Installation Of Flow Meters Research Articles

From Pressure to Water Consumption: Exploiting High-Resolution Pressure Data to Investigate the End Uses of Water

HighlightsA method to investigate water consumption based on pressure data is developed.The method exploits the headloss-flowrate equation to obtain water-consumption data.The method is validated on a real case study, resulting in an average error of 2.3%.Limitations affecting the installation of domestic flow meters are overcome.Insights into the features of individual water-consumption events are provided.

Cloud-based virtual flow metering system powered by a hybrid physics-data approach for water production monitoring in an offshore gas field

This work presents a cloud-based Virtual Flow Metering (VFM) system powered by a hybrid physics-data approach to estimate the water production per well in a gas field. This hybrid approach, which allows accurate calculations near real-time conditions, is based on the description of the flow through the wellbore using physics-based models pertaining to gas-liquid flows with high gas volume fraction. A data-driven approach is implemented to tune the flow model using well test data. This implementation accounts for changes in the well performance and increase in water production, resulting in a self-calibrating solution. This means that the model will remain accurate and relevant as production and well conditions change. Results from the VFM show good agreement with the well test data for steady-state conditions. The VFM calculations are performed remotely using a cloud-based DataOps platform where results are also stored. This allows continuous access to live sensor data to be used as input to other applications or visualized through a web interface. The VFM system uses a set of readily available sensors installed in the wells. Thus, it represents cost reduction in both capital and operating expenditures when compared to the installation of multiphase flow meters or separators.

Validation of installation effects of an ultrasonic flow meter on butterfly valve using numerical analysis

Custody transfer in measurement of flow is referred as fiscal metering where the change of ownership involves. Metering errors in custody transfer calls for a rapid improvement in flow measurement technology. However, standard ideal and field real conditions vary due to the constraints such as non-availability of straight length at upstream and downstream piping, disturbances of flow elements of valves, bends etc will lead to variation in accuracy of flow meters do not permit to fulfill this requirement. Flow metering technique such as acoustic method is recommended as complement flow measuring technique for hydro turbines. The motivation of the study is drawn from a typical penstock of hydro plants where the straight lengths on penstocks are generally not available and the flow through the conductor system is regulated by valves. The flow distortion effect of flow elements causes the extent of errors during the flow metering. The numerical and experimental investigations are presented in this paper is to highlight the installation effects and simulate the variation in accuracy for flow rate measurement using clamp on type flow meter by inverse method at the main inlet valve of a hydro turbine. A commercial CFD Fluent solver is used to validate the velocity distortion of the installation on the closed conduit. The CFD analysis is useful for faster analysis on the installation effects where the limitation of time constraints. A reference can be drawn from the results where standard straight lengths are not met. These findings are also useful in selecting a suitable location for the installation of ultrasonic flow meters and helps in identifying the proper location for the installation flow disturbances like bends, valves and spool elements. The findings are useful in eliminating the uncertainty for the performance evaluation of hydro turbines where the flow is one of a vital parameter in improvement of system.

Tug Boats Fuel Efficiency with use of Flow meter Web Based Monitoring and Control System in P.T. X

In order to increase efficiency, a monitoring system has been measuring operational performance existing. After a system created and used, management can measure performance to improve the efficiency. With all information that has been collected, management will be able to produce a decision accurately and increase productivity and efficiency operational. P.T. X has implemented the installation of flow meters in all ships and has been examined in previous research. It is continued deeper by applying the use of flow meters using web-based as a sensor long-distance, as to be monitored anytime and anywhere using a sensor equipment named eGenKit. For that, the study is conducted in order to assess the use of fuel efficiency on tug boats using web-based monitoring and controlling system in P.T. X.

Estimation of costs for monitoring urban water and wastewater networks

Abstract In many water distribution systems, water losses are a major problem and an integrated management strategy is required for both the efficient use of water resources and the minimisation of non-revenue water. For foul sewer systems, the inflow of stormwater and infiltration of groundwater affects the management of both sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Monitoring of flows represents a critical task within approaches for control of either water losses in distribution systems and infiltration and rain-induced inflows in foul systems. Implementation of monitoring typically involves the following steps: (i) system information updating and digital mapping; (ii) system zoning; and (iii) system flow monitoring. Costs for monitoring are essential for utilities to estimate more accurately the costs of control of water losses, infiltration and inflow and to support more robust decision-making. Costs and infrastructure data were collected from 20 Portuguese water and wastewater utilities. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to obtain cost functions for meter chambers as a function of the volume and for purchase and installation of flow meters as a function of nominal diameter in water supply systems. For the steps of system information updating, digital mapping and system zoning single unit costs are estimated.

Non-invasive estimation of domestic hot water usage with temperature and vibration sensors

Electric water heaters are responsible for a large portion of electricity consumption and water usage in the domestic sector. Smart water heaters alleviate the strain on the electricity supply grid and reduce water consumption through behavioural change, but the installation of in-line flow meters is inconvenient and expensive. A non-invasive water flow meter is proposed as an alternative. Non-invasive flow measurement is more common for high flow rates in the industrial sector than for domestic applications. Various non-invasive water measurement methods are investigated in the context of domestic hot water, and a combination of thermal- and vibration-sensing is proposed. The proposed solution uses inexpensive, easily installable, non-invasive sensors and a novel algorithm to provide the same flow measurement accuracy as existing in-line meters. The algorithm detects the beginning and end of water consumption events with an accuracy of 95.6%. Quantitative flow rate estimation was possible for flow rates greater than 5 L min−1 with an accuracy of 89%, while volumetric usage estimation had an accuracy of more than 93%. The algorithm limitations were applied to field data, revealing that water consumption could be detected with an error of less than 12% within the limitations of the proposed algorithm. The paper presents a successful proof of concept for a non-invasive alternative to domestic hot water flow rate measurement.

КОНТРОЛЬ РАСХОДА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОЙ НЕЙРОННОЙ СЕТИ

The operation principle of the parametric leak detection system in oil pipeline systems is considered. The structure of this leak detection system is described. Factors affecting the accuracy of flowmeters measurement used in leak detection are analyzed. Characteristics and features of operation and installation of ultrasonic flowmeters are considered. The analysis of works which investigate creating diagnostic systems of flowmeters is carried out. Their advantages and disadvantages are described. The aim of the study is to develop a flow measurement system using indirect parameters, which could diagnose the state of its testimony and double measuring tools during their systematic maintenance or repair. A virtual sensor acts as a system and is implemented on the basis of software and is capable of duplicating the flowmeter. The structure of the neural network is given on the basis of which this system is built. A possible example of application of this measurement system has been considered. Application of neural network for solving this problem will allow to create a mathematical model of measurement that is not dependent on uncontrolled parameters. Implementation of this neural network solves the problem of artificial generation of signals from sensors used in the calculation of the system of detecting leaks at the time of their output. The preliminary results of the research are presented. The results obtained in the process of model realization are compared with experimental data.

Optimization of flow rate measurement using piezoelectric accelerometers: Application in water industry

Abstract This paper presents a method for measuring flow rates in pipelines based on the flow induced vibration principle using water as fluid, eliminating the need for interrupting the flow and opening of the pipeline for installation of traditional water flow meters. Experimental measurements are carried out in an accredited laboratory for calibration of rate flow meters and a metrological validation, followed by an uncertainty evaluation, are presented. Data analysis is accompanied by a method of optimization that minimizes adjustment errors of measurement using regression by parts and by the selection of the optimum period to estimate more accurately the flow rate. The results meet the specifications of Brazilian Metrology Institute.

In-plant control for water minimization and wastewater reuse: a case study in pasta plants of Alexandria Flour Mills and Bakeries Company, Egypt

The paper shows implementation of in-plant control measures in two pasta plants and conducts economic analysis for revenues from these modifications. In order to reuse wastewater, 12 end-of-pipe samples for each plant were tested for physico-chemical characteristics using standard methods. The results showed that the adopted in-plant modifications such as installation of water flow meters, spring valves on water hoses, and design of a steam condensate recovery system contributed efficiently in saving water and energy consumption throughout the pasta plants. An estimated annual benefit of $228,245 can be achieved. Cost benefit analysis for the implemented environmental improvements proved to be very economic with a short payback period and resulted in great savings.

Adoption of European Union's IPPC Directive to a textile mill: Analysis of water and energy consumption

The present study was undertaken as part of the first application and evaluation of the BREF (Best Available Techniques; BAT Reference Document) Textile Document within the context of the European Union's Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive to a large scale textile mill in Turkey. The BAT requirements for the denim manufacturing textile mill were selected in cooperation with the factory management. Detailed mass balance calculations were conducted to evaluate the overall effect of the selected BAT options. The initial findings indicated that the adoption of the selected BAT options resulted in considerable savings in water and energy consumption in the mill. Besides the installation of flow meters and use of semi-counter current rinsing in the most water-intensive processes, minimization of wash waters in the water softening plant, reuse of the concentrate stream from the reverse osmosis plant and compressor cooling waters provided a 29.5% reduction in the total specific water consumption of the mill, reaching the lower limits suggested by the BREF Textile Document. In terms of energy consumption, use of waste heat from finishing wastewater streams in heating up the wash waters, heat insulation and maintenance applications in addition to BAT measures taken for water minimization reduced specific energy consumption by 9% achieving the limits set by the BREF Textile Document.

アブダビにおける多相流量計の実証試験

Vertical sweep efficiency in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs is one of the largest uncertainties of the reservoir management for five-spot-pattern water flooding in Abu Dhabi. Intensive water cut monitoring at the producing wells is the key element to optimize reservoir management by water flooding operation in this field. Installation of multiphase flow meters (MPFMs) may enable to provide the operators with continuous and real-time water cut data. Then the two sets of the JOGMEC/OVAL MPFM were installed and commissioned in a giant oil field in Abu Dhabi, and the monitoring of well streams was conducted from August 2002 to December 2004.The MPFM incorporates a new turbine system consisting of twin-rotors with conventional technologies, while eliminating expensive gamma ray densitometry and minimizing the size, thus successfully achieving great cost reduction and easy installation.The MPFMs custom-made for the liquid production range of 5,300-8,100 BLPD continuously measured oil and gas rates within +/-10% relative error and water cut within +/-3% error. The high accuracy of the MPFM monitoring liquid and gas rate was confirmed by the referential test separator data. However further confirmation is required for water cut monitoring by MPFMs, because enough referential sampling data were not available for comparison of water cut. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the accuracy of the reference data directly affects the water cut. Therefore, more samples of accurate reference data are indispensable for good result of MPFM monitoring and also the MPFM needs to take measures for reducing the error of the water cut.It was learned from the experience of this field trial that the most important point for the improvement of any MPFM is for MPFM vendors and operators to confirm the ability of MPFMs with using “the accurate reference data” in the same fields. It will enable operators to confirm the true ability of MPFMs in the fields and use MPFMs as a reliable reservoir-monitoring tool for better reservoir management.

Installation of service flowmeters on hydraulic turbines

1. The relative method of measuring the flow rates of water through a turbine is realized by simple means and provides a sufficient accuracy for the needs of hydrostation operation. 2. Further works of design organizations, operating services, and manufacturing plants is necessary for increasing the reliability of the entire flow-rate measuring system. 3. The operating staffs of hydrostations need to be materially encouraged to use the discharge efficiently for producing electricity.

Flowmeters in swirling flows

An experimental investigation of the character and decay of the asymmetrical swirling flow produced by a double right-angle bend in two perpendicular planes has been carried out. Axial velocities have been measured at a total of 36 points on three parallel chords on each of two measurement stations that were 9 diameters and 35 diameters downstream of the bend. The author describes an algorithm used to obtain a polynomial approximation to the measured axial velocity profiles and presents the results of this. The formulae are then used to carry out a theoretical study of the effects of these flow fields on electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters. Guidelines for the installation of flowmeters are given in the light of this theoretical work and a review of the literature.

WATER/ENERGY CONSERVATION IN NAVY SHIPS

ABSTRACTMaintaining adequate underway production of fresh water for potable and boilerfeed consumption her been a chronic problem for many Navy ships for decades. Although “energy free” low pressure auxiliary exhaust steam is used in water production, a recent investigation (Naval Engineers Journal, April 1976) concluded that a significant net energy cost is involved. This energy cost has become more significant due to 1) the rapid rise in fuel costs and 2) the reduction in available auxiliary exhaust steam as the Navy's Energy Conservation Program becomes implemented. Indeed, as the Navy's ships begin to increase their operating efficiency, the energy cost of fresh water will rice. Many ships exceed their water allocation of 30 gal/man‐day by 10 to 20 gallons. A goal was set to demonstrate that potable water consumption can be reduced by 20 to 25 gal/mm‐day without Impairing “Hotel” services by the use of water conserving approaches such as reduced‐flow showers; a modified laundry procedure; installation of flow meters at key locations; and other techniques. This conservation was demonstrated successfully during extended underway periods in USS Saratoga (CV‐60) and USS Jonas Ingram (DD‐938). Fleet‐wide implementation of these conservation approaches could save the Navy millions of dollars.