Instant Forms Research Articles

Ilex paraguariensis Extracts: A Source of Bioelements and Biologically Active Compounds for Food Supplements

Ilex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate, is a plant belonging to the holly genus Ilex and the Aquifoliaceae family, indigenous to South America, and is used for the production of yerba mate. Yerba mate is renowned for its abundance of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds. Based on test results, it can be assumed that the selection of raw material for the preparation of extracts as well as the extraction method significantly influence the final content of biologically active compounds in the extracts. Consequently, this variability impacts the ultimate concentration of biologically active substances within the end product, potentially influencing human consumption. The present study aimed to quantify and compare the content of selected biological active compounds in supplements and products containing I. paraguariensis extracts, along with organic yerba mate dried through a smoke-free process, available in the European market (P-1–P-10). The evaluation focused on antioxidant substances such as neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 4-feruloylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid, rutoside astragalin, and caffeine. Additionally, the concentration of specific macro and trace elements was ascertained. The antioxidant compound makeup differs between methanol-extracted samples and aqueous extracts. In both cases, methanol extracts, particularly those in instant and traditional herb forms, showed the highest content of organic compounds with antioxidant properties (such as phenolic compounds and caffeine). The highest content of chlorogenic acid was detected in both methanol (14.7412 mg/g d.w.) and water (8.3120 mg/g d.w.) extracts in product P-4. The caffeic acid content ranged from 0.1491 mg/g d.w. to 1.7938 mg/g d.w. in methanol extracts and from 0.0760 mg/g d.w. to 0.4892 mg/g d.w. in water extracts. The neochlorogenic acid content ranged from 2.6869 to 23.9750 mg/g d.w. in ethanol extracts and from 0.4529 to 10.2299 mg/g d.w. in water extracts. Therefore, the traditional preparation of yerba mate as a water infusion does not fully exploit the raw material’s potential. Among the tested products, only the dietary supplement in capsule form contained protocatechuic acid, which was not present in any other tested products. Conversely, compounds characteristic of yerba mate found in other preparations were absent in this supplement. The caffeine content was also the lowest in this product. The determined content of active substances did not consistently match the declarations made by producers if stated on the packaging.

Advantages of instant forms of antibiotics in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections

Antibacterial drugs are the basis of pathogenetic therapy of most infectious diseases, including lower respiratory tract infections, which continue to occupy a leading place in the structure of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases worldwide. At the same time, the continuing steady growth of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, the problem of creating and developing new antibacterial drugs for use in outpatient practice determines the degree of importance of optimizing the dosage regimen of this group of drugs. According to domestic and foreign clinical recommendations, the drugs of choice for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in outpatient practice are aminopenicillins and inhibitor-protected penicillins. In the literature review of domestic and foreign studies, the advantages of instant forms of antibacterial drugs in the pharmacotherapy of lower respiratory tract infections are considered in detail and systematized. These include higher bioavailability of the drug, which provides an appropriate level of pharmacodynamic and clinical efficacy, a more favorable safety profile, ease of use in children and elderly patients, as well as in patients with impaired swallowing function, pharmacoeconomical advantages. Thus, the use of dispersible forms of antibacterial drugs in outpatient practice in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, improve patient tolerance and adherence to treatment, which is especially important when taking medications independently, reduce treatment costs, which in combination helps to curb the development of antibiotic resistance.

BMS symmetry in gravity: Front form versus instant form

In general relativity, the allowed set of diffeomorphisms or gauge transformations at asymptotic infinity forms the BMS group, an infinite-dimensional extension of the Poincaré group. We focus on the structure of the BMS group in two distinct forms of Hamiltonian dynamics — the instant and front forms. Both similarities and differences in these two forms are examined while emphasizing the role of noncovariant approaches to symmetries in gravity.

A review of immediate drug release dosage forms

Tablets are currently the most widely used dosage form due to their ease of self-administration, compactness, and simple production. In many situations, rapid action is necessary rather than conventional therapy. Immediate release dosage forms have become an alternative to traditional oral dose forms in order to address these shortcomings. Immediately after administration, immediate medication release dose forms dissolve more quickly. Super disintegrants such carboxymethylcellulose (Croscarmellose), sodium starch glycolate (Primogel, Explotab), cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (Polyplasdone), and others are employed as the fundamental method in the manufacture of tablets. After being administered to the stomach, these powerful disintegrants instantly dissolve tablets. In this area, parenteral dosage forms and instant release liquid dosage forms have both been introduced for the treatment of patients. It is possible to administer suspensions in liquid dose form using common dispersion agents as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, AOT (dioctyl sulfosuccinate), etc. Many medications, including neuroleptics, cardiovascular medications, analgesics, antihistamines, and other medications, can be thought of as candidates for this dose form as a result of the advent of immediate release therapy. Pharmaceutical companies frequently create a certain medication entity in a new and improved dosage form as the drug entity's patent life is about to expire. While providing its patient group with a more practical dosage form or dosing schedule, a new dosage form enables a producer to extend market exclusivity.

The hidden treasure of wedang uwuh, an ethnic traditional drink from Java, Indonesia: Its benefits and innovations

This article aims to provide knowledge related to the history, uniqueness, composition, processing, health benefits, development, and innovation of wedang uwuh. The research uses a qualitative approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with the courtiers (abdi dalem), the owners of wedang uwuh SMEs, consumers, and the government. The research location, Yogyakarta Province, is the origin of wedang uwuh. The supporting data were gathered through literature studies. Wedang uwuh is an ethnic traditional drink from Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia. It is made from cloves, nutmeg leaves, sappan, cinnamon, ginger, cardamom, and rock sugar. This drink is unique in terms of name, history, culture, properties, color, and taste. It is beneficial for improving health, fitness, and body immunity. Wedang uwuh is part of the cultural journey in Yogyakarta. This drink is now not only consumed by the royal family but also produced and consumed by the wider community and becomes a superior product with a high economic value. As an innovation, wedang uwuh is now available in concoction, instant, syrup, klisikan, and dip bag forms. Wedang uwuh can adapt to the times through product innovation but still maintain its main characteristics as an ethnic and healthy traditional drink.

Interpolating ’t Hooft model between instant and front forms

The 't Hooft model, i.e., the two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics in the limit of infinite number of colors, is interpolated by an angle parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}$ between $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ for the instant form dynamics (IFD) and $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/4$ for the light-front dynamics (LFD). With this parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}$, we formulate the interpolating mass gap equation which takes into account the nontrivial vacuum effect on the bare fermion mass to find the dressed fermion mass. Our interpolating mass gap solutions not only reproduce the previous IFD result at $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ as well as the previous LFD result at $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/4$ but also link them together between the IFD and LFD results with the $\ensuremath{\delta}$ parameter. We find the interpolation angle independent characteristic energy function which satisfies the energy-momentum dispersion relation of the dressed fermion, identifying the renormalized fermion mass function and the wave function renormalization factor. The renormalized fermion condensate is also found independent of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, indicating the persistence of the nontrivial vacuum structure even in the LFD. Using the dressed fermion propagator interpolating between IFD and LFD, we derive the corresponding quark-antiquark bound-state equation in the interpolating formulation verifying its agreement with the previous bound-state equations in the IFD and LFD at $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, respectively. The mass spectra of mesons bearing the feature of the Regge trajectories are found independent of the $\ensuremath{\delta}$-parameter reproducing the previous results in LFD and IFD for the equal mass quark and antiquark bound states. The Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation for the pionic ground-state in the zero fermion mass limit is confirmed indicating that the spontaneous breaking of the chiral symmetry occurs in the 't Hooft model regardless of the quantization for $0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\pi}/4$. We obtain the corresponding bound-state wave functions and discuss their reference frame dependence with respect to the frame independent LFD result. Applying them for the computation of the so-called quasi-parton distribution functions now in the interpolating formulation between IFD and LFD, we note a possibility of utilizing not only the reference frame dependence but also the interpolation angle dependence to get an alternative effective approach to the LFD-like results.

Rho \u2013Meson Form-factors in Point form of Poincar\xe9-Invariant Quantum Mechanics

Form-factors investigation of rho ^{pm }–mesons was carried out within the framework of the relativistic quark model, based on point form of Poincaré-invariant quantum mechanics taking into account the internal structure of constituent quarks. It is shown that the parameters of the model obtained from the condition of the agreement of theoretical calculations with experimental data on leptonic decays for light pi ^{pm }— and rho ^{pm }–mesons lead to the results correlating with calculations in models based on light-front and instant forms of dynamics. The proposed scheme for the combined description of lepton transitions of pseudoscalar and vector mesons that is based on point form of dynamics, leads to the results on the magnetic moment of rho ^{pm }–meson correlating with the experimental data and other models.

Solving a system of linear differential equations with interval coefficients

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In this study, we consider a system of homogeneous linear differential equations, the coefficients and initial values of which are constant intervals. We apply the approach that treats an interval problem as a set of real (classical) problems. In previous studies, a system of linear differential equations with real coefficients, but with interval forcing terms and interval initial values was investigated. It was shown that the value of the solution at each time instant forms a convex polygon in the coordinate plane. The motivating question of the present study is to investigate whether the same statement remains true, when the coefficients are intervals. Numerical experiments show that the answer is negative. Namely, at a fixed time, the region formed by the solution's value is not necessarily a polygon. Moreover, this region can be non-convex. <p style='text-indent:20px;'>The solution, defined in this study, is compared with the Hukuhara- differentiable solution, and its advantages are exhibited. First, under the proposed concept, the solution always exists and is unique. Second, this solution concept does not require a set-valued, or interval-valued derivative. Third, the concept is successful because it seeks a solution from a wider class of set-valued functions.

A Design of Strategic Real-Time Marketing Model in Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Real-time marketing is an influential factor in creating a high engagement audience and is identified as event-driven marketing by instantly connecting with the customer based on events. Modern audiences are more expectant than ever, and the time has come when no one waits 24 hours for an update. Instant forms of communication (e.g., short message service, instant messaging, and social media services) remind us of the need for real-time marketing. The present study aimed to design a strategic real-time marketing model based on the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) in order to enable timely action on events and triggers on digital channels to capture pure moments with automation platforms and analytical and cognitive tools. In the current research, we applied a mixed-method and grounded theory with a systematic approach attributed to Strauss & Corbin to analyze the data and designed a model using three open, axial, and selective coding techniques. Data were collected using library and snowball sampling methods. The questionnaire was provided to managers and specialists following the identification of dimensions, criteria, and related sub-criteria, and the results were analyzed in an independent t-test. Moreover, the dimensions and components were prioritized applying the AHP technique. According to the results, entering the era of the 4IR, social media and mobile phones has shifted the common paradigms and the realization of scientific myths. Destructive technological stimuli with exponential growth and super-tendencies resulting from these transformations will create new images in the media, which highlights the optimization of micro-moments at the time of need to express goals and turn them into the content.

Interpolating quantum electrodynamics between instant and front forms

The instant form and the front form of relativistic dynamics proposed by Dirac in 1949 can be linked by an interpolation angle parameter $\delta$ spanning between the instant form dynamics (IFD) at $\delta =0$ and the front form dynamics which is now known as the light-front dynamics (LFD) at $\delta =\pi/4$. We present the formal derivation of the interpolating quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the canonical field theory approach and discuss the constraint fermion degree of freedom which appears uniquely in the LFD. The constraint component of the fermion degrees of freedom in LFD results in the instantaneous contribution to the fermion propagator, which is genuinely distinguished from the ordinary equal-time forward and backward propagation of relativistic fermion degrees of freedom. As discussed in our previous work, the helicity of the on-mass-shell fermion spinors in LFD is also distinguished from the ordinary Jacob-Wick helicity in the IFD with respect to whether the helicity depends on the reference frame or not. To exemplify the characteristic difference of the fermion propagator between IFD and LFD, we compute the helicity amplitudes of typical QED processes such as $e^+ e^- \to \gamma \gamma$ and $e \gamma \to e \gamma$ and present the whole landscape of the scattering amplitudes in terms of the frame dependence or the scattering angle dependence with respect to the interpolating angle dependence. Our analysis clarifies any conceivable confusion in the prevailing notion of the equivalence between the infinite momentum frame approach and the LFD.

Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults

This article analyzes appropriate public policies for enhancement use of two most important stimulant drugs: Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Adderall (mixed amphetamine salts). The author argues that appropriate regulation of cognition enhancement drugs cannot be a result of a general discussion on cognitive enhancements as such, but has to be made on a case-by-case basis. Starting from the recently proposed taxation approach to cognition enhancement drugs, the author analyzes available, moderately permissive models of regulation. After a thorough analysis of relevant characteristics of methylphenidate and amphetamine, the author concludes that a moderately liberal permissive regulation of enhancement use by healthy adults might be appropriate for extended release forms of methylphenidate. However, due to their danger profile, amphetamine and instant release forms of methylphenidate should not be made readily available to healthy adults and would need to be prohibited.

Powdered, Essence or Brewed?: Making and Cooking with Coffee in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s

Powdered, Essence or Brewed?: Making and Cooking with Coffee in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s

Electromagnetic nucleon form factors in instant and point form

We present a study of the electromagnetic structure of the nucleons with constituent quark models in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics. In particular, we address the construction of spectator-model currents in the instant and point forms. Corresponding results for the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors as well as charge radii and magnetic moments are presented. We also compare results obtained by different realistic nucleon wave functions stemming from alternative constituent quark models. Finally, we discuss the theoretical uncertainties that reside in the construction of spectator-model transition operators.

NUCLEON AND PION FORM FACTORS IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS

Calculations of form factors in different forms of relativistic kinematics are presented. They involve the instant, front and point forms. In the two first cases, different kinematical conditions are considered while in the latter case, both a Dirac-inspired approach and a hyperplane-based one are incorporated in our study. Numerical results are presented for the pion form factors with emphasis on both the low and high Q2 range. A new argument is presented, explaining why some approaches do considerably much better than other ones when only a single-particle current is considered.

The State of the World

The State of the World Gauri Viswanathan (bio) Christopher Bayly has performed a seemingly impossible feat in writing a book of astonishing ambition and range, the erudite scope of which most readers might only expect from a multi- author format. To his credit Bayly never succumbs to a textbook approach nor resorts to the compulsions of obligatory coverage—the bane of most writers aiming for such a broad sweep of historical material. This is a book with an argument, a purposeful agenda for the writing of history following the major historiographical interventions of the late twentieth century. Despite the broad historical period considered (1780–1914), the wide geographical regions covered (not only Britain, but the rest of Europe, the United States, and the nations colonized by Europe), and the very breadth of the topic itself (the emergence of modernity), the book is amazingly unified by a single method and purpose: to consider the segments of time within which major change can be identified in terms of social and political processes. This is an important goal for Bayly, because it re-introduces a historiography that he wants to see return to academic practice after the descriptive, symptomatic readings inaugurated by Foucault and followed by a generation of historians who were less interested in documenting social and political change than in tracing the genealogies of pivotal social institutions like the prison, the clinic, and the asylum. The "linguistic turn" Bayly derides as a legacy of the poststructuralist boom of the 1970s and 1980s has, through its descriptive methodology, diverted attention from what he identifies as pivotal periods of world crisis, occurring primarily between 1780 and 1820. It is during this period that he believes moral discourses acted conjointly with social processes to bring about political outcomes, and not merely as instances of institutionalized power. In one crucial respect, Bayly's deliberate move away from sites of state power is intended to illuminate [End Page 124] the efforts of private citizens to create civic spaces parallel to state formations. (At the same time Bayly disagrees sharply with Jürgen Habermas's notion of the public sphere, which he sees as not particularly novel, even though much of his own description resonates with Habermas's). A central part of Bayly's argument is that real changes were occurring in these civic spaces, which included networks of information and entangled lines of communication. Indeed, this argument continues the important line of thinking introduced in Bayly's earlier book, Empire and Information, which pointed the way to understanding how both empire and opposition to it depended on the creation of new channels of communication, codes, and signals. Bayly notes that critical changes in communication, like the electric telegraph, helped states to deploy their new military and political power—he cites, for instance, the telegraph's role in the defeat of the 1857 rebels in India and the Zulus in Africa. But far more interesting, in my view, is the use of the telegraph in both blurring and accentuating the divide between colonizer and colonized, indeed even shifting the relationship between the two. Where the slowness of communication in preceding years allowed European entrepreneurs to strike deals with native rulers and merchants behind the backs of their superiors back home in Europe,1 the advent of instant forms of communication appeared to give almost telepathic powers to the British, enabling them to control both their own agents in the empire and potentially rebellious subjects. Moreover, immediate access to information allowed British rulers to penetrate the inscrutable minds of their subjects in an apparent display of their own magical powers. Kipling was a master in exploring the occult dimension of the imperial enterprise, detailing in story after story the convergence of modern technology and psychic powers (see, for instance, his story "Wireless" [1904]). At the same time, it was Kipling's genius to sense that technology catalyzed psychic abilities deemed unknown or impossible, and that the most mundane bureaucratic communications could be the setting for the unearthing of buried histories and memories—histories often repressed by Western rationality and resurfacing in unsettling ways to reveal the blurred cultural space in which colonizers and colonized lived (see, for instance...

Axial transition form factors and pion decay of baryon resonances

The pion decay constants of the lowest orbitally excited states of the nucleon and the $\Delta(1232)$ along with the corresponding axial transition form factors are calculated with Poincar\'e covariant constituent-quark models with instant, point and front forms of relativistic kinematics. The model wave functions are chosen such that the calculated electromagnetic and axial form factors of the nucleon represent the empirical values in all three forms of kinematics, when calculated with single-constituent currents. The pion decay widths calculated with the three forms of kinematics are smaller than the empirical values. Front and instant form kinematics provide a similar description, with a slight preference for front form, while the point form values are significantly smaller in the case of the lowest positive parity resonances.

Electromagnetic form factors of pion and rho in the three forms of relativistic kinematics

The electromagnetic form factors of the π and the ρ are obtained using the three forms of relativistic kinematics, instant form, point form and (light) front form. Simple representations of the mass operator together with single quark currents are employed with all the forms. The Poincaré covariant current operators are generated by the dynamics from single-quark currents that are covariant under the kinematic subgroup. Front and instant forms allow to reproduce the available data for the pion form factor. On the other hand point form is not able to reproduce qualitatively the experimental data with reasonable values for the wave function parameters. For the ρ electromagnetic form factors, instant and front forms provide a consistent picture. The obtained results do not depend appreciably on the wave function used.

Comparison of form factors calculated with different expressions for the boost transformation

The effect of different boost expressions is considered for the calculation of the ground-state form factor of a two-body system made of scalar particles interacting via the exchange of a scalar boson. The aim is to provide an uncertainty range on methods employed in implementing these effects as well as an insight on their relevance when an “exact” calculation is possible. Using a wave function corresponding to a mass operator that has the appropriate properties to construct the generators of the Poincaré algebra in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics, form factors are calculated using the boost transformations pertinent to the instant, front and point forms of this approach. Moderately and strongly bound systems are considered with masses of the exchanged boson taken as zero, 0.15 times the constituent mass m, and infinity. In the first and last cases, a comparison with “exact” calculations is made (Wick–Cutkosky model and Feynman triangle diagram). Results with a Galilean boost are also given. Momentum transfers up to Q 2=100 m 2 are considered. Emphasis is put on the contribution of the single-particle current, as usually done. It is found that the present point-form calculations of form factors strongly deviate from all the other ones, requiring large contributions from two-body currents. Different implementations of the point-form approach, where the role of these two-body currents would be less important, are sketched.

ELIMINATION OF THE FIELD DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN RELATIVISTIC SYSTEM OF POINTLIKE CHARGES

The Hamiltonian formulation of relativistic system of charged particles plus electromagnetic field in the Dirac instant and front forms of dynamics is considered. The canonical realization of the Poincaré algebra in the terms of gauge-invariant variables is found. The procedure of elimination of the field degrees of freedom within the framework of the Dirac constraint theory is elaborated up to the first order in the coupling constant. The Poincaré generators in the terms of particle variables are obtained. The relations between the instant form generators and front form ones are examined. The instant form Hamiltonian in the weak-relativistic approximation results in the Darwin Hamiltonian.

Exact Construction of the Electromagnetic Current Operator in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

The electromagnetic current operator of a composite system must be a relavistic vector operator satisfying current conservation, cluster separability, and the condition that interactions between the constituents do not renormalize the total electric charge. Assuming that these interactions are described in the framework of relavistic quantum mechanics of systems with a fixed number of particles we explicitly construct the current operators satisfying the above properties in cases of two and three particles and prove that solutions exist for any number of particles. The consideration is essentially based on the method of packing operators in the point form of relavistic dynamics developed by Sokolov. Using the method developed by Sokolov and Shatny we also construct the current operators in the instant and front forms and prove that the corresponding results are physically equivalent. The paper is self-contained which makes it possible for the reader to learn both relativistic quantum mechanics of systems with a fixed number of particles and the problem of constructing the electromagnetic current operator for such systems.