Installation Standards Research Articles

Improvement of Safety Standards for Railway Station Platforms

This study compares and analyzes the fire safety standards of both domestic and international railway station platforms by investigating the installation status of fire protection facilities in platforms with a total floor area of over 5,000 m2 in the Chungcheong region. The existing fire protection facilities require improvement in their standards by taking into account various factors, such as the location of railway stations, openness of platforms, and amount of combustible materials. The installation standards for fire protection facilities on platforms must be clearly defined and reinforced. Additionally, the installation of evacuation elevators is required for wheelchair users on underground station platforms without any open areas, as this would facilitate easy evacuation in the event of a fire.

CPTED사업을 위한 솔라표지병 설치기준에 관한 연구

This study aims to establish installation standards for solar road studs, which are frequently utilized by law enforcement and municipal authorities as part of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design initiatives. In the wake of the Gangnam Station incident, there has been a significant increase in societal concern regarding women's safety, leading to greater attention on solar road studs as a means to enhance pedestrian safety in poorly lit alleyways. Solar road studs are devices that store solar energy during the day and emit light at night, offering benefits such as low maintenance costs and environmental sustainability. This research, using the case of Daejeon City, assesses the psychological impact of the color and spacing of solar road studs on the perceived safety of participants. The findings reveal that green solar road studs installed at 4-meter intervals provide the highest sense of security among participants. Although white solar road studs may also be effective in low-light conditions, their combination with street lighting may reduce visibility, necessitating careful consideration. Based on these findings, this study proposes optimal installation standards for solar road studs to maximize their effectiveness in crime prevention. It specifically recommends the use of green solar road studs at 4-meter intervals as the most effective configuration. The study aims to clarify installation guidelines to enhance the crime prevention potential of solar road studs, thereby offering practical insights for practitioners in the field.

Ensuring fire safety: compliance tests for the use of polystyrene foam in facades systems

Ensuring fire safety is the most important thing in the construction industry, especially when it comes to facade materials. The inherent flammability of polystyrene foam poses significant safety concerns, especially when integrated into facade systems. Therefore, the main focus is on meeting the strict flammability requirements set for construction products, which are assessed by applying rigorous test procedures. This study focuses on the fire resistance testing of a facade system using EPS 70 with graphite additives. The system has been evaluated according to the strict DIN 4102-20 standards. Tests were conducted under real-world conditions to gain insight into the performance of the EPS 70 in real-world fire scenarios. Temperature measurements were taken at various points in the facade system, including at least 3.5 meters above the combustion chamber. The results showed that the temperature does not exceed 500 °C, so it is possible to quantify the thermal properties of the material and the ability to prevent the vertical spread of fire. After the tests, detailed post-test inspections were carried out to evaluate the internal flame propagation after removing the top layer of plaster. The study confirms that polystyrene foam EPS 70 with graphite additives meets the fire safety requirements of DIN 4102-20, which suggests that it can be used more widely in building facades to improve fire safety in residential and commercial buildings. The study highlights the importance of adhering to installation standards, emphasizing the need for accurate installation practices. It also encourages the development of new composite materials with similar or improved fire safety properties, laying the foundation for further innovations in fire-resistant materials

공동주택의 AI IoT의 하자로 인한 민사책임에 대한 소고

In contemporary South Korea, the ubiquitous presence of smartphones has become ingrained in the daily lives of its populace. With artificial intelligence permeating various aspects of modern living, from smart vehicles to interconnected homes, the integration of IoT devices has become the norm. Initially conceived for security purposes, entrance keypads now serve as pivotal nodes within home networks, interconnected with the broader Internet of Things ecosystem. However, these keypads, while designed to enhance convenience, also harbor significant volumes of personal data, raising concerns over potential breaches and leaks. Indeed, instances of personal data exposure on the dark web, stemming from IoT hacking incidents, underscore the critical imperative for robust security measures. To fortify the security framework surrounding these keypads and mitigate potential risks within residential complexes, a comprehensive legislative review is warranted. This examination encompasses the classification of keypad-related disputes as 'defects' and the subsequent application of pertinent statutes such as the 'Housing Act.' Given the intricate interplay between various legal frameworks governing housing complexes, scrutiny of relevant articles within the 'Civil Code' and the 'Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings,' particularly Articles 667 and 668, is essential to establish a coherent legal foundation. Moreover, the regulatory landscape must extend to encompass the 'Personal Information Protection Act,' addressing the ramifications of personal data exposure through IoT vulnerabilities. Furthermore, in light of IoT's alignment with the 'Installation and Technical Standards for Intelligent Home Networks,' delineating precise definitions and standards governing home networks becomes imperative. This necessitates a thorough appraisal of existing legislation pertaining to cybersecurity and hacking incidents, with a specific focus on enhancing security protocols surrounding keypad systems in residential settings. Proposals for legislative amendments, such as revisions to select provisions within the 'Enforcement Decree of the Information and Communication Business Act,' aim to codify stringent standards and safeguards within our legal framework. Additionally, recognizing the global nature of IoT technology standards and the inherent challenges posed by its rapid evolution, proactive measures are requisite. This includes advocating for amendments enabling management bodies to engage specialized supervisors through contractual arrangements or direct employment, thereby ensuring adept oversight and compliance in an ever-evolving technological landscape.

Virus cross-transmission potential via sanitary plumbing networks in an infectious disease isolation facility

This study investigates the potential transmission of viruses through sanitary plumbing systems, focusing on a small-scale bathroom pilot test and numerical analysis in a hospital setting. The experiments revealed that under typical conditions, airflow and viruses could travel through piping due to room pressure differentials. However, when water seals inside traps were maintained, virus transmission did not occur in uninterrupted conditions. Conversely, loss of water seals led to induced airflow and virus transfer when the room's pressure differential exceeded 2.5 Pa, emphasizing the role of negative pressure in interconnected bathrooms. Numerical analysis indicated that isolating the infectious disease isolation facility's plumbing system from the general hospital's system prevented virus transfer through sewage pipes. The study concludes that fundamental preventive measures involve separating plumbing systems and ensuring adequate trap numbers to preserve water seals. These findings provide a basis for establishing installation and operation standards in sanitary plumbing systems to curb infectious disease spread, highlighting the critical importance of maintaining water seals to mitigate potential virus transmission through indoor air.

A field study on the impacts of cold island effect on operating performances of air source heat pump array for space heating

Connecting multiple air source heat pump units in parallel to form an air source heat pump array (ASHP-A) is an important heating approach for central heating in small areas. At a low wind speed, the colder air stream exhausted by outdoor coils of ASHP units cannot effectively mixed with the ambient air and repeatedly return to the outdoor coil for heat exchange, resulting in the local air temperature inside the ASHP-A lower and lower and forming the cold island effect (CIE). CIE may seriously deteriorate the heating efficiency of ASHP units in buildings. However, the impacts of CIE on the operating performances of an ASHP-A were insufficiently studied in existing studies but necessary for developing a reasonable installation standard and efficient control strategy. Therefore, to reveal the impacts of CIE on the operating performances of ASHP units in ASHP-A, the characteristics of CIE, and its impacts on the operating performances of the field ASHP-A were experimentally carried out. The results demonstrated that CIE significantly existed in the field ASHP-A and resulted in frequent defrosting operations and lower heating performances. The defrosting frequency of Unit 1 having a more severe CIE was increased by 243.5 %. The averaged output heating capacity and COP in Unit 1 declined by 27 % and 27.7 %, and these for Unit 2 by 13.6 % and 14.8 %, respectively. The frosting-defrosting loss coefficient for Unit 1 was increased by 519 % relative to Unit 2. This study is valuable to promote the development of installation standards by taking the CIE into consideration for improving heating efficiency of ASHP-A in buildings.

Evaluasi Sistem Proteksi Penangkap Petir pada Gedung Rektorat dan Gedung KH AR Fachruddin di Lingkungan Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto has numerous buildings, including the rectorate and the 55.27-meter-tall K.H. A.R. Fachruddin building, that could be struck by lightning and as a result, it require an efficient lightning arrester system (SPP). This study aims to evaluate the building's lightning safety level in compliance with SNI 03-7015-2004, the General Regulations for Lightning Protection Installation (PUIPP), and the building's lightning arrester system's state. Direct measurements of building structures, lightning arrester system components, lightning arrester conditions, and soil resistance are employed to collect research data using the observational approach. The study calculates the degree of protection in structures in accordance with the General Regulations for Lightning Protection Installation (PUIPP) standards and determines the value of the protection range using SNI 03-7015-2004. Both the KH AR Fachruddin building and the rectorate building have an R index of 14, which means that they both desperately need an efficient lightning arrester. The Rector building's system is only 75% effective, compared to 91% in the KH AR Fachruddin building.

Drivers to allow widespread adoption of ATES systems: a reflection on 40 years experience in The Netherlands

Drivers to allow widespread adoption of ATES systems: a reflection on 40 years experience in The Netherlands

시각장애인의 이동권 증진 및 안전관리에 관한 연구

This study aims to suggest improvement measures to improve the mobility rights and safety of the visually impaired. Although various policies regarding the disabled are being implemented in Korea, demands for guaranteeing the right to movement and ensuring safety for the disabled are constantly being raised. In addition, safety accidents for the visually impaired occur frequently, so it is necessary to come up with improvement measures so that the visually impaired can move more conveniently and prevent safety accidents.
 The study analyzed the suitability of installation of facilities for the disabled through a survey of laws and literature related to the standards of installation and operation of convenience facilities for the visually impaired in railway facilities. In addition, implications were derived through prior research. Furthermore, we directly investigated the installation of convenience facilities for the disabled at the connection points between conventional railways and urban railways from the perspective of the visually impaired. In addition, by reflecting on the interviews with those involved, problems and areas for improvement in the operation of convenience facilities for the disabled were identified.
 As a result of the study, it was analyzed that most facilities for the disabled were installed appropriately by relevant laws and design guidelines. However, it was found that convenience facilities for the visually impaired require some improvement. First, Braille blocks were not installed or broken at transfer points between conventional and urban railways. Second, Braille guide maps to guide visually impaired people were installed far away from the movement route. Third it was determined that there was no legal standard for installing a device that prevents visually impaired people from entering the escalator in the opposite direction, which could pose a threat to the safety of the visually impaired. Lastly, it was analyzed that it was difficult for visually impaired people to find a train to board and that they had great difficulty finding their designated seat after boarding.
 To improve these problems, it was analyzed that disconnected sections of Braille blocks should be resolved, Braille guidance maps should be placed in appropriate spaces along the movement route, installation of voice guidance devices should be increased, and these facilities should be carefully maintained. Furthermore, it is necessary to enact related laws to legally mandate the installation of warning sounds to prevent reverse escalator entry and to install new beacons or NFC (Near Field Communication) facilities so that visually impaired people can easily find their trains and designated seats when using trains.

Catalysing the realisation of rainwater harvesting systems through participatory action research

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is one the most salient methods in urban water management for creating an additional water supply in times of drought and combating urban floods in the face of climate change. Instalment of RWH systems has become compulsory by national legislation in Türkiye since 2021. However, previous research shows that there are a variety of barriers to implementing RWH, including legislative regulations, technical dimensions, financial mechanisms, societal adaptation and governance dynamics. Taking this as a point of departure, this research explores necessary actions to overcome those barriers in collaboration with relevant actors, aiming to catalyse the realisation of RWH systems throughout the research process. The research adopts a participatory action research (PAR) methodology, generating knowledge that is meaningful for urban planning systems and water management institutions involved in RWH installation and operation. The research explores the necessary actions through the case of Istanbul, the largest metropolis of Türkiye. Respectively, a set of workshops, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and group meetings were implemented in parallel processes with different actors from the public and private institutions at local, regional, and national scales. The findings highlight the need for (i) legislative actions for constructing a thorough regulatory framework, (ii) financial actions for introducing new incentives and pricing policies, (iii) technical actions for developing installation and operation standards, (iv) societal actions for igniting a cultural change for the use of RWH in the society and (v) governance actions for RWH systems. The research establishes a communicative environment that showcases the feasibility of collaboration and emphasizes the importance of its continuous implementation in establishing a decentralised governance mechanism involving all actors.

Reduction of CO2 emission as a result of the use of 48-volt electrical installations in passenger cars

The introduction of a new standard of 48-volt electrical systems in cars comes at an additional cost to the vehicle. Acceptance of these costs is justified because it becomes a way to achieve lower CO2 emissions and lower fuel consumption. An important factor in favor of adopting 48-volt systems is the reduction in CO2 due to the use of a highly efficient 48-volt motor-generator unit coupled to a DC/DC converter. A methodology for testing new solu-tions to quantify CO2 savings and reductions therefore becomes crucial. This methodology must be capable of demonstrating the CO2 benefits primarily of the innovative technology proven in real-world driving conditions and with a large amount of realistic statistical data. The introduction of new eco-innovations must take into ac-count the linkage and impact on other environmentally oriented eco-innovative solutions. When implementing new technical solutions, a necessary aspect is the interaction with other innovations installed in vehicles with new electrical installation standards. Therefore, for the expected synergy of solutions to occur, two or more innovative technologies must be installed. Then the combined savings from one of them will affect the performance of the other technologies, and vice versa. The new technology of a high-efficiency 48-volt motor-generator unit cooperat-ing with a 48V/12V DC/DC converter fits very well in creating interactions with other implemented solutions aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The article discusses the problems of the introduced new technology of a high-efficiency 48-volt motor-generator unit cooperating with a 48V/12V DC/DC converter. The publication analyzes the impact of increasing the voltage rating of current passenger car installations to 48V. Based on the methodolo-gy for determining the reduction of CO2 emissions of a vehicle with a 48V/12V DC/DC voltage converter installed, the mass of fuel per unit of engine operation time was determined. The amount of fuel saved was determined, and CO2 emission reductions were calculated for the three adopted passenger vehicles tested.

A gas detector planning method that considers the area and zone based on the range of influence of chemicals with high vapor pressure

AbstractIn some countries with high population densities including Korea, chemical plants are densely distributed, and strict regulations are imposed. According to the Chemical Control Act, one gas detector must be installed every 10 m indoors and 20 m outdoors around a facility. However, the diffusion of chemicals should be evaluated based on area rather than perimeter. In the US and EU, gas detector locations are selected through chemical accident modeling. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of gas detector installation standards in the Chemicals Control Act by comparing highly volatile and toxic chemicals with sulfuric acid (relatively low volatility). Consequently, we suggested an appropriate installation location and number of gas detectors for initial countermeasures. For nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, there was a difference in the number of detectors recommended via modeling and the number of detectors legally required. For the mezzanine design, four gas detectors should be installed on each floor in a 5‐story building; however, the modeling results showed that installing one was sufficient. For sulfuric acid with low vapor pressure, it is equitable to install a leak detector rather than a gas detector. Overall, regulations should be continuously evaluated for the response and prevention of chemical accidents.

청소년 모험활동시설의 안전기준에 관한 연구

Currently, according to the Basic Law on Youth, the installation standards, operating standards, and safety standards for youth facilities are stipulated. However, while the standards for the installation of youth facilities are defined in relative detail, the operating standards do not have specific operating guidelines. In particular, the safety standards are very insufficient, and the personnel who operate and manage the cultivation facilities must set and operate the safety standards themselves, and the specific methods and inspection items have not been established. In addition, the installation standards for adventure facilities and outdoor facilities are not mentioned at all, and similar regulations include the standards for the installation of playgrounds under the Housing Construction Promotion Act and the Urban Parks Act, and the standards for infant and child care facilities under the Child Welfare Act and the Infant and Infant Care Act. These standards and safety provisions lack specificity and professionalism and are only at a declarative level, and are fundamental to amusement facilities, and no specific safety standards have been established. On the other hand, in developed countries such as the United States, Europe, and Australia, in order to ensure the safety of young people, their own safety standards are established that apply to amusement equipment and outdoor facilities such as schools, parks, and public facilities, and facilities are installed and operated in accordance with these relevant regulations, and the design and construction of facilities is carried out taking into account the age group of each facility. Therefore, this study intends to present an overall, holistic framework for the adventure facilities that are currently installed in or may be introduced in the future. To this end, this study included not only the adventure facilities installed in the youth residency facilities, but also various amusement facilities and outdoor facilities in Korea.

Shear bond strength of adhered thin masonry veneer with traditional and polymer modified mortars

There have been numerous cases of bond failures in adhered thin masonry veneer (ATMV) applications, probably due to lack of knowledge and the lack of any standards for design and installation of ATMV. The physical and mechanical properties of three types of ATMV units and two types of mortars, one traditional and one polymer modified, and the shear bond strengths of different combinations of these stones and mortars were measured and evaluated. The outcomes are that bond strength is significantly improved when polymer modified mortar is used, while there is no clear relationship between identified material properties and bond strength.

Instalasi Ulang Penerangan Listrik di Pondok Pesantren Tarbiyatunnisa Desa Serdang Kulon Kecamatan Panongan Kabupaten Tangerang

In today's human life, presumably almost depend on electricity. Some of the things that arise if there is a disturbance in electricity, among others, there is no lighting resulting in darkness at night. Electrical installation installation standards have been regulated in the General Electrical Installation Requirements. Apart from matters relating to the security of the electrical installation network, there are other things that we must pay attention to. This is the standard intensity of illumination. The intensity of room lighting is determined in lux units. The amount of room lighting intensity has been regulated in SNI 03-6575-2001. If the lighting intensity in a room is inadequate, it will cause impaired vision problems. The purpose of this activity is to ensure that the lighting installation meets the standards for both installation safety and lighting intensity. The methods of these activities are lectures, counting and reinstalling lighting installations at the Islamic boarding school. is to calculate the amount of safety, conductor, component specifications, and component layout. In addition, the capacity and number of lamp requirements for each room are calculated. The re-installation is carried out by replacing all electrical networks using standard quality components and installing light points as needed. The conclusion of these activities is that after carrying out these activities the installation becomes safe and the lighting of each room is as needed

UAM 수직이착륙장(Vertiport)의 장애물제한표면 적용 기준에 대한 연구

In recent years, UAM (Urban Air Mobility) has emerged as a solution to these urbanization problems, and many related reports and diverse prospects have been reported. UAM flights are planned to take off and land at a Vertiport located in the city center and fly along a pre-established corridor. In order for UAM to operate safely in the city center, it must ensure a safe flight path that avoids the buildings in the city center and many surrounding obstacles. Therefore, in this study, we compared and examined the installation standards of the obstacle limitation surface necessary for UAM to take off and land safely at the Vertiport. First, we analyzed the helicopter obstacle limitation surfaces in Japan and overseas, and the UAM Vertiport installation standards and obstacle limitation surface application standards recently announced at the FAA and EASA. It identified differences and similarities between heliport and Vertiport, and considered improvements to domestic helicopter obstacle limitation surfaces and criteria that could meet FAA and EASA standards.

Design of a shaft foot as a supporting element of the Thermal Energy Storage in Adiabatic CAES concept in post-mining shaft

Development of the idea of using post-mining infrastructure for new purposes such as energy storage is currently the scope of intensive research. One of the ideas is to convert the shaft of a closed mine into adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) facility. In this concept the most important design problem is the placement of the Thermal Energy Storage container in the shaft. In this article the construction of shaft foot for the purpose of Thermal Energy Storage container suspended in the mine shaft is discussed. The size and number of shaft feet using existing mining industry standards for TES installation is estimated. Depending on the type of rock mass the size of the foot and amount of concrete needed for its construction is calculated.

Study on reproducibility of exhaust diffusion properties of gas water heaters in apartment complexes

Gas water heaters in Japan are generally in shared corridors. However, there are restrictions on the installation location and the shape of the corridor to avoid the stagnation of exhaust gas in the corridor and its flow into the rooms through the external air supply opening. These installation standards limit building planning and require further mitigation. Although experiments using full-scale models have been conducted, it is still difficult to consider all possibilities as the shared corridors can be of many shapes. The relaxation of standards should be studied through simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, the target data for reproducing the exhaust properties in the CFD analysis are collected via actual measurement. Subsequently, the exhaust diffusion properties of gas water heaters are reproduced by simulation using CFD analysis based on the measured data. Reproducibility is improved by changing the location of the outlet boundary condition in gas water heaters. Finally, the reproducibility of the exhaust diffusion properties is examined for the gas water heater installed in the shared corridor. Comparing the experimental and simulation results, confirms the reproducibility of the concentrations at the exhaust trajectories and air supply outlets.

현장 적용성 강화를 위한 누액감지기 설치 기준 적정성 검토 및 위치 선정 로직트리에 관한 연구

In workplaces handling hazardous chemicals, detection facilities are installed in accordance with attached Table 5 of the Arrangement, Installation, and Management Standards for Handling Facilities, Article 21 of the Enforcement Rules of the Chemical Substances Control Act, but there is no separate installation standards for leakage detectors. Accordingly, this study aims to review the adequacy of the standards set in the notice and lay the foundation for scientific detection facility installation standards. In the research process, the concept of detection was defined, and the problem of installing detection facilities through the analysis of civil complaints from the National Institute of Chemical Safety and the number of accidents by appeareance was confirmed through the analysis of accident cases. Afterwards, the adequacy of the leakage detector installation standards was reviewed through empirical experiments, calculation formulas, and modeling, and the detection facility installation standards were proposed through logic tree and leakage detector installation location selection standards. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the number of accidents for liquid substances was about twice as high as for gas substances. As a result of comparing experiments, calculations, and modeling, all three methods showed similar result values, and showed differences according to the slope. After that, the installation location was differentiated according to the place and the presence or absence of the dike by preparing detection facility installation standards using modeling, and the installation standards were proposed by writing it as a Logic tree. If the standards are revised using the results of this study, it is expected to help selecting detection facilities with high field applicability and locations appropriate for the phase, process condition, and environment of hazardous chemicals used in the workplaces.

농업기계 교통사고 예방을 위한 안전반사장치 설치 기준 설계 연구

Objective: In recent years, the risk of traffic accidents related to the agricultural machine is increasing along with the spread of urban complex districts. Therefore, this study was conducted to design standards for installing safety reflectors as part of preventing agricultural machine traffic accidents.BRBRBackground: The damage to life resulting from traffic accidents related to the agricultural machine is more serious than that of other types of vehicles, so it is urgent to prepare safety measures for it. Although night reflectors are used for the traffic safety of agricultural machine, there are limitations in securing its safety due to the problems associated with their visibility or attachment as the installation standards are ambiguous. Accordingly, to utilize safety reflectors efficiently, it is required to present standardized criteria for the installation of safety reflectors equipped with visibility.BRBRMethod: This study has examined the systems and specifications related to safety reflectors in Korea and overseas, analyzed the types of traffic accidents resulting from agricultural machine and investigated the status of attaching safety reflectors to agricultural machine, and derived implications for designing safety reflectors suitably for agricultural machine. Based on that, this study has presented the standards for installing safety reflectors and investigated their applicability to agricultural machine.BRBRResults: According to the findings, in foreign countries, the installation standards applied to the safety reflectors of agricultural machine are equivalent to those for automobiles, but in Korea, as no adequate standards are set yet, it is hard to apply them in reality. Therefore, this study suggests a draft of standards for three safety reflectors (the safety reflector plate sheet, rear mark of low-speed vehicles, & safety reflector band) and standards for installation. Also, according to the results of investigating the suitability of the installation criteria proposed, they have been found to be applicable.BRBRConclusion: This researcher performed fundamental research for the efficient use of safety reflectors suitable for agricultural machine. In follow-up research that takes the characteristics of various agricultural machines into consideration, this author will conduct additional experiments to secure more detailed installation standards and visibility.BRBRApplication: It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data to standardize safety reflectors and provide institutional support for the traffic safety of agricultural machines afterward.