Instant Expansion Research Articles

Effects of Calcitonin Administration on the Amount of Bone Formation After Sutural Expansion Using Micro-CT.

Calcitonin injections were used in this investigation to see whether they influenced the quantity of bone formation after a rabbit model was subjected to micro-computed tomography expansion. Research was conducted on a total of 16 white male rabbits. Randomly, 4 groups of 4 rabbits each had their bone-borne expanders triggered by the Hyrax appliances as follows: In the first group (the control), the expansion was (0.5) mm per day for 12 days. In the second group, the same expansion protocol was used with 3 subcutaneous injections of calcitonin). In the third group, the expansion was (2.5) mm per day for 7 days followed by (0.5) mm per day for 7 days. In the fourth group, the same expansion protocol was used with 3 subcutaneous injections of calcitonin. As a result, all groups had their Hyrax devices expanded by 6mm in total. Sutural separation and new bone growth were examined by micro-computed tomography after 6 weeks of retention. To end the experiment, the rabbits were given a high dosage of phenobarbitone (90mg/kg). In the calcitonin-receiving group, there was a significant increase in anterior and posterior sutural separation, when compared with non-calcitonin-receiving groups. In the (2.5) mm instant expansion protocol, there was a significant increase in anterior and posterior sutural separation, when compared with the (0.5) mm instant expansion protocol. Calcitonin and the instant expansion protocol enhance new bone formation in rabbits.

Geomorphological Analysis and Distribution of Landform of Erbil Masterplan Layout, 2030

The detailed geomorphological study and mapping were done for Erbil Masterplan layout 2030, in order to be useful in planning urban development and various land uses to be in harmony with the instant expansion of Erbil city. The geomorphological map was constructed a scale1:320000 according to the basic geomorphic processes; structural, denudational, and fluvial origin. Erbil city Urban area is situated in the Low Folded Zone, surrounded from the north by Pirmam anticline –Bastora stream and from the south by Dimeer anticline -Shamamk plain and from the west bordered by Greater Zab River and from the east by hills and badlands of Shalgha-Bestana area. The pattern of processes divided the study area into three main landscapes that are different in rock exposure,topography,tectonics, and drainage pattern:Hilly and mountainous landscape zone; Mound and High Land Zone and; Alluvial plain landscape zone. The most complex landscape and landform of structural and erosional origin occupied the north, north-eastern, and western because of endogentic and exogenitic activity (uplifting, folding, faulting, high rate of rainfall and dense drainage pattern). The other area mostly contains landform of fluvial origin like alluvial plain, alluvial fan, and river terraces. Generally, the slope directions are towards the south and southwest, therefore the urban area mostly faced flood hazards during strong rainfall. For the first time in detail geomorphological map with different significant landforms are plotted using field data and various satellite images and digital elevation models,such as Aster, Quick Bird and google earth.

Effects of component proportions on multi-jet instant expansion of binary solutions under flash boiling conditions

Flash boiling injection can significantly promote spray atomization owing to rapid bubble growth and explosion. Nevertheless, the effects of component proportions on spray expansion of multi-component fuels still need more quantitative studies. In this work, a typical non-ideal binary solution (aqueous ethanol solution) was utilized as the injection fluid. The effects of ethanol proportion at varying injection temperatures and ambient pressures were tested in a constant volume vessel. Both increasing injection temperature and decreasing ambient pressure intensified the flashing instant expansion for all tested fluids. Instant expansion of pure water spray can be intensified by adding ethanol but adding ethanol into the aqueous ethanol solution induced an opposite behavior. Such phenomenon was caused by the combined effect of differences in heat capacity and proportions of evaporation components. Hence, superheat level was no longer a suitable index for evaluating the instant expansion between sprays with different component proportions. A new index ΔQ′ was proposed to quantify the expansion extent of binary solutions. A strong correlation was found between expansion extent and ΔQ′∙Pamb−0.75 over a wide condition range, indicating the superheated energy available for the first-vaporizable part of the solution is an important factor controlling the extent of instant expansion for binary solution spray.

Thermodynamic modeling of an improved transcritical carbon dioxide cycle with ejector: Aiming low-temperature refrigeration

Low-temperature refrigeration (aka, deep-freezing) have an essential role in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Considering environmental and economic concerns, Carbon Dioxide (R744) has presented itself as a competent refrigerant. Even though many researchers performed extensive investigations on the performance of the low-temperature refrigeration cycles, the innovations in this field still exist, and refinement and examination of new layouts remain a hot topic, among which coupling an ejector with the cycle is a popular method that has shown promising results. This article proposes a new layout for low-temperature refrigeration together with the thermodynamic studies on the effects of changing pressures before and after the ejector by introducing an additional compressor, gas cooler, and turboexpander to the conventional layout of transcritical CO2 ejector cycle. The coefficient of performance (COP) around 1.4 was obtained for evaporation at −45 °C. The first law analysis of the cycle was conducted, and optimal values for pressures before and after the ejector were identified. It was found that using a compressor and a gas cooler before the secondary entrance of the ejector is beneficial to COP, and the expansion process right after the ejector will affect the COP. It was discovered that the instant expansion after ejector is unnecessary at optimum conditions, and the phase condition of the ejector’s discharge has a huge impact on the performance. Optimization and parametric analysis of the cycle was conducted, and the effects of efficiencies of the cycle’s components on COP were investigated. A simple and comprehensive second Law analysis of the proposed system is included, and the performance of the setup was briefly compared with other cycles in low-temperature refrigeration. It was revealed that this single-refrigerant proposed cycle not only can reach a reasonable performance for deep-freezing applications, but also it has 10% less compression ratio than its R744 counterparts.

Dynamic splitting tensile behaviours of distilled-water and river-water ice using a modified SHPB setup

The tensile strength of ice subjected to dynamic loading constitutes many ice engineering applications such as ice blasting and hail-aircraft impact. In this study, the dynamic tensile behaviours of distilled-water and river-water ice were firstly investigated using the flattened Brazilian disc method with a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar system. Columnar freshwater ice samples were tested at strain rates ranging from 20 to 135 s−1 and temperatures ranging from −5 to −45 °C. The effects of impact velocity, loading rate, and ice sample thickness on the dynamic splitting tensile strength were also explored. Distilled-water ice specimens exhibited a higher indirect tensile strength than their river-water counterparts. The lower the temperature, the greater is the tensile strength, particularly in the case of distilled-water ice in the strain rate range of 89–135 s−1. The temperature had less effect on the dynamic tensile strength of distilled-water ice compared to the loading rate, and the specimen thickness had little effect on the dynamic indirect tensile strength. A large number of non-penetrating cracks were observed on the disc surface, indicating the inhomogeneous distribution of the tensile stress interpreted based on the 3D Brazilian disc theory. The closer the two end faces in the central cross section, the greater the tensile stress. The presence of single and multiple strip cracks on the splitting surface were discovered, possibly because of the instant expansion of the ice specimen and subsequent formation of mode-I cracks in the thickness direction.

Citrobacter rodentium-host-microbiota interactions: immunity, bioenergetics and metabolism.

Citrobacter rodentium is an extracellular enteric mouse-specific pathogen used to model infections with human pathogenic Escherichia coli and inflammatory bowel disease. C.rodentium injects type III secretion system effectors into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to target inflammatory, metabolic and cell survival pathways and establish infection. While the host responds to infection by activating innate and adaptive immune signalling, required for clearance, the IECs respond by rapidly shifting bioenergetics to aerobic glycolysis, which leads to oxygenation of the epithelium, an instant expansion of mucosal-associated commensal Enterobacteriaceae and a decline of obligate anaerobes. Moreover, infected IECs reprogramme intracellular metabolic pathways, characterized by simultaneous activation of cholesterol biogenesis, import and efflux, leading to increased serum and faecal cholesterol levels. In this Review we summarize recent advances highlighting the intimate relationship between C. rodentium pathogenesis, metabolism and the gut microbiota.

Bone-borne accelerated sutural expansion: A microcomputed tomography study in rabbits.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of bone-borne accelerated expansion protocols on sutural separation and sutural bone modeling using a microcomputed tomography system. We also determined the optimum instant sutural expansion possible without disruption of bone modeling. Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits, 20 to 24weeks old, were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups. Modified hyrax expanders were placed across their interfrontal sutures and secured with miniscrew implants located bilaterally in the frontal bone. The hyrax appliances were activated as follows: group 1 (control), 0.5-mm per day expansion for 12days; group 2, 1-mm instant expansion followed by 0.5mm per day for 10days; group 3, 2.5-mm instant expansion followed by 0.5mm per day for 7days, and group 4, 4-mm instant expansion followed by 0.5mm per day for 4days. After 6weeks of retention, sutural separation and sutural bone modeling were assessed by microcomputed tomography and quantified. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and the Spearman rho correlation (P<0.05). Median amounts of sutural separation ranged from 2.84 to 4.41mm for groups 1 and 4, respectively. Median bone volume fraction ranged from 59.96% to 69.15% for groups 4 and 3, respectively. A significant correlation (r=0.970; P<0.01) was observed between the amounts of instant expansion and sutural separation. Pending histologic verifications, our findings suggest that the protocol involving 2.5mm of instant expansion followed by 0.5mm per day for 7days is optimal for accelerated sutural expansion. When 4mm of instant expansion was used, the sutural bone volume fraction was decreased.

Is there an optimal initial amount of activation for midpalatal suture expansion?

Accelerated bone-borne expansion protocols on sutural separation and sutural bone formation were evaluated via histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry to determine the optimal initial activation without disruption of bone formation. Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into fourgroups. Modified Hyrax expanders were placed across the midsagittal sutures and secured with miniscrew implants with the following activations: group1 (control), 0.5 mm expansion/day for 12days; group2, 1 mm instant expansion followed by 0.5 mm expansion/day for 10days; group3, 2.5 mm instant expansion followed by 0.5 mm expansion/day for 7days; and group4, 4 mm instant expansion followed by 0.5 mm expansion/day for 4days. After 6weeks, sutural expansion and new bone formation were evaluated histomorphometrically. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-WhitneyU tests and Spearman's rho correlation (p < 0.05). The smallest median sutural separation was observed in group1 (3.05 mm) and the greatest in group4 (4.57 mm). The lowest and highest amount of bone formation were observed in group4 (55.82%) and in group3 (66.93%), respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant differences in median levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin expression between all experimental groups. The highest level of these proteins was attained in group3, followed by groups2, 1, and 4, respectively. Sutural appositional bone formation corresponded with the amount of initial expansion to apoint. When initial expansion was increased to 4 mm, sutural bone remodeling was disturbed and new bone formation was decreased. The most effective sutural expansion was achieved with 2.5 mm initial activation followed by 0.5 mm expansion/day for 7days.

Numerical research of the swirling supersonic gas flows in the self-vacuuming vortex tube

This article presents the results of simulation for a special type of vortex tubes – self-vacuuming vortex tube (SVVT), for which extreme values of temperature separation and vacuum are realized. The main results of this study are the flow structure in the SVVT and energy loss estimations on oblique shock waves, gas friction, instant expansion and organization of vortex bundles in SVVT.

Effect of secondary swirl in supersonic gas and plasma flows in the self-vacuuming vortex tube

This article presents the results of simulation for a special type of vortex tubes – self-vacuuming vortex tube (SVT), for which extreme values of temperature separation and pressure drop are realized. The main results of this study are the flow structure in the SVT and energy loss estimations on oblique shock waves, gas friction, instant expansion and organization of vortex bundles in SVT.

Replantation for complete amputated finger composite lateral tissues

To explore the clinical therapeutic effect and safety of application of Ilizarov technique combined with flap instant expansion technique in correcting tibia angular deformity combined with skin contracture by one stage. From January 2010 to January 2013, 30 cases of tibial deformity with skin contracture were corrected by Ilizarov technique combined with flap instant expansion technique at one stage, including 21 males and 9 females with an average age of(40.2±5.5) years ranging from 25 to 60 years. All patients underwent regular reexamination of X-ray. After removal of the Ilizarov external fixation, knee joint function were assessed by American Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scoring criteria, and the pain was evaluated by visual simulation score(VAS). All patients were followed up for 6 to 35 months with an average of 22 months. Among them, the incision of 29 patients were primary healing, 1 patient had wound infection complicated by osteomyelitis, 2 patients complicated with fixed screw loosening, there were no expanded skin flap necrosis and neurovascular injury symptoms. The external fixators were removed at 4 to 7 months after operation with an average of(5.2±1.1) months. Correction angle was 10° to 35° degrees with an average of (25.5±3.5)°. HSS total score was 92.5±6.6 and the result was excellent in 25 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 1 case; the VAS score was 1.2±1.5. The application of Ilizarov technique combined with flap instant expansion technique is a good method for correction of tibial angular deformity with skin contracture by one stage, with a shorter time of external fixation frame, without skin necrosis and neurological symptoms, early load exercise and improve the limb function.

Ilizarov technique combined with flap instant expansion technique for the treatment of the tibia deformity with skin contracture at one stage

To discusses the necessity and methods of replantation for complete amputation of finger composite lateral tissue. From March 2012 to April 2015, 62 cases of complete amputated finger lateral tissue for various causes were retrospectively analyzed, including 34 males and 28 females with an average age of 29.1 years old ranging from 17 to 52 years old, involved 27 cases of thumb, index finger in 15 cases, 13 cases of middle finger, ring finger in 8 cases, 2 cases of the little finger, 2 fingers were injured in 3 cases, 14 cases involving the distal interphalangeal joint. The time from injury to treatment was 30 min to 2 hour with an average of 1 hour. The appearance of the fingers, finger tip sensation and the recovery of the functional of the patients were followed up and observed. Of 62 cases, 58 cases survived, the survival time was 3 to 15 months with an average of 6.5 months. According to the Chinese medical association upper part of replantation function evaluation standard to assess efficacy trial, 52 cases were excellent, 3 cases were good, 3 cases were good, the excellent and good rate was 94.8%. The appearance and function is good after block from the broken replantation finger lateral organizations survive, as long as the patient general condition allows, away from the broken body is complete, there are available for blood vessels and nerves anastomosis, it should strive to reattach it.

Measurement of expansion coefficients of four steel types

The expansion coefficients of four typical steel grades on hot continuous rolling mill were measured and analysed, and linear, average and instant expansion coefficients were derived. The main factors affecting dilation coefficients were analysed, and the influence of sampling direction on expansion coefficients was investigated. The results show that the effect of chemical composition on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is caused by the change of phase transformation points. It also indicates that the CTE is not affected by sampling direction, and the dilation amount of steels should be calculated by segmented regression models obtained on the basis of standard measurement. The results clarify some basic concepts on expansion coefficient of metal materials. The measured CTEs of four steel grades provide the basis for the accurate control of width of these steels.

Causes of Tightening Government Control of Universities

The relationship between universities and governments, particularly provincial governments, is changing. The change is taking place at different rates in the several jurisdictions, and in some places there may be counter-eddies to the main current, but in general there is a gathering thrust toward closer government control of universities. The trend manifests itself in varying ways, sometimes in the abolition of buffer mechanisms, sometimes in their transformation into control mechanisms, sometimes in contingent financing, sometimes in overt government intervention despite legalities, sometimes in subtler ways. The trend can be all too abundantly documented, but that would take too long; let me leave it as my perception of what is happening, and let us look at some of its causes. During the boom period of the later 1950's and the first half of the 60's the universities were everybody's favorite instrument for the advancement, not only of knowledge and understanding, but also of the public weal. University education seemed almost a species of magic, a universal panacea, and there was a sustained public demand not only for instant expansion of what the universities had traditionally done but also for immediate extension into many new activities. The universities were caught up in the euphoria and co-operated willingly with most of these demands, perhaps not recognizing, or if they did, only very dimly, that they would be transformed in the process. Governments, always happily responsive to taxpayers' demands for expansion, eagerly financed the boom. They were for the most part sensitive to the universities' concern that they not lose their autonomy in becoming bigger, more instrumental, and more costly. The Federal Government's growing contribution continued to be by way of per capita grants, which were entirely non-directive. Most provincial governments adopted policies of financial control only, and many established buffer commissions or separate university ministries, often both, in a deliberate effort to avoid slipping into control of the universities. Indeed^ it was in good part in'order to limit government influence that so many provinces with more than one university adopted formula financing. Needless to say, the system did not function perfectly, and there were cases of government favoritism, particularly in the allocation of facilities, and government pressure, especially in the health manpower field. But it was not until the advent in the mid-60's of student militantism, with its multiple implications and consequences, that the intent to preserve the universities' autonomy began seriously to waver. For our purposes it is