Basic Medical Sciences Institute Research Articles

Pirfenidone's Potential for Motor Recovery following Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Objective: The aim of this research was to access the ability of pirfenidone in improving motor activity of hindlimbs in rats following compression injury to spinal cord. Study Design: Experimental lab-based study. Settings: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Pakistan. Duration: From March 2020 to April 2023. Methods: Injury induction at the T7 spinal cord level was carried out using a 70gm force aneurysm clip in rats. The rats were divided into three groups: Group A received a daily placebo, Group B received a daily dose of pirfenidone at 200 mg/kg/day, and Group C received a daily dose of pirfenidone at 500 mg/kg/day. Each group was further subdivided into two sub-groups, labeled as Groups 1 and 2, each consisting of 5 rats. The experiment lasted for 14 and 28 days. On the final day, all rats underwent BBB scoring to evaluate the motor activity in their hind limbs. Results: BBB scores showed statistically significant differences both between and within groups. Among the SCI groups, those treated with pirfenidone displayed higher BBB scores compared to those without pirfenidone treatment. Conclusion: Pirfenidone may improve motor function post-spinal cord injury by reducing fibrosis, preventing collagen buildup in the core of glial scars, and reducing reactive astrocytosis in the scar's outer region. This dual action could promote axonal regeneration and enhance synaptic connections, aiding in neurological recovery.

Development, growth, and future of the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College: 65 years tackling medical research paradigms.

Development, growth, and future of the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College: 65 years tackling medical research paradigms.

Gender Based Comparison of Mean Arterial Pressure and Pulse Pressure after Stress Induction in Healthy Adults

Abstract: Background: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Pulse Pressure (PP) are both key parameters to diagnose and manage cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Men and women are physically different from each other. Objective: Is to evaluate gender-based comparison of MAP and PP of healthy adults after stress induction. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was designed and conducted in the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS) at Khyber Medical University (KMU) from January 2022 to April 2022. A total of fifty-two participants including twenty-six males and twenty-six females were selected using convenience sampling. Sample size estimation was carried out using G*Power. Healthy adults between the age of 18-40 years were included in the study. Blood Pressure (BP) and Heart Rate (HR) were checked both before and after the stress induction. MAP and PP were calculated using the formulas obtained from the literature i.e., MAP = DP + 1/3 (PP) and PP = SBP-DBP. Result: The mean age of males was 27.16 ± 4.28 years and that of females was 23.15 ± 2.86 years. Both pre and post stress comparison of mean difference between healthy adult males and females, revealed no significant difference between MAP (Post-Stress p=0.97 and Pre-Stress p=0.61), PP (Post-Stress p=0.18 and Pre-Stress p=0.05) and HR (Post-Stress p=0.11 and Pre-Stress p=0.57). Males had a higher PP than females in both pre and post stress phase. Females had a slightly higher MAP than males in the pre stress phase. In the post stress phase, MAP showed a positive correlation with HR and PP. While in the pre stress phase, all the variables (MAP, PP and HR) showed no correlation with each other. Conclusion: MAP and PP show no significant difference between healthy adult males and females, after stress induction.

Spectrum of Flat Epithelial Atypia in Breast Lesions

Objective: To determine the frequency of flat epithelial atypia and its association with breast lesions in trucut biopsies and lumpectomy specimens in the local population.Study Design: A cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2019 to September 2022.Methods: In total, 286 biopsy specimens of breast tissue diagnosed with various pathologies, including benign and malignant cases, were included in our study. The overall frequency of flat epithelial atypia was noted. Furthermore, the Fischer Exact/Chi-square test of association was applied to observe the association of FEA with other breast lesions. Open Epi software was utilized for sample size calculations, and data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. Results: The most common age range for flat epithelial atypia was 17 to 80 years, and the mean age was 27.05 ± 10.34 SD. Fibroadenoma was the most frequent clinical presentation in 214 (74.8%) cases. Features of flat epithelial atypia were found in a total of 11 (3.84%) cases. However, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) showed 100% positivity for flat epithelial atypia followed by fibrocystic disease (62%), Invasive Ductal Carcinoma( IDC) (15%), and adenosis (12.5%).Conclusion: The frequency of flat epithelial atypia, was 3.84% in trucut biopsies and lumpectomy specimens of the breast. The Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS), IDC, fibrocystic disease, and adenosis showed a positive association with flat epithelial atypia.
 How to cite this: Jaffar N, Khan A, Batool R, Rahat N. Spectrum of Flat Epithelial Atypia in Various Breast Lesions. An Alarming Sign. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 415-420. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.333

Identification of appropriate tools to gauge brain functions in a clinical setup of a developing country: A pilot study.

To identify the most appropriate tools to measure functions of the brain that can be utilized in the clinical setups of developing countries. This qualitative research with a three-step approach was carried out from January 2022 to May 2022 at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Pakistan. Firstly, literature was searched to identify main brain faculties, then interviews were conducted with regional field experts to identify appropriate scales for the selected functions. Lastly a rubric was filled using interview transcripts and literature. The identified functions were vision, hearing, cognition, motor and emotions. Based on the rubric the best tests were visual fields (17/24), pure tone audiometry (16/24), Mini-Mental State Exam (20/24), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (18/24), Romberg's test (19/24) and Manual Muscle Testing (18/24). The clinicians in developing countries can utilize the visual fields, pure tone audiometry, Mini-Mental State Exam, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Romberg's test and Manual Muscle Testing for most efficient, feasible, accurate and cost-effective measurement of brain functions.

Role of Human Papilloma Virus 16/18 In Laryngeal Carcinoma with Correlation to the Expression of Cyclin D1, p53, p16 and EGFR.

To investigate the role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) (16/18) in relation to the molecular genetic mechanisms of Cyclin D1, p53, p16, and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSSC). A cross-sectional study of 88 (Formalin-fixed Paraffin Embedded) FFPE laryngeal biopsies were done at Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Centre, Karachi from 2010 to 2019 with the application of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HPV 16/18and Immuno-histochemical staining for molecular genetic expression of proteins, Cyclin D1, p53, p16, and EGFR. Out of 88 cases of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSSC) there was female preponderance. Mean age of the participants was found as 50.7±12.8 years. High risk HPV 16/18 was positive in 28 cases (31.8%), largely related to Grade-II and Grade-III. Immunohistochemically, Cyclin D1 (87.5%) appeared as the most important driver mutation followed by p16 (86.4%), EGFR (65.9%), and, p53 was positive in (61.4%) of cases. The role of high-risk HPV 16/18 is concurred in the present study strongly in correlation to p16 as a surrogate marker. Moreover, the other driver mutations of Cyclin D1, p53, and EGFR are also implicated as cumulative molecular events in tumor progression as mostly seen in higher Grades.

Relation of Intima Media Thickening of Carotid Arteries with Parameters of Lipid Profile in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients

Objective: To find out the relation between carotid intima media thickening (CIMT) and lipid profile in HCV seropositive patients. Study Design & Setting: Descriptive, cross sectional study. Methodology: Study was conducted in the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Dow University of Health Sciences. Duration of study wsd 13 months. After ethical approval, a total of ninety participants including thirty (n=30) control (Group A) and sixty (n=60) HCV sero-positive patients (Group B) were inducted in the study from the hepatitis clinic of Ruth Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Those with history of smoking, hypertension, alcohol, pregnancy, ascities, coinfection with other hepatitis viruses and not willing to participate were excluded. After consent, demographic and anthropometric data were recorded. Blood samples were taken for fasting blood glucose and lipid profile estimation. CIMT was estimated by carotid doppler ultrasound. Data entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. and presented as frequency (n; %) and mean ±SD. Student “t” test and Pearson’s correlation test were applied where appropriate. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of HCV sero-positive participants showed non-significant difference compared to control. FBG and CIMT were found to be significantly raised in HCV infected patients while lipid profile parameters showed insignificant difference. Pearson’s correlation test revealed insignificant relation of lipid profile parameters with CIMT (p > 0.000). Conclusion: HCV seropositive patients had significantly raised CIMT with non-significant relation with parameters of lipid profile

Diagnostic Performance of Direct Microscopic Techniques and Culture Media for Fungal Isolates from Hair Specimens

Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of direct microscopic techniques and culture media for detecting fungal isolates in hair specimens.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2021 to June 2021.Materials and Methods: A total of 207 hair specimens were collected from the patients with superficial mycoses of the scalp. The specimens were collected under aseptic techniques using clean glass slides and forceps which were processed for Potassium hydroxide mount and Calcofluor white staining. The mycological cultures were performed on a Dermatophyte test medium and Sabouraud Dextrose agar with and without antibiotics. The data was recorded and analyzed on SPSS version 21. The frequencies, percentages, means, and ratios were calculated using Descriptive statistics. The association between variables were analyzed by the Chi-square test and kappa index.Results: Potassium hydroxide mount revealed fungal spores and hyphae in 154(74.3%) specimens, while Calcofluor white staining showed fungal elements in 179(86.5%) specimens. Out of 207 specimens, 106(51.2%) were culture positive and 101(48.8%) were declared culture negative. Out of culture-positive specimens, dermatophytes were yielded in 61(57.5%) and non-dermatophytes in 45(42.5%) specimens. Among all culture media, the highest number of dermatophytes was yielded by plain Sabouraud dextrose agar (59; 96.5%), followed by dermatophyte test medium (55; 90%), and Sabouraud dextrose agar with antibiotics (54; 90.1%). On the contrary, the primary isolation of non-dermatophytes on the plain was Sabouraud dextrose agar s 32(71.1%), Sabouraud dextrose agar with antibiotics 31(68.2%), and dermatophyte test medium 13(28.8%).Conclusion: In our study, we found Calcofluor white staining technique as the most sensitive method to detect fungal elements from the given hair specimens. For mycological culture, all tested culture media were equally effective for the retrieval of dermatophytes. However, for non-dermatophytes, plain SDA and SDA with antibiotics were found to be better media for isolation.

EVALUATING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AGE AND FREQUENCY OF COMMON FINDINGS OF ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSIES

The current analyses aimed to assess the association between age and frequency with the common findings of endometrial biopsies. The retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Karachi, from January 2014 to January 2020 to evaluate the association of age with normal endometrial phases, hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma in the local population. The study was conducted on a total of 103 diagnosed cases. All participants underwent immunohistochemistry testing. The Endometrial malignancies were most common in women aged 61 to 70, with an average age of 54. Hyperplasia without atypia was most common in the age group of 31 to 40 years, with an average age of 33 years, while hyperplasia with atypia was common in women aged between 41 to 50 years. The secretory and proliferative phases were most common in the 4th and third decades of life, with an average age of 42 and 39, respectively. They concluded that endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent endometrial malignancy with the highest risk during the 6th decade, while endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is the most prevalent type of hyperplasia with the highest risk during 4th decade of life.

Hepatoprotective role of tecomella undulata bark extract in comparison with n- acetylcysteine on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats.

Objective: To assess hepatoprotective effect of Tecomella Undulata bark extract on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats as compared to N-Acetylcysteine. Study Design: Experimental Comparative Study. Setting: Bahria University Medical & Dental College Karachi in collaboration with Basic Medical Sciences Institute Karachi. Period: March 2020 till August 2020. Material & Method: Study included 56 Albino rats divided in four groups with 14 animals in each group. Group A was control, Group B was induced hepatotoxicity by giving Acetaminophen 500 mg as a single dose, Group C was given N–Acetylcysteine 140mg/kg intraperitoneally for 6 days and Group D was given Tecomella bark extract 200mg/kg for 15 days after acetaminophen induced liver damage. Their blood samples were collected and sent for hepatic enzyme levels. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. One way ANOVA was applied. For multiple comparison post hoc tukey’s test was used. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Result: The mean Serum AST, ALT and ALP levels were increased in Group-B, however, Group-D showed significant reduction in hepatic enzyme levels as compared to Group-C. Tecomella bark extract showed hepatoprotective effect by reducing hepatic enzyme levels in acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Conclusion: Thus Tecomella plant extract could act as an alternative antidote to N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in albino rats.

Relationship between depression and lifestyle factors in Chinese adults using multi-level generalized estimation equation model.

Relationship between depression and lifestyle factors in Chinese adults using multi-level generalized estimation equation model.

Impact of Antioxidant on Altered Quantity of Testicular Leydig Cell During Anti Cancerous Therapy an Experimental Study

Statement of Problem: Patients undergoing chemotherapy has been struggling long with side effects on tissues which were not targeted for therapy. Chemotherapeutic agents Doxorubicin (DOX) used in this study induced testicular damage, had been a major concern of oncologists for decades. Studies so far has more focus on the adverse impact of drug on germ cells and very few observed its effect on Leydig cell secreting testosterone. To date few studies are available that have used antioxidant therapy like vitamin C to assuage the oxidative damage induced by DOX on supporting cell like Leydig. Objectives: To demonstrate the altered numbers of Leydig cells produced by DOX in testes of mice and designed to study the changes in quantity of Leydig cells in DOX affected interstitial cells with co-administration of antioxidant ascorbic acid. Research Design: An experimental study to determine the effect of dox on testicular leydig cells and to assess the ameliorating effects of vitamin c on it. Duration of Study: This study was conducted from June 2022 to February 2023 Place of Study: Research was conducted at Dow university of health sciences (DUHS) Karachi at institute of basic medical sciences with collaboration of its animal house and Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Lab DUHS. Sampling technique: The samples were chosen randomly. In this experiment drugs used include doxorubicin hydrochloride, vitamin c and normal saline on 6th, 8th and 10th day of the study. Methodology: Male mice of five weeks old were segregated into 3 groups. Group- A mice were treated with normal saline, DOX alone was given to group- B animals and DOX + Vitamin C to group- C. At the end of experimental study, testes of sacrificed animals were preserved in Bouin’s fluid and later processing, staining etc. were performed. Results and Statistical Analysis: By using SPSSS version 16, statistical analysis was done, using ANOVA test to evaluate the significance of parameter among different groups studied. Widening of interstitium with significant Leydig hyperplasia (P < 0.00) as compared to controls were seen in group B However co-administration of Vitamin C with DOX significantly decrease was observed in comparison to Group A. Practical Implications: The practical implications of this study for the community are that cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy can potentially benefit from co-administration of vitamin C to reduce the adverse effects on testicular tissue, which may help preserve fertility and hormone production. Improving the quality of life for cancer patients by providing an accessible and potentially effective way to manage chemotherapy-induced side effects. Conclusion: This study suggested that the antioxidant Vitamin C has a role in ameliorating the effects produced by DOX on testis by showing change in altered quantity of leydig cell. Keywords: Doxorubicin, Vitamin C, Mice, Antioxidant, Leydig cells

Endometriosis Increases the Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

HomeStrokeVol. 54, No. 2Endometriosis Increases the Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study No AccessResearch ArticleRequest AccessFull TextAboutView Full TextView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialNo AccessResearch ArticleRequest AccessFull TextEndometriosis Increases the Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study Ming Zheng and Shaoping Zheng Ming ZhengMing Zheng Correspondence to: Ming Zheng, MD, PhD, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Rd, Beijing 100850, China. Email E-mail Address: [email protected] or E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-7701 Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (M.Z.). Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China (M.Z.). *M. Zheng and S. Zheng contributed equally. Search for more papers by this author and Shaoping ZhengShaoping Zheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-0431 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fujian, China (S.Z.). *M. Zheng and S. Zheng contributed equally. Search for more papers by this author Originally published23 Jan 2023https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041163Stroke. 2023;54:e30–e33AbstractDownload figureDownload PowerPointFootnotes*M. Zheng and S. Zheng contributed equally.For Sources of Funding and Disclosures, see page e32.Supplemental Material is available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041163.Correspondence to: Ming Zheng, MD, PhD, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Rd, Beijing 100850, China. Email [email protected]edu.cn or [email protected]com

Association of Thyroid Dysfunction with Unexplained Infertility in Women of Karachi Pakistan

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction is predominant in women of procreative age and has been linked with hostile fertility. Objective: To evaluate the association of thyroid dysfunction with unexplained infertility (UI). Material and Methods: A case-control study was performed by the department of Physiology Basic Medical Sciences Institute in collaboration with Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi from May 2018 to June 2019. A sample size of 88 subjects; Group A (44 healthy fertile controls) and Group B (44 UI women) was calculated. Study variables included height, weight, body mass index, serum Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG), and Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti -TPO). Results: UI females had high TSH concentration without any disturbance in T3 and T4 in comparison with controls, 40% of women with UI had TSH levels higher than 2.5 mIU/L as compared to 4% in controls. The mean TSH was 2.47±1.97mIU/L in UI females as compared to 1.10±2.14 mIU/L in controls. Both logistic regression models adjusted for age and body mass index showed that fertile controls were significantly less likely to be found with higher TSH (aOR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.52-0.98, p=0.040) and TBG (aOR=088, 95% CI: 0.81-0.95, p=0.002) as compared to females with UI. Conclusion: Minimal deviation of TSH (increased), raised anti-thyroid antibodies with slightly low T3 and T4 levels was observed in UI females. Mild variations in TSH within the normal range may contribute to some cases of UI therefore a direct need for thyroid profile assessment in all infertile females is recommended.

Unexpected Photocatalytic Degeneration of NAD + for Inducing Apoptosis of Hypoxia Cancer Cells

Unexpected Photocatalytic Degeneration of NAD ⁺ for Inducing Apoptosis of Hypoxia Cancer Cells

The rising menace of antifungal resistance in dermatophytes among the patients of tinea capitis.

To determine the epidemiological profile of dermatophytes among patients of tinea capitis and their susceptibility pattern to fluconazole and terbinafine. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from August to December 2019, and comprised samples of hair and skin from the scalp of tinea capitis patients regardless of age and gender. Demographic details were collected and the samples were processed for direct microscopy and mycological culture. Antifungal susceptibility testing for fluconazole and terbinafine was performed using broth microdilution method. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 207 patients, 115(55.5%) were males, and 114(55.1%) were children. Alopecia was the most common presenting complaint 141(68.1%), while grey patch tinea was the most characteristic clinical form 53(25.6%). Dermatophytes were yielded in 61(29.5%) cases, non-dermatophytes were isolated in 45(21.7%) specimens, and 101(48.8%) were culture-negative. Among the dermatophytes, trichophyton violaceum was the most common pathogen 21(34.4%), followed by trichophyton mentagrophytes 18(29.5%). Resistance to fluconazole and terbinafine among dermatophytes was recorded in 12(19.7%) and 7(11.5%) isolates, respectively. The frequency of dermatophytes among tinea capitis patients was higher compared to non-dermatophyte species. Antifungal resistance was predominantly seen in trichophyton violaceum and trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Frequency of Tuberculosis and its Outcomes After Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment According to Age and Gender

Objective: To determine the frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis and its outcomes after anti-tuberculosis treatment according to age and gender. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi, with the collaboration of different DOTs centers and chest ward JPMC, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi. All newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients who registered for treatment, of either gender, were included. All the patients were followed until the end of the treatment, and they were assessed regarding treatment outcomes in terms of the success and failure of the treatment according to the age and gender of the patients. A self-made proforma was structured to collect the information, and SPSS version 26 was used for the purpose of data analysis. Results: A total of 237 cases were observed, their mean age was 41.80+16.44 years and their mean weight was 51.09+7.90 kg. Males were in majority 84.0% and females were 16.0%. The majority of cases (96.2%) had completed treatment, while 3.8% of cases had not yet completed treatment.91.0% of the patients were cured, while the remaining 8.40% were still not cured during the study period. Treatment outcome was statistically significant according to age (p = 0.001), while statistically insignificant according to gender (p = 895). Conclusion: As per the study conclusion, the frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis was frequently higher among males compared to females. Treatment outcome was influenced by age greater than 60 years, while no gender effects were observed. Keywords: Tuberculosis, age, gender, treatment

Highly Emissive Luminogens in Both Solution and Aggregate States

Highly Emissive Luminogens in Both Solution and Aggregate States

Animal model testing for efficacy and adverse effects of bacteriophages against Acinetobacter baumannii.

This study aimed to conduct a detailed study on murine model testing of bacteriophage against Acinetobacter baumannii. These bacteriophages were tested not only for their efficacy in healing wound of murine models infected with multidrug resistant A. baumannii but were also studied for any derangement in hematological parameters as well as liver and kidney function. The study also included any histological changes observed in hepatic and renal tissues of the bacteriophage treated murine animals. This experimental study was conducted at Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar and Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. A. baumannii isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done by using standard procedures and as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water samples collected from different hospitals in Multan. These bacteriophages were characterized and finally used for treating the murine model and efficacy of phage as a therapeutic option was determined by using superficial rat wound model. In this study, the isolated lytic bacteriophage was effective in relatively faster wound healing of the infected animals. Moreover, there were no significant hematological or renal and hepatic profile changes in treated animals. Histology of renal and hepatic tissues was also normal as compared to control animals. Our study concluded that the isolated phage could serve as an attractive therapeutic candidate to combat the deadly multidrug resistant A. baumannii.

Effect of Diamond and Carbide Burs on Dentinal Tubules and Predentin Diameter

OBJECTIVES: To find out the effect of Diamond and Carbide burs on the diameter of dentinal tubules and predentin of premolar teeth. METHODOLOGY: A Laboratory-based experimental study was conducted at the anatomy department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, from January 2018 to March 2018. Sixty premolars were obtained from patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six teeth were extracted for control group A. Fifty-four maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth in patients underwent cavity preparation carried out by diamond bur (group B) for twenty-seven teeth and other twenty-seven teeth by carbide bur (group C) and were removed from patients at a dental hospital in Peshawar (RCD). They underwent processing and were then stained with Eosin, Hematoxylin and Masson's trichrome to observe the diameter of dentinal tubules and predentin. RESULTS: The dentinal tubules and predentin diameters were observed and measured in all samples in both control group A and experimental groups B and C. No effect was seen in dentinal tubules diameter. In the Control group, the diameter of predentin was less as compared to Experimental groups B and C, i.e., 10-17.5µm in group A whereas the range for Diamond bur (Group B) and Carbide bur (Group C) was 12.5-25µm and 20-37.5µm whereas. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that in comparison with Carbide bur, Diamond bur is more beneficial than Carbide bur as the Diamond bur has no effect on dentinal tubules diameter whereas little effects on predentin diameter.