two‐Dimensional Model for Cogging Torque Calculation in Homopolar Inductor Machines. IEEJ Trans Elec Electron Eng, 18:1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.23856The above article, published on June 18, 2023, in Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Hisao Kubota, the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, and Wiley Periodicals LLC.The retraction has been agreed by the author's request to withdraw their article due to duplicate publication in another journal (). An investigation by the journal and Wiley confirmed that the above article has significant overlap with the previously published article.

Research on Pedestrian Detection Algorithm in Industrial Scene Based on Improved YOLOv7‐Tiny

YOLOv7 is one of the most effective algorithms for one‐stage detectors. However, when it is applied to pedestrian detection tasks in the industrial scene, it is still challenging for complex environments and multi‐scale changes of pedestrians. This paper proposes a new pedestrian detector for the industrial scene based on improved YOLOv7‐tiny and named as GP‐YOLO. First, the neck of YOLOv7‐tiny is replaced by RepGFPN structure, make full use of multi‐scale features to enhance the detection accuracy of objects with large‐scale changes. Second, a new gnconv branch is added to the feature fusion module, and the high‐order spatial interaction capability is introduced to further enhance the target detection accuracy. Finally, a lightweight method based on PModule is proposed, on this basis, a PConv bottleneck is designed to reduce the FLOPs and enhance the feature extraction. Experiments on a self‐made Industrial Pedestrian Data set show that before lightweight, the proposed algorithm achieves a 3.2% improvement in mAP@0.5:0.95 and a 3.7% improvement in Recall compared to the baseline YOLOv7‐tiny. After lightweight GP‐YOLO, compared to non‐lightweight, parameters and FLOPs are decreased by 26% and 23%, respectively, the mAP@0.5:0.95 is decreased by only 1.1% and the Recall is decreased by only 1.3%, which remains at a high level. Compared with baseline YOLOv7‐tiny, the lightweight GP‐YOLO has similar parameters and FLOPs, but the mAP@0.5:0.95 is increased by 2.1%, and the Recall is increased by 2.4%. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A scoping review of digital fabrication techniques applied to prosthetics and orthotics: Part 1 of 2-Prosthetics.

Traditionally, the manufacture of prostheses is time-consuming and labor-intensive. One possible route to improving access and quality of these devices is the digitalizing of the fabrication process, which may reduce the burden of manual labor and bring the potential for automation that could help unblock access to assistive technologies globally. To identify where there are gaps in the literature that are creating barriers to decision-making on either appropriate uptake by clinical teams or on the needed next steps in research that mean these technologies can continue on a pathway to maturity. Scoping literature review. A comprehensive search was completed in the following databases: Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health Archive, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Association for Computing Machinery, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Engineering Village, resulting in 3487 articles to be screened. After screening, 130 lower limb prosthetic articles and 117 upper limb prosthetic articles were included in this review. Multiple limitations in the literature were identified, particularly a lack of long-term, larger-scale studies; research into the training requirements for these technologies and the necessary rectification processes; and a high range of variance of production workflows and materials which makes drawing conclusions difficult. These limitations create a barrier to adequate evidence-based decision-making for clinicians, technology developers, and wider policymakers. Increased collaboration between academia, industry, and clinical teams across more of the pathway to market for new technologies could be a route to addressing these gaps.

Research on the Effects of Voltage Sags and Harmonics on the Output Characteristics of Switching Power Supply

Switching power supply is widely used in industrial equipment, household appliances, and other fields due to the advantages of high integration and lightweight. Voltage sags can seriously affect the output voltage of switching power supply and the working condition of its power supply equipment; at the same time, the working scenarios of power equipment using switching power supply often have different level of harmonic problems. Considering the continuous innovation of switching power supply technology, the previous analysis and test results on the effect of voltage sags and harmonics on switching power supplies may no longer be applicable. The paper reveals the mechanism of the effect of harmonic alone as well as voltage sag superimposed harmonics on the output voltage of the switching power supply. Then the test research program was developed, and four different brands switching power supplies were selected for the test research, with which the effects of different amplitude voltage sags, harmonics with different frequencies and distortion, as well as voltage sag superimposed harmonics on the output voltage of switching power supplies were investigated. The results show that the tolerance ability of switching power supplies to voltage sags has been improved compared with previous switching power supplies, and the harmonic itself has less effect on the output voltage of switching power supply, but the joint action of harmonics and voltage sags will have a greater effect on the output voltage of switching power supply. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

DETERMINING THE PLACE OF VALUE-DEONTOLOGICAL COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS FOR A MODERN IT SPECIALIST IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AND LEGAL DOCUMENTS

The article analyzes the research of national and international normative legal documents for the purpose of determining the specifics of training IT specialists. The definition of the topic of values is singled out as one of the component requirements for professional training. The fundamental importance of the opportunity to provide educational means for personal and cultural development is emphasized. The implementation of such a task is related to the formation of axiological culture and deontological thinking.
 The results of the analysis of international legal acts and the confirmation of the trend of ethnoization of social life, the relevance of the formation of a deontological type of thinking during the professional training of future specialists, in particular in the IT sphere, are presented. It is emphasized that the purpose of our research is the analysis of national and international legal act on the issue of including the formation of axiological culture and deontological type of thinking during the training of specialists in the IT industry. This kind of analysis is reliably confirmed by scientific materials and modern researchers. It is fair to analyze the materials of the leading institutions of the IT sphere – the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Accreditation Committee of the European Network for Quality Assurance in Computer Education. The results obtained at this stage rightly confirm the basic thesis of our research: high-quality professional training of IT specialists is impossible without a formed axiological culture and deontological thinking.
 It was noted that in scientific practice, Ukrainian researchers also pay considerable attention to the development of the axiological component o training a high-quality, competitive IT specialist. A group of British and American researchers, as well as IT practitioners, revealed that the subject of studying human characteristic is necessary t achieve success in the IT field and business. The need to introduce a competency-based approach in the training of a future IT specialist is indicated. Therefore, the analysis of legal acts and researches of practitioners of the IT industry indicated the perspective of the introduction and development of the axiological component and the deontological component in the preparation of a high-quality IT specialist.

Fundamental Study on Recovery of Spilled Oil by Magnetic Pickering Emulsification

Heavy oil spills from stranded oil tankers are a global problem. The recovery of spilled oil must have a low environmental impact and must be capable of processing large quantities at high speeds. In this study, we investigated the application of magnetic separation for the recovery of spilled oil. Pickering emulsions were formed by heavy oil and magnetite, and recovery was carried out using a drum‐type permanent magnet. Pickering emulsions were successfully formed by stirring heavy oil A and magnetite, and magnetic separation experiments showed that up to 90% of the heavy oil A could be recovered. To recycle magnetite, a small amount of heavy oil was added to the recovered Pickering emulsions, and then a strong magnetic field of a superconducting bulk magnet was applied, which resulted in easy solid–liquid separation. The possibility of recycling magnetite after separation was also demonstrated. Finally, a small‐scale system using drum‐type permanent magnets was developed, and magnetic separation experiments were performed. The results showed that approximately 77% of the heavy oil A could be recovered. Particle trajectory simulations also demonstrated the recoverability of heavy oil at the sea surface. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

On‐Chip Differentiation of Hepatic Cords with Radial Flow

Due to a more physiological reproduction of the in vivo situation, liver‐on‐a‐chip devices in recent studies have shown higher sensitivity and accuracy for hepatotoxicity testing compared to traditional in vitro liver models. In this context, this work presents an original microfluidic device mimicking 3D hepatic cords organized radially, like in the liver lobule. Ten cell‐culture chambers seeded at a high density are disposed with a parallelized flow that emulates blood flow from the portal triad to the central vein in the liver lobule. Using this device, on‐chip differentiation of human HepaRG‐Hepatoblast (HepaRG‐HB) to HepaRG‐Hepatocytes (HepaRG‐HC) has been studied in terms of self‐organization capabilities, bile canaliculi formation and albumin expression. Our results indicate that due to the design of the cell culture chamber, which mechanically constrains tissue proliferation, and the physiologically relevant microfluidic flow condition used during tissue development, the HepaRG‐HBs in the device can proliferate, self‐organize, and spontaneously differentiate in a DMSO free medium forming long, directional bile canaliculi. On the contrary, under the same conditions, differentiated HepaRG‐HC is observed to aggregate without long bile canaliculi and form tissues resembling traditional HepaRG‐HC cultures. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Grid Forming Converter Control System Synthesis: A Static Output Feedback Approach

This paper proposes an effective control synthesis strategy to stabilize grid forming converters in the presence of disturbances. The conventional control system for a grid forming converter is based on paralleled and cascaded proportional‐integral (PI) controllers, which are widely used in the industry due to their simplicity and reliability. However, the sequential adjustment of PI gains in different control loops, without consideration of dynamic interconnections limits their performance and capability. To address this limitation, the present paper introduces a control design method based on static output feedback theory. The proposed control scheme reduces the dynamic control design problem to an effective gain scheduling problem. In the proposed methodology, without removing the existing practical control structure, its dynamic parts are moved to the open‐loop system, and simultaneous scheduling of all remaining control gains is achieved during one control design process. MATLAB simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the designed control system, and compare it with the conventional control one in terms of step response characteristics. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller, ensuring system stability and exhibiting improved performance. The proposed control framework provides several advantages, including keeping stability in various disturbance conditions, simultaneous tuning of all control parameters, and no need to change the existing simple control structure. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Voltage and Current Characteristics of Schottky Barrier Diodes and Rectifier Diodes Exposed to Standard Lightning Impulse Voltage

Lightning surges are one of the major reasons of bypass diode (BPD) failure in photovoltaic modules. In this study, standard lightning impulse voltages (SLIVs) were directly applied to Schottky barrier diodes (SKB diodes) and rectifier diodes (PNJ diodes) with different electrical specifications. The critical voltages Vc of SLIV at which the diodes were damaged and the temporal variations of diode current (iD) and voltage (vD) were measured. It was found the iD‐vD characteristics can be categorized into a total of eight patterns: four patterns for the forward SLIV application and the four for the reverse SLIV application, regardless of diode types. The measured results imply that the irreversible voltage dip that occurs before the termination of the reverse breakdown contributes significantly to diode damage in the both forward and reverse SLIV applications. SKB diodes exposed to the reverse SLIV are easily damaged at the lowest magnitude of SLIV among all combinations of diode types and SLIV directions. Once a diode has been damaged due to the first SLIV application, the second application of SLIV to the same diode causes remarkable change in the iD‐vD characteristic even if the magnitude of the second SLIV is smaller than Vc. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Model Predictive Current Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Sliding‐Mode Disturbance Observer

A nonlinear multivariable highly coupled system that is susceptible to both internal and external perturbations is the permanent magnet synchronous motor. A new reaching law‐based control approach that combines a sliding‐mode disturbance observer and an enhanced two‐vector model predictive current control is suggested in order to enhance the dynamic performance of the permanent magnet synchronous motor and its robustness to system disturbances. First, a new reaching law is developed in this paper to resolve the conflict between the traditional reaching law's chattering of the system and the reaching time of the sliding‐mode surface. This new reaching law not only makes the system's response more rapid but also reduces chattering; second, taking into account the possibility of systems with internal parameter uptake and external load disturbance, a sliding‐mode disturbance observer based on t is developed. Finally, the q‐axis current obtained from the speed sliding‐mode control rate is added to the model predictive current control, and an optimal duty cycle model predictive current control based on space vector modulation is designed because the traditional two‐vector model predictive current control is to optimize the duty cycle and voltage vectors separately, and the switching frequency is not fixed. The method suggested in this research may successfully suppress the sliding‐mode control system chattering and increase the resilience and dynamic response performance of the speed control system, according to simulation findings compared to the traditional reaching law and traditional duty cycle. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Theoretical Impedance Calculation Method for Air‐Core Coils

Coils are designed to have impedance characteristics appropriate for any use of the sensors, analog circuits and so on. The impedance characteristics of a coil depends on the coil shape and used materials, and these factors make coil design difficult. Therefore, we proposed a convenient method to obtain the impedance characteristics of a coil by theoretical calculation of the inductance, resistance, and capacitance. The difference between the calculated and measured values was within 15%, which demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed method. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Strongly Coupled Circuit‐Magnetic‐Structural Effect on Winding Vibration Process of Power Transformer

Short‐circuit forces, which result in violent vibration of power transformer windings, are induced by the interaction between the short‐circuit currents and the leakage magnetic induction. During vibration, the rearrangements of disks affect the magnetic flux distribution, which leads to time‐varying equivalent reactance and further changes of currents and forces. When a short‐circuit accident occurs, these processes happen simultaneously and constantly. In this article, the influence of circuit parameters on short‐circuit currents is analyzed. The strongly coupled phenomenon between equivalent circuit, magnetic field and structural field is explicated, and the method to obtain vibration process with strongly coupled phenomenon considered is proposed. Then the strongly coupled effect on vibration process is investigated. The vibration process is characterized by the time‐varying currents, electromagnetic forces and displacements. The space coefficient is defined to represent the magnetic flux distribution. The changes of maximum value and its occurrence time of the characteristic parameters are obtained. The peak values of the short‐circuit forces and displacements increase and the waveforms change, which is caused by the distortions of leakage magnetic flux and the changes of spatial ampere‐turn balance during vibration. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Techno‐Economic Modeling of Diverse Renewable Energy Sources Integration: Achieving Net‐Zero CO2 Emissions

Integrating renewable energy sources (RES) into power systems presents significant challenges due to their diverse nature and operational characteristics. This study addresses these challenges through an innovative strategy that simulates solar and wind farms, storage systems, fuel cell generators of hydrogen energy (via electrolysis), and hydrogen storage, all governed by an intelligent controller. Alongside a mathematical model defining the system's dynamics, a multi‐objective optimization model is employed, exploring the system's operational, financial, and environmental impacts. While the mathematical model has limitations, the advanced model captures the system's dynamic behavior with exceptional precision. This intelligent simulation simplifies the complex interrelationships between various resources in the system, highlighting the viability of RES integration for enhanced benefits. Multi‐objective optimization of a real case study of Iowa 240‐Bus power system in the Midwest United States has resulted in an annual savings of $126 147.8, along with a significant CO2 reduction of 951 035.6 kg compared with the basecase. The total annual energy costs, including capital costs and electricity sales, are reported to be $157 430.4, and the total annual CO2 emissions are −4453.8 kg. Financial indicators highlight an annual cost reduction of 10.3% and an annual emission reduction of 100.5%. The simple and detailed project break‐even years are 18 and 1, respectively, with the project savings to cost minimization scenario ratio at 1.04. The optimization process efficiently handled a complex problem involving 5921 iterations, 299 247 variables, 11 854 discrete variables, and 342 167 equations, completing the entire operation in 12.7 s. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Class‐Relation Reasoning with Knowledge‐Transfer for Few‐Shot Object Detection

Few‐Shot Object Detection (FSOD) task involves accurately identifying target object classes using only a small set of labeled samples. Most of the current FSOD tasks independently predict class prototype features without considering class relationships and only rely on visual information. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Class‐relational Reasoning Method with Knowledge‐transfer (CRK‐Net), built on the meta‐learning‐based framework. Although data may be scarce, the semantic relationship between classes is invariant, Joint‐feature Fusion Module (JFM) are hence proposed to transfers the semantic information of different categories in the natural language world to integrate with visual information and produce multi‐modality embeddings. Some base classes and novel classes have similar features, so this can be borrowed by modeling the relationship between classes feature. Building upon the observation, we propose a Class‐relational Reasoning Module (CRM) to establish the correlations between categories and enhance prototype representations for each category. After passing through the JFM and CRM modules, a high‐quality class prototype is finally produced for subsequent regression and classification. Extensive experiments on PASCAL VOC demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method and provide a new scheme for fusing semantic and visual information. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Automated Correction of Eye‐Tracking Data for Detecting Difficult‐to‐Read Characters in Japanese Text

This paper proposes a new eye‐tracking data correction method for the development of an automatic detection system for difficult‐to‐read characters in Japanese text. The proposed method, which adjusts the x‐axis of the eye, was compared with existing methods that adjust only the y‐axis. Data correction was performed for each method, and the detection accuracy of difficult‐to‐read Japanese characters was calculated and compared. The experimental results indicate that adjusting the x‐axis and y‐axis can improve the detection accuracy of difficult‐to‐read characters in Japanese text. This research advances easy correction techniques for difficult‐to‐read character detection in Japanese text and broadens the use of eye trackers, including low‐cost eye trackers. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Research on Detection and Defense Methods for Software‐Defined Network Architecture after Hybrid Attack by Distributed Denial of Service

The architecture of software‐defined network (SDN)enhances the openness of the network by separating the control and forwarding functions, but the centralized SDN control form is susceptible to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, entropy value and back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) were applied to the DDoS attack detection of SDN, and then the two detection algorithms were simulated in MATLAB software and compared with the K‐means algorithm. The results showed that in the face of four DDoS attacks, SYN Flood, ACK Flood, UDP Flood and ICMP Flood, the BPNN‐based DDoS detection had higher accuracy and less detection time; the switch that adopted the BPNN‐based DDoS detection algorithm adjusted the traffic ratio back to normal level faster when facing DDoS attacks, reducing the impact on other switches and maintaining the traffic stability of the network. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A Proposal of a Novel Automatic Checkout System Reducing Additional Item Information Relearning Cost

Recently, a retail industry has trended to adopt automatic checkout systems for enhancing customer sales. Typically, an automatic checkout system employs an object detection technique (i.e., image processing) based on a commonly used deep learning model (e.g., Faster R‐CNN and YOLO) that has been trained for items. Therefore, it takes much time to relearn the model whenever an item is added to the system. To save the relearning cost, we propose a novel automatic checkout system reducing the relearning cost of an additional item. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.