Installation Of Lines Research Articles

Measurements of microwave transmission mode in HL-3 tokamak relevant ECH corrugated waveguides transmission line

The transmission modes of high-power millimeter wave in corrugated waveguides transmission line (TL) are crucial, especially for the long-pulse operation for long-distance TL. The microwave transmission mode in the TL on HL-3 tokamak relevant the electron cyclotron heating system are studied for the purpose according to the phase retrieval method based on intensity distribution measured by an infrared camera at several different locations away from the outlet of TL. A specific high power test platform with about 40-meter TL is established and the mode contents in the middle and the end of the TL are analyzed. In the middle of the TL, the proportion of main transmission mode LP01 mode is about 97% and other high-order modes contents are less than 3%. In the end of the TL, the main mode purity is about 94%, and the high-order mode, LP11 even mode is excited about 4.6%. These mode analysis results indicate that the high-power and long-pulse millimeter wave corrugated waveguides TL are designed and machined well, and the alignment method for long distance transmission line installation is highly useful for high-purity wave mode transmission.

Toward production zonal flow allocation using novel completion tracer dosing line and diffuser: Prototype laboratory flow loop experiments and computational fluid dynamics studies

Complex completion schemes with inflow control valves (ICVs) in multi-lateral wells are now the industry standard for modern fields. Understanding the production contributions from different production zones/laterals is of great importance in optimizing the zonal flow rates to prolong the field lifetimes, reduce water cuts and the associated costs, and achieve production targets. Furthermore, the improved operational efficiency can reduce the producers’ energy usages and carbon footprints for a more sustainable operation. For the past decade, inflow tracer technology based on embedding tracers in degradable polymer matrices, which are then placed in downhole completion zones at initial installation, has been used in understanding production zonal flow contributions in field demonstrations as well as in commercial projects. However, the current technology based on degradable polymers has the following limitations: (1) there are limited lifetimes for the degradable polymer matrices that will lose their functionality past their expiration dates, and (2) the tracers are released from the polymer matrices at a constant rate; so in order to create a transient for tracer flowback measurements the wells need to be shut-in for a period of time which will interfere with normal production and possibly, with the long-term productivity of the well. Here, we introduce an alternative approach for deploying inflow tracers that has no such limitations mentioned above. Specifically, we propose the installation of passive chemical tracer dosing lines connected to diffuser chambers at the annular regions downhole during completion. Pulses of tracers can be injected into the different production zones and monitored for their flowback characteristics on-demand. The passive tracer dosing lines and diffusers only require minimum upfront investments and have no limitations of lifetime compared to the degradable polymer matrices. Furthermore, the injection of tracer pulses into the annulus near production zones creates appropriate transient responses for their flowback measurements, which do not require well shut-in and will not affect normal production.Laboratory flow loop experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were performed to demonstrate the proposed methodology and to understand the underlying physics. Half-scale and quarter-scale flow loops made of transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that resemble annular regions near the ICVs were constructed with tracer dosing lines and diffusers attached within. Colored dyes were injected into the flow loops to visualize their flush out and flowback behaviors. In CFD studies, a two-step approach was used with first solving for the turbulent fluid flow profiles, and then solving for the tracer convection diffusion behaviors in the turbulent fields. The CFD model parameters were carefully matched with flow loop experiments to predict the possible real field responses. With appropriate diffuser design, we can achieve desirable zonal flow-rate-dependent tracer flowback responses with reasonable sampling times and injected tracer quantities.

Expansion planning of hybrid electrical and thermal systems using reconfiguration and adaptive bat algorithm

_ This study introduces a comprehensive model for the concurrent expansion planning of various energy systems and their associated equipment. The need to reduce network costs, emissions, losses, and feeder loading, as well as to enhance network reliability and voltage profile, mandates the utilization of proper multi-objective planning models that respect all network constraints. The introduced framework includes units for generating both electrical and thermal energies. The model leverages conventional expansion alternatives such as the installation of new lines, network reconfiguration, rewiring, and the addition of new thermal and electrical generating units to the network. Expansion planning involves determining the optimal time, location, and type of new installations to meet future energy demands while minimizing costs and emissions. Reconfiguration refers to altering the network topology to improve reliability and reduce losses. The proposed expansion planning is formulated as a discrete, nonlinear, and non-convex optimization problem, which is solved using the Self Adaptive Learning Bat Algorithm (SALBA). This algorithm improves convergence speed and increases the diversity of the search population, enhancing the likelihood of finding the global optimum. Numerical simulations of the proposed methodology on two modified standard IEEE test systems corroborate the efficacy and feasibility of the suggested approach. Key innovations include the comprehensive modeling for concurrent expansion planning, the use of an advanced optimization algorithm, and a focus on reducing costs, emissions, losses, and feeder loading while enhancing network reliability and voltage profile.

Between Wires and Wings: What Are the Impacts of Power Transmission Lines on the Diversity of Insectivorous Bats?

Energy consumption in the world is growing every year, and there is an increasing demand on the energy system to meet the increase in consumption, resulting in the installation of new power transmission lines. The understanding of how power transmission lines affect biodiversity is predominantly focused on birds, with limited information available on other organisms. In this study, we assessed the potential effect of power transmission lines on bat communities in a locality in the Cerrado biome in Brazil. More specifically, we used a paired sample design and acoustically sampled bats in locations near and far from the transmission lines. Our findings suggest that power transmission lines do not have a generally positive or negative effect on insectivorous bat communities in the study area. However, their presence seems to be associated with increased diversity in specific functional groups and changes in the activity patterns of some bat species and families. We believe that this information is of particular importance for establishing appropriate programs during the environmental licensing process, assisting in the development of projects in the different stages of construction as well as in monitoring programs during operation.

Reducing the time to activation of the emergency call system in operating theatres: effect of installing vertical red line indicators

BackgroundThe 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (NAP7) recommended that an emergency call system be immediately accessible in all anaesthesia locations. It is essential that all theatre team members can rapidly call for help to reduce the risk of patient harm. However, the ability of staff to activate this system in a timely manner can be affected by cluttered or unfamiliar environments and cognitive overload. One proposed strategy to enable rapid identification and activation of emergency call systems is to install a red vertical painted stripe on the wall from the ceiling to the activation button. We investigated the effect of introducing this vertical red line on activation times in operating theatres in the UK and Australia. MethodsOperating theatre team members, including anaesthetists, surgeons, anaesthetic nurses, surgical and theatre nurses, operating theatre practitioners, and technicians, were approached without prior warning and asked to simulate activation of an emergency call. Vertical red lines were installed, and data collection repeated in the same operating theatres 4–12 months later. ResultsAfter installation of vertical red lines, the proportion of activations taking >10 s decreased from 31.9% (30/94) to 13.6% (17/125, P=0.001), and >20 s decreased from 19.1% (18/94) to 4.8% (6/125, P<0.001). The longest duration pre-installation was 120 s, and post-installation 35 s. ConclusionsThis simple, safe, and inexpensive design intervention should be considered as a design standard in all operating theatres to minimise delays in calling for help.

Strategy for Enhancing Hosting Capacity of Distribution Lines Using a Vertical Photovoltaic System

Renewable energy sources are being increasingly deployed to achieve carbon neutrality, thereby boosting photovoltaic (PV) system adoptions. Accordingly, vertical PV systems designed for specific installations have been developed. We propose a strategy to enhance the PV hosting capacity of a connected distribution line (DL) by combining vertical installations with modules facing east-west and conventional PV systems with modules facing south at an installation angle of approximately 30°. The data were obtained from a real testbed located in South Korea, which is situated in a mid-latitude region. We analyzed the generation patterns of vertical and combined PV systems (vertical and conventional) to enhance the hosting capacity. The results showed that vertical PV combination ratios of 40–60% effectively flattened the peak generation curve. Additionally, the DL hosting capacity improved by 40% under real-world conditions. In an actual industrial scenario, the system feasibility was validated to be within the voltage maintenance range and thermal capacity of lines in South Korea, indicating that this approach can mitigate the need for additional line installations and renewable energy curtailments. Furthermore, the issue of Duck Curves in the power grid can be addressed by smoothing the power production of the PV systems, particularly during low-demand periods.

Comprehensive analysis of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems: unveiling state-of-the-art autonomous components for maritime applications

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems, presenting autonomous components tailored for maritime applications. Focusing on the critical role of these systems in supplying electricity to regions with limited infrastructure, particularly maritime zones, the study explores economic advantages over traditional power line installations, emphasizing remote areas. Key components, including battery storage, autonomy, battery selection (with a spotlight on lead-acid batteries), charge controllers, inverters, and the integration of Automatic Identification System (A.I.S.) for maritime safety, are discussed. The article concludes by underscoring the significance of power supply buoys for ship safety and efficient refueling near hybrid systems.

Effect of prosthetic joint line installation height errors on insert wear in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

The clinical performance and failure issues are significantly influenced by prosthetic malposition in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Uncertainty exists about the impact of the prosthetic joint line height in UKA on tibial insert wear. In this study, we combined the UKA musculoskeletal multibody dynamics model, finite element model and wear model to investigate the effects of seven joint line height cases of fixed UKA implant on postoperative insert contact mechanics, cumulative sliding distance, linear wear depth and volumetric wear. As the elevation of the joint line height in UKA, the medial contact force and the joint anterior-posterior translation during swing phase were increased, and further the maximum von Mises stress, contact stress, linear wear depth, cumulative sliding distance, and the volumetric wear also were increased. Furthermore, the wear area of the insert gradually shifted from the middle region to the rear. Compared to 0 mm joint line height, the maximum linear wear depth and volumetric wear were decreased by 7.9% and 6.8% at -2 mm joint line height, and by 23.7% and 20.6% at -6 mm joint line height, the maximum linear wear depth and volumetric wear increased by 10.7% and 5.9% at +2 mm joint line height, and by 24.1% and 35.7% at +6 mm joint line height, respectively. UKA prosthetic joint line installation errors can significantly affect the wear life of the polyethylene inserted articular surfaces. Therefore, it is conservatively recommended that clinicians limit intraoperative UKA joint line height errors to -2-+2 mm.

Degrees of Freedom Effects on a Laboratory Scale WEC Point Absorber

The number of rigid bodies and operational degrees of freedom of a wave energy converter (WEC) have significant impacts on power production magnitude and efficiency across wave periods, but this concept is not well studied. Investigating the effect of the number of bodies and degrees of freedom will help WEC developers design devices that most efficiently meet power and cost needs. This paper presents experimental and numerical results for a point absorber WEC across three modes of operation in regular waves. The three modes of operation are ‘one body heave only’, ‘two body heave only’, and ‘two body six degrees of freedom’. The Laboratory Upgrade Point Absorber (LUPA) was used as the test article. This work builds on the 2021 EWTEC paper [1] by completing fabrication and undergoing wave testing. The LUPA experiment took place in the Large Wave Flume at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon, USA; the installation and a wave test are shown in Figure 1. LUPA is constructed as a 1:20 scale two body point absorber with a buoyancy driven float, and a spar with a heave plate to act as a reactionary body. The spar is 3.7 meters tall and the float has a 1-meter diameter. Figure 1. (Left) Mooring line installation. (Right) Wave tests in the Large Wave Flume. The ‘one body heave only’ mode locks the LUPA spar so only the float is moving, and only in heave (vertical). The ‘two body heave only’ mode allows both the float and spar to move but both bodies are restricted to heaving. The ‘six degrees of freedom’ mode has taut mooring lines connected to the spar and LUPA can translate and rotate in all directions. A damping optimization of the power take off was performed experimentally and numerically by sweeping damping values across a wide range of regular wave periods. The optimal damping value is used to compare the power generation of the three modes of operation. The LUPA project is an open-source, lab-scale wave energy converter that acts as a testing platform for students and researchers. The data from this testing along with numerical models and engineering design files will be publicly available here: https://github.com/PMEC-OSU/LUPA. This paper presents how increasing complexity of WECs through the number of bodies and degrees of freedom affects power production. It also provides a baseline case for LUPA which other researchers can compare against when applying their research to the LUPA project.

The Effect of Hypnotherapy Suggestions on Anxiety and Pain in Patients with Intravenous Line Installation

Background: Intra Vena Line ( IVL) installation is very beneficial for patients who have difficulty getting oral drug therapy because they have certain symptoms. The importance of IVL installation was not always accepted by patients, due to excessive fear of the installation procedure. This study aimed to analyze the effect of hipnotherapy suggestion method on anxiety and pain in intravenous installation.Methods: The type of research method used in this research is pre-experimental. The design used in this study was one group pre-test and post-test. This research will differentiate the level of anxiety and pain response before and after hypnotherapy. This research uses observation sheets as instruments. Results of statistical analysis using Wilcoxon test.Results: According to the results of this study, there was a significant effect of hypnotherapy suggestions on the anxiety and pain of Intravenous Line installation patients in the Emergency Room of Lirboyo General Hospital, Kediri.Conclusion: This research is very useful for nursing science because it can add to IVL installation techniques in a way that is minimal pain

Design of electrical lines with the DLTCAD software and the improvement in the times of installation processes of electrical lines of antennas in rural areas

This work aims to present the design of power lines with the DLTCAD software and the improvement in the process times for the installation of power lines for antennas in rural areas. Currently in rural areas of Peru the telecommunications service is limited and scarce, with 68.6% access to "Mobile Telephony" and 68.7% access to "Internet" (Source: ERESTEL "Residential Survey of Telecommunications Services", 2021, OSIPTEL), hence the importance of having antennas in rural areas, necessary to provide the telecommunications service to: schools, hospitals, police stations, municipalities, others, and to be able to begin to gradually close the digital gap in our country. DLTCAD is a Peruvian software and one of the best in the world in the calculation and design of power lines. The antennas located in rural areas require electricity for the proper functioning of their equipment, and to be able to operate and radiate the telecommunications service for the benefit of the most needy population with high rates of extreme poverty that do not have basic services such as: water , light and even more so in telecommunications, hence the importance of installing antenna power lines in rural areas, and the importance of designing these power lines with the use of an electrical design tool or software.

Multiple stage stochastic planning of integrated electricity and gas system based on distributed approximate dynamic programming

With the increasing coupling of integrated electricity and gas systems, it's essential to implement a proper planning scheme. The planning of the integrated electricity and gas systems usually consists of multiple planning stages and various uncertainties, making the problem difficult to solve. In this paper, combining the approximate dynamic programming method and the alternating direction multiplier method, a distributed approximate dynamic programming based multiple stage stochastic planning scheme is proposed for the integrated electricity and gas systems. The multiple stage stochastic planning scheme realizes the coordination of new installation and expansion of power grid lines, natural gas pipelines, substations, city gates, photovoltaics, wind turbines, gas turbines and energy storage devices, while considering both the long-term and the short-term uncertainties. The multiple stage stochastic planning model is reformulated as a Markov decision process with a sequential decision strategy, in which the investment variables are decided stage by stage with long-term uncertainties gradually revealed in the planning period. The distributed approximate dynamic programming algorithm is used to solve the multiple stage stochastic planning model, which is in the form of the Markov decision process, by decoupling in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Numerical tests on the test system with a 24-node power grid and a 30-node natural gas network verify the effectiveness of the multiple stage stochastic planning model.

An Introduction to Horizontal Directional Drill Installation of High-Voltage Transmission Lines and Other Duct Banks: Improving on Conventional Overhead Transmission Lines

Horizontal Directional Drill (HDD) installation of high-voltage (HV) transmission has proven practical, and in some cases, less costly than traditional overhead options. Petrochemical facilities located on waterways provide excellent opportunities for underwater HDD-installed transmission lines. These designs can provide significant safety advantages as well as improve system reliability. They eliminate the height restrictions associated with overhead lines, reduce air traffic obstructions, and reduce the weather-related concerns typically associated with traditional overhead transmission lines, especially highly elevated transmission line crossings over waterways. They also offer significant opportunities when expanding existing facilities and designing for Prevention through Design by eliminating the overhead transmission and their associated contact risks throughout the life of the installation. Each HDD-installed transmission line is different and can create significant challenges; however, the benefits associated with this technology can significantly outweigh the effort. This article reviews some of the challenges associated with long, high-capacity transmission line installations, along with their associated solutions as incorporated in previous projects. This article does not cover the smaller and shorter HDD installations typically associated with electrical distribution commonly used to cross streets, highways, or feed commercial facilities.

A Novel Emergency Lighting System Design Eliminating Extra Phase Line Installation

The emergency lighting system (ELS) is mandatory to be installed at the commercial, residential, and public buildings and must be activated automatically in the case of disasters such as fire, earthquake, flood, hurricane, and electricity power outage situations. Conventional ELS must use an extra phase line to charge its battery as well as to detect the presence of an emergency condition. It is costly to use an additional phase line in the electrical system and requires a new system configuration in the existing systems. In this study, an ELS design is proposed that eliminates the need for additional phase line installation by using power line communication (PLC) circuitry. Additionally, LED lamp is preferred instead of fluorescent lamp due to their advantages. The proposed ELS detects the presence of emergency and power outage conditions and then charges the battery of the system through the PLC.

Development, design and installation of multichannel transfer lines at W7-X under extreme geometrical constraints

After the completion of the third experimental campaign in 2018 the stellarator fusion experiment Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) was further completed with ten actively cooled divertors and ten Cryo-Vacuum-Pumps (CVPs). The cryo-panels and the thermal shield of the CVPs are cooled with supercritical helium (He) at around 4 K and with liquid nitrogen (LN2) at 80 K respectively. A set of 4-channel transfer lines with actively cooled thermal shield was developed and implemented:(1)one main transfer line (HTL, length ca. 55 m) for transferring the cryogenic fluids from the refrigeration system to the distribution box (CVB) and(2)ten short transfer lines (KTLs, length 12 m to 16 m) connecting the distribution box (CVB) to the supply ports on the W7-X cryostat.Beyond the usual requirements for cryogenic vacuum super-insulated transfer lines, the HTL and KTLs are required to respect the severe geometrical constraints posed by the limited installation space. Welding is possible only at certain locations and there was the need to circumvent support structures and many diagnostics. This resulted in routing changes in all three directions within a few meters.The solutions adopted for the development, the design and the installation results of HTL and KTLs lines are illustrated and discussed.

Autonomous Resonance‐Tuning Mechanism for Environmental Adaptive Energy Harvesting (Adv. Sci. 3/2023)

Piezoelectric Energy Harvester A piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) that converts unused ambient vibration energy into useful electricity can alleviate issues related to the battery maintenance and power line installation of IoT sensors. To maximize the harvesting power, the resonance frequency of the PEH should match the dominant frequency of the ambient vibrations. In article number 2205179, Kyung-Hoon Cho, Hyun-Cheol Song, and co-workers report a novel autonomous resonance-tuning (ART) PEH that autonomously adjusts its resonance frequency in accordance with ambient vibrations without any external assistance or human intervention. The PEH design methodology to implement the ART function is provided along with its real-world validation under low-frequency (<100 Hz) complex vibrations in which the acceleration and frequency change simultaneously.

Телефонизация как начальный шаг Департамента уделов по развитию имений Массандра и Ай-Даниль

The article, based on archival materials, refers to one of the episodes of the initial period of the existence of Massandra and Ai-Danil as the possessions of the Department of Provinces. The author notes that the mentioned estates, acquired in 1889 from the heirs of His Serene Highness Prince S.M.Vorontsov, were considered as an opportunity to develop and increase the wine-making and wine-trading activities of the Department. The article notes that one of the measures in this direction was the telephone line installation to provide communication both within the estates between the administration, the vineyards, the wine cellar and the winemaker's apartment, and between Massandra and the wine warehouse in Yalta. The author notes that the initiative to install telephones came from officials of the local province administration, who secured the consent of the chief of the Yalta Post and Telegraph Office to carry out all the necessary work and take on a new communication line. The chief of the Department of Provinces, for his part, supported this idea, in principle coordinating its implementation with the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs. However, upon receipt of a detailed project and an estimate of its cost, the Department of Provinces was at a loss, since the calculated amount was one and a half times higher than that indicated in the preliminary justification. This required additional verification of the correctness and validity of the calculations on the spot. In the end, the telephone line project was nevertheless completed by the autumn of 1891 for an amount that was only slightly higher than the originally announced figures.

Power lines and birds: An overlooked threat in South America

Power lines endanger birds around the world, as a large number of them are killed every year through electrocutions and collisions. This problem can have severe consequences at population level, particularly for threatened species. While this threat has been widely studied in different parts of the world, information from South America is scarce. Here, we review information from scientific and grey literature on the collision and electrocution of birds on power lines from this sub-continent. We complement this information with novel data provided by a citizen science project, electrical companies and field monitoring records. Our results show that although in South America scientific and anecdotal information on this topic is scarce, data suggests that this threat is present in many areas of this sub-continent and affects several species, some of which are seriously threatened. However, information on the most affected species, the number of individuals impacted, the most dangerous geographical areas and the effectiveness of mitigation action is scarce and mainly anecdotal. This is worrying, because South America is a hot spot of biodiversity with many threatened and endemic bird species. We urge conservationists to evaluate this problem in more detail, define areas where it is important to avoid power line installation and establish priority areas for implementation of effective mitigation actions. Scientific evidence shows that dangerous power lines require retrofitting, but this knowledge should also be applied to the new energy facilities and the establishment of national regulations, which would undoubtedly reduce the impact of this infrastructure on wildlife.

A Construction Method of Hybrid Wireless Link Topology VDCell

With the development of cloud computing, the data center network is undergoing great changes. The traditional wired data center network needs a large number of wired links, so it takes huge resources to deploy. For the wireless data center network, although the line installation is simple and the maintenance cost is reduced, the wireless transmission signal is easily blocked. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid data center network VDCell based on VLC link, and designs a rule to connect wireless links. Compared with the original DCell topology, it has the following advantages: First of all, the VLC link can be directly installed and used, without centralized control in VDCell, so no additional equipment is needed. Secondly, it is only necessary to add wireless links to the original structure, and the design rules are used to construct the structure, which shortens the communication path length between servers and is very simple to deploy. The increase of data links makes the structure more fault-tolerant. In addition, this paper also proposes a unicast routing algorithm.

IoT-based intelligent source–load–storage coordination scheme for prosumer campus microgrids

Electrical energy is very necessary for human life in the modern era. The rising energy prices, depletion of fossil fuels, and instability of the grid are alarming situations. So, it needs a smart solution to ensure the balance between pricing and saving natural resources. Some other issues like environmental change, limitations on installation of new transmission lines, reliability concerns, and considering the expansion in distributed energy generation technologies promise the implementation of distributed generation extensively. The integration of two or more energy supplies in a power system is known as distributed energy resource system. In this study, a university campus is taken as a case study to reduce the energy cost while considering the aforementioned issues. The intelligent source–load–storage coordination scheme is proposed to utilize the available renewable energy resources with storage systems. The proposed linear model is solved in MATLAB using the exact method technique considering the economic parameters. The campus microgrid analysis is not addressed considering the Internet-of-Thing (IoT)-based building, especially in the scenario of Pakistan. The results show the efficacy of the proposed model and can be implemented on the existing campus for source–load–storage coordination as an economical solution.