Installation Maintenance Research Articles

Reduction of occupational injuries as a way to solve the problem of the shortage of personnel to reduce risks in the energy industry

Energy security is a priority area of economic development and an important component of the state's national security. Among the internal threats to energy security, experts point to market defects, equipment degradation and backwardness of technologies, imperfect management, personnel problems, and others. One of the reasons for the shortage of qualified personnel is industrial injuries. In the work, a comparative analysis of data for the period from 2015 to 2023 was carried out regarding the level of industrial injuries in various sectors of the economy and the causes of accidents. The fact of a sharp increase in the total number of insurance accidents in 2021–2022 was established only in two sectors - the sphere of health care and the sphere of electricity and gas supply. In other sectors of the economy, the number of industrial injuries decreased compared to 2015. The largest number of accidents with fatal consequences in the energy industry is caused by electrocution of personnel during maintenance and repair of electrical installations. As the conducted studies have shown, in recent years the number of accidents has increased significantly not only due to man-made reasons, which was explained by the corona virus pandemic, but also due to organizational reasons. Among the organizational reasons, violations of labor discipline are in the first places – non-fulfilment of the requirements of labor protection instructions, non-fulfilment of job duties and violation of the technological process. Therefore, the development of proposals for the improvement of the labor protection management system and labor relations in the energy industry is an urgent task. There are proposed measures to reduce the level of injuries due to organizational reasons in stressful conditions of mass absenteeism of personnel due to illness or during hostilities.

Pemasangan Proteksi Kebocoran Arus Listrik pada Gedung Taman Kanak-Kanak (TK) Aisyah di Desa Muarajalai, Kecamatan Kampar Utara, Kabupaten Kampar

Electricity is the main requirement for every activity held at the Asiyah Kindergarten school. The Aisyah Kindergarten School building, located in Muarajalai Village, has good electrical installations, but maintenance is rarely carried out. Maintenance of electrical installations is very necessary, because over time the condition of the feasibility of electrical installations really needs to be paid attention to. One effort that can be made to maintain electricity is to install extra security equipment to overcome electric current leaks. In general, homes or schools usually only use MCBs, MCBs only function for protection in the event of an overload or short circuit. However, electric current leakage cannot be protected by MCB. It is necessary to additionally install an ELCB to detect electric current leaks, so that if someone is electrocuted, the ELCB will be able to work in less than 0.1 second to cut off the electric current. Apart from protecting humans, ELCB can also protect equipment that uses electricity from electric current leaks.

MODERN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND METHODS FOR DETECTING THEIR DEFECTS

The article presents the main sources of renewable energy (RES), including solar, wind, hydropower, as well as biomass energy and geothermal energy. The importance of these sources lies in reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. An analysis of RES facilities and their implementation technology was carried out. The current state and prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine and around the world are analyzed. In 2018, Ukraine joined IRENA to develop RES. According to the agency, by the end of 2023, renewable energy sources accounted for 43% of the installed capacity. The total number of renewable energy facilities is increasing annually, but renewable energy sources account for half of the total capacity. 2023 saw the largest increase in renewable energy capacity to date (with the addition of 473 GW of renewable energy), a 13.9% increase in renewable energy reserves. Renewable energy accounts for a record 86% of the increase in world electricity, largely due to the significant growth of solar and wind power. In addition, the article emphasizes the importance of the reliability and efficiency of installations using renewable energy sources. The main methods for detecting damage in renewable energy systems are described. Detection methods based on acoustic emission, ultrasound, vibration, thermography, machine vision, and strain measurement are used most frequently to detect RES damage. The development of renewable energy sources stimulates economic growth and creates new jobs in the production, installation, maintenance, and management of energy installations. Investments in green energy contribute to the development of technologies, increasing competitiveness, and the creation of innovative sectors of the economy.

Anaerobic Two-Phase Co-Digestion for Renewable Energy Production: Estimating the Effect of Substrate Pretreatment, Hydraulic Retention Time and Participating Microbial Consortia

Green and sustainable economies have recently become a key issue in long-term growth and well-being. Co-digestion of various waste materials in an eco-friendly way through biogas production has become the preferred method for their utilization and valorization. The possibility of hydrogen and methane yield maximization depends on the most suitable alkali reagent for pretreatment of waste lignocellulosic material, which was revealed in batch tests to determine the hydrogen production potential. The mixture for digestion consisted of pretreated wheat straw mixed with waste algal biomass in a ratio of 80:20 (w/w). The maximum hydrogen yield was achieved after applying sodium hydroxide thermoalkaline pretreatment, with a two-fold higher yield than the untreated control. Hydrogen production was stable and methane was not present in the resultant gas. The influence of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the maintenance of cascade installation was studied. The maximum daily concentration of hydrogen was achieved at an HRT of 2 days—42.5% H2—and the maximum concentration of methane was 56.1% at an HRT of 6 days. Accumulation of volatile fatty acids was registered in the first step and their depletion was noted in the second one. The obtained values of the cellulose content demonstrated that it was utilized by up to 2.75% in the methanogenic bioreactor at the end of the process. Metagenomics analyses revealed the bacteria Thermocaproicibacter melissae (44.9%) and Clostridium cellulosi (41.9%) participated in the consortium, accomplishing substrate hydrolysis and acidogenesis in the first stage. Less in abundance were Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformans, Calorimonas adulescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Anaerocolumna chitinilytica. Methanogenesis was performed by an archaeon closely related to Bathyarchaeota (99.5%) and Methanobacterium formicicum. The most abundant bacterial strains in the methanogenic fermenter were Abyssalbus ytuae (30%), Proteiniphilum acetatigenes (26%) and Ruficoccus amylovorans (13%).

Condition Assessment of Electrical Power Devices using Infrared Thermography: A Review

Departures from the stable operation of electrical equipment usually appear as changes in parameters such as vibrations, pressure, temperature, power, and flow. Excessive changes in these parameters will indicate significant damage, leading to total or partial breakdown of equipment. This paper reviews the use of infrared thermography (IRT) for the operating condition temperature monitoring of electrical equipment. Infrared thermography is a contactless method that is based on thermal radiation principles and used for determining the temperature distribution on the surface of objects by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by the object. The basic principles underlying IRT are presented in this review, showing its pros and cons, the various IRT methods, processes involved in IRT image acquisition, intelligent techniques for IR image analysis, and factors that affect the accuracy of results, including technical, environmental, and procedural factors. Also presented is an overview of common applications of IRT condition monitoring to solar energy, medicine, civil infrastructure, and aerospace equipment. Common faults in electrical equipment, including those in transformers, circuit breakers, feeder pillars and arrestors, are discussed with illustrations from recent research studies. These studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of IRT in the predictive maintenance of electrical installations. Hence, the replication of the techniques reviewed in this work is recommended so as to reduce current costs incurred in maintaining and replacing damaged equipment, and the associated time losses.

Evaluation of Evacuation Time for Each Evacuation Equipment in Neighborhood Facilities: Focused on Descending Lifeline and Elevating Equipment for Evacuation

At present, the standard for installing evacuation equipment that enables occupants to evacuate on their own is determined by the use of a building and its floor area. However, according to the "Installation Maintenance and Safety Control of Fire-Fighting Systems Act" and "Fire Safety Standards for evacuation equipment", the installation standard for evacuation equipment mentions only the minimum number of equipment to be installed based on the floor area. Thus, this installation standard fails to reflect the corresponding number of occupants in a building and the effectiveness of the evacuation equipment. Thus, there is a high probability that most of the evacuation equipment installed based on the "one-size-fits-all" legal regulation will not guarantee the safety of occupants in case of a fire. To address this, the performance evaluation of the effectiveness of evacuation and the distribution ratio of equipment per occupant needs to be prioritized. Therefore, we conduct mock experiments on the descending lifeline and elevating evacuation equipment to analyze their efficiencies. Moreover, we propose a model for calculating the evacuation time for the descending lifeline and elevating evacuation equipment based on the experimental results. Furthermore, we conduct effectiveness evaluation by using the evacuation equipment. The results show that most people cannot be evacuated using the evacuation equipment. That is, evacuation equipment was determined to be insufficient for ensuring safety as per the current standard. Therefore, the installation of evacuation equipment according to its efficiency and capacity is considered necessary.

A layer-2 solution for inspecting large-scale photovoltaic arrays through aerial LWIR multiview photogrammetry and deep learning: A hybrid data-centric and model-centric approach

Defective components within solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays overheat, resulting in particular temperature patterns under the long-wave thermal infrared (LWIR) spectrum. The detection and on-field localization of these patterns is of paramount aid to the operations and maintenance of PV installations. In this context, we develop a two-layer end-to-end inspection solution for the detection, quantification and on-field localization of overheated regions on PV arrays from LWIR UAV imagery. Layer 1 generates a georeferenced orthomosaic of the inspected site via a Structure from Motion-MultiView Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetric acquisition/post-processing workflow. Layer 2 is a tile-based deep semantic segmentation stage that extracts and quantifies the affected regions from the generated orthomosaic. We collect aerial images from 103 PV sites, comprising approximately 342000 modules. After a SfM-MVS workflow, we produce and annotate 7910 orthorectified unique affected tiles, posteriorly augmented to prepare the state-of-the-art dataset in terms of size and representativeness. Through a training/cross-validation and test process, we investigate the implementation of 9 models in the segmentation process: FCN, U-Net, FPN, DeepLab, LinkNet, DANet, CFNet, ACFNet and TransU-Net, each of which experimented with 2 backbones: ResNet50 and DenseNet121. The models feature efficient encoder-to-decoder feature map transfers, pyramidal feature recognition, spatial and channel attention, feature co-occurrence, class center as well as vision transformers. The best performance is achieved by FPN-DenseNet121, with a mean mIoU of 93.44% and an F1-score of 96.39% on our test set. The two-layer solution takes the best of the data-centric and model-centric paradigms, alongside addressing the limitations of conventional inspection procedures. It is put into a concrete application framework, where it provides a pixel-based and a tile-based quantification of the affected regions within a PV plant. The results are promising, and the selected model can be deployed efficiently for extensive aerial monitoring of large-scale PV plants.

ANALISIS GANGUAN PERANGKAT HUBUNG BAGI TEGANGAN RENDAH PADA GARDU DISTRIBUSI DI PLN UP3 BEKASI

This analysis focuses on device interference to connect low or short voltage (PHB-TR) at substation distribution and overcome it at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Bekasi UID West Java. PHB-TR is an electrical device or equipment in the form of a connecting device made of conductive and non-conductive materials mounted on a frame or cabinet and equipped with electrical equipment and electrical safety and is part of a distribution substation on the low voltage side. The disturbances in the PHB-TR are usually caused by human error or environmental factors that refer to electrical devices and equipment. Therefore, based on the results of the analysis of PHB-TR disturbances in the distribution of substations at PLN UP3 Bekasi, they found disturbances and looked for solutions to these problems so that the distribution network installation operates reliably, performance operates well and the continuity of electric power services is maintained properly. activities that include a series of stages from planning, implementation, to controlling and evaluating PHB-TR installation maintenance work.

Development of a food handling practices assessment tool based on the Sri Lanka food regulations.

Neither the current assessment tool of Sri Lanka for food establishments is based on prevailing Food Regulations 2011 nor did its focus cover serious adaptions for precautions upon prevention of the diseases. The study aims to develop a food handling practices assessment tool based on the Sri Lanka Food Regulations 2011 and to assess food handling practices using a developed tool in the Regional Director of Health Services area, Kalutara. The study consisted of developing food establishments' assessment tool (FEAT) in accordance with Food (Hygiene-1742/26) Regulations of Sri Lanka 2011 and assessing the food establishments using the developed tool in the Regional Director of Health Services area, Kalutara, Sri Lanka. The development of FEAT was carried out to mark inspection scores for food establishments conforming to Food Regulations, others reviewed international food safety protocols and agreements following key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Fully developed FEAT was transferred to a mobile application for ease of use, and assessments were conducted among 421 food establishments in three Medical Officer of Health areas. FEAT contained 11 domains including 75 items with more than 100 assessment points including a guide to conducting an assessment of food handling, compared to the current version of the assessment tool in Sri Lanka. The majority of participants included in the qualitative assessment agreed to include a 1-5 scoring scale to report hygiene levels and to use hygiene regulation to develop FEAT as a legal basis. The highest percentage of food establishments (69.4%) in the "Good" category were in the Bandaragama Medical Officer of Health Area and the highest percentage of food establishments (54.5%) in the "very poor" category were in the Walallawita Medical Officer of Health Area. Food establishments taking precautionary measures, which are not assessed in the current tool, were good, but maintenance of processing area and installation of overhead structures and fitting were poor in food establishments in all three Medical Officer of Health Areas. The novel food assessment tool FEAT is a completely valid instrument for food establishments. It is designed for easy administration and supports reliable assessments. Overall food handling practices of food establishments in the Kalutara Regional Director of Health Services area following assessment with FEAT were in the "satisfactory" category.

Implementation of a risk-based OHS management system at IMC mining company

IMC mining company produces gold and silver. In mining operations that are carried out every day in the workplace, there must be dangers and risks. All these hazards are more related to the transport systems and transport used in the mining process. International mining company (IMC) underground mines definitely have operations division jobs with a high level of risk against work accidents, for example, maintenance of transport installations and the systems. Therefore, it is important to identify hazards, risk assessments, and determine the type of risk control in the section where work accidents are found. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Determining Control is a prevention program against fatal incidents. Risk Management at IMC is based on the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Determining Control (HIRADC) methodology which focuses on managing mining safety risks. This article aims to find out what the potential hazards and risks are contained in the work of the engineering and transport of underground mining division as well as provide preventive measures to reduce these risks.

Experience of Application of GOST R 59638-2021 for the Analysis of Statistics of False Alarms of the Fire Alarm System on the Example of a Multifunctional Shopping and Entertainment Complex

Introduction. In 2021, new regulatory legal acts in the field of fire safety came into force. Special attention is paid to the control, classification and minimization of false alarms of fire protection systems and installations. In this regard, it makes sense to refer to the statistics of such triggers on specific objects in order to assess the sufficiency and validity of the criteria proposed in the new documents. The purpose of the work is to study the requirements for maintenance and operation of fire protection systems and installations. The objectives of this study are to study the main approaches to the regulation of false alarms of fire protection systems, analysis of the main quantitative indicators of the operation of systems of a particular object, assessment of the compliance of the protection object with new requirements.Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the study was the results of constant monitoring of the state of fire protection systems and installations in one of the largest shopping and entertainment complexes in the South of Russia. The reports of the fire prevention service, data from the automated workplace of the operator of the fire station, records in operational logs were used. The information is summarized in tables by types of false alarms and by chronology. Calculations were performed in MS Excel. To identify the links between different types of false positives, a correlation analysis was carried out.Results. The connection between the number of false alarms and the intensity of work of tenants of the protection object is noted. The ratios of different types of false alarm and the significance of the triggering factors are determined. The correlation between false alarms and malfunctions of systems is revealed.Discussion and Conclusion. The methodology developed by the authors makes it possible to monitor malfunctions of fire alarm systems on an ongoing basis. A number of problematic issues of applying the classification of false alarms of the fire alarm system in GOST R 59638-2021 have been identified. A connection has been established between the number of false alarms and the intensity of the work of the tenants of the shopping center. The conclusion is made about the compliance of the protection object with the newly introduced requirements. The identified problematic issues of the application of GOST R 59638-2021 for statistical analysis in future studies force us to develop a different classification of false alarms of fire alarm systems.

REAL WORK LECTURE WITH MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, SECURITY AND AIR CONDITIONER AT THE RUKUN TETANGGA (RT) POST 007/015 IN CIPINANG MUARA VILLAGE, EAST JAKARTA CITY

Real Work Lecture (KKN) is one form of student service to the community and is one part of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. We, students of Electrical Engineering, Mpu Tantular University, Jakarta, held this Real Work Lecture (KKN) which is expected to help the community in solving problems faced in the Neighborhood Community (Rukun Tetangga) 007 / 015 area, Cipinang Muara sub-district, Jatinegara District, East Jakarta City. In addition, it is hoped that we can gain experience in how to socialize with the community, also as a social person and have good character when engaging in serving the community. The work program plan that we carry out is the maintenance of Electrical Installations, CCTV and Air Conditioners. The result is that we repair the electrical installation by repairing cable connections that are not neat and are considered unsafe. Then we also carry out CCTV maintenance by making repairs so that it is hoped that CCTV can function normally by replacing the damaged power supply. Finally, we carry out maintenance of the Air Conditioner by cleaning the components of the AC so that they function normally with maximum cold air

AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING POWERFUL COMPUTING SYSTEMS WITH A COMPLEX OF EQUIPMENT

With the development of the cryptocurrency market, the need for automated support for mining hardware is growing. At present, there are practically no flexible systems for selecting equipment to fully meet the complex needs of providing complex features of mining processes, and software has not been developed that could take into account all the features of cryptocurrency developers. The purpose of this work is to develop the principles and algorithm for solving the problem of organizing the provision and selection of the necessary equipment for complex and powerful computing systems in the form of an automated system for the procurement and supply of the main computing and additional related equipment, organizing its installation, monitoring the conditions and characteristics of operation and subsequent output out of operation after the resource has been depleted or in order to increase the computational characteristics of mining farms and their cooling systems. Modern powerful computing systems are a huge amount of interconnected diverse equipment, located at different sites and interacting with each other by high-speed neural connections. The success of creating such complexes depends on the level of training of a team of specialists, which must have comprehensive and deep knowledge on the issues of building the engineering infrastructure of a computing complex, reasonable equipment with the necessary equipment, calculating the maximum energy load and providing such objects with a cooling system for computing elements and the system as a whole. Computing power is realized with the help of Data-centers, mining farms with more than 5000 computing modules. The problem of ensuring the quality of power supply of mining farms, a high level of efficiency in the use of power sources, protecting expensive equipment from overheating while ensuring high computing performance is very relevant, it requires constant attention and the use of special equipment and technologies. The developed system described in this paper relates to the management and optimization of resources of large computing centers, namely, to the organization of mass purchases of equipment, its installation and effective maintenance during operation, ensuring the efficient operation of cooling systems and the decommissioning of mining farms after completion. their work. This system allows users to create their own equipment catalogs in the form of models and then effectively organize the planning and management of devices in the form of an abstract model that consolidates all devices. Such a model is easy to control, find and perform actions on related objects, scale and make changes as needed. On the practical side, this developed product is simple in terms of the graphical interface and does not require much time for staff training and use in practice.

Основы безопасности при монтаже электропроводок во взрывоопасной среде

The article discusses the frequent causes of fires in electrical installations. The probability of the explosion or fire depends on many factors, one of the main ones is the circulation in the production or storage of explosives or substances that can explode or ignite when combined with air or other substances under the action of the open flame, high temperatures. The hazardous area category reflects how easily an explosive atmosphere can be ignited by sparks or arcs. Personnel carrying out maintenance and inspection of electrical installations in hazardous areas must have documentation that meets the requirements of current regulations. It should be noted that the installation of electrical wiring in this regard is very dangerous, which, in turn, increases the importance of organizing the safety of the labor process of personnel. Keywords: HAZARDOUS AREA, INSTALLATION, SAFETY, ELECTRICAL WIRING», AGRICULTURE, PERSONNEL, GROUNDING, CABLE, MAINTENANCE

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СЕТИ НАПРЯЖЕНИЕМ 6 кВ ТАРРОРСКОГО КАРЬЕРА

In order to ensure continuity in the supply of electrical energy to electrical receivers, as well as for the purposes of the safe and reliable maintenance of electrical installations under operating voltage, the insulation parame-ters according to which organizational and technical measures are being developed needs to be known. The use of such measures will allow ssocial and economic benefits to be achieved.This article discusses the method developed to establish insulation parameters in quarry distribution networks (QDN). Using the methodology developed, a study was conducted in the “Tarror” quarry. During the study the dynamics of changes in the insulation resistance of the phases of the network relative to the ground was evaluated. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that such measure-ments should be undertaken at least one year in advance. This will enable reasonable qualitative and quantitative conclu-sions to be drawn about the influence of environmental parameters on the insulation resistance of the phases of QDN rela-tive to the ground.

The Management of Medium Hazard Potential at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd (Glue Production)

All industrial activities that use, store, produce, and transport hazardous chemicals in the workplace are required to control hazardous chemical to prevent occupational accidents and work-related diseases. Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd is a company engaged in the manufacturing industry that produces wood glue, paper glue, packaging, PVAc white glue, and hotmelt adhesive. In its working activities, Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd has a risks and hazards impact that requires medium hazard potential management. This research is a descriptive study that was conducted objectively to determine the control of medium hazard potential in Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd. The objective of this research is to find out the actual conditions in the field compared to the compatibility of the laws and regulations. Hazard identification, risk assessment and control at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd were carried out using the HIRARC method. The level of risk dominating the work activities in this company was categorized as medium risk. Technical activities, design, construction, chemical material selection, as well as operation and maintenance of installations at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd have been performed in accordance to the company regulations. Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd has several employees development activities, such as waste management and handling training and socialization, personal protective equipment usage socialization, fire fighting socialization, and internal briefings that have been carried out for several times. There are existed emergency response plan and procedures such as evacuation routes and assembly points signs, as well as provide fire extinguishers and first aid kits. There are no safe work procedure implemented at Trimitra Sejati Jaya Ltd yet, it only oriented on the existed Quality Management System

ADVANTAGES AND CONSTRAINTS OF SPECIFIC AUTOCAD PLANT 3D FUNCTIONS FOR DYNAMIC MANAGEMENT - CASE STUDY FOR A HEAVY WATER DETRITIATION INSTALLATION AT CERNAVODA N.P.P.

The advantages and constraints of the specific Autocad Plant 3D functions for dynamic management - production of technological diagrams, isometrics, orthogonal views, bills of materials and piping system erection projects for the future detritiation facility at the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant (Cernavoda N.P.P.) are presented in a case study. In last decades 3D modelling of the plant has been increasing used in design of new projects in nuclear power plant (NPP) both in design period but also in design changes required during life time and extended life time of a plant. In the proposed case we developed a model to make an engineering design application for plant design incorporating disciplines such as piping, piping support, equipment, civil and steel structure. Using 3D Plant capabilities we can improve design process, interdisciplinary check-out as well as project execution. The project could be updated after as built revision of isometric drawings in order to obtain a training model for the system to prepare plant operators to make scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and time estimation of different maintenance procedures that could be required during plant operation in order to reduce as low as reasonable possible dose received during detritiation installation maintenance.

Non-Technical Electricity Losses

Non-technical loss of electricity (comprising theft, fraud, non-payment and billing irregularities) is a significant issue, particularly in developing countries, and represents a large financial burden on utility companies, governments and society as a whole. This paper takes a wholistic and global view of the challenge and provides a broad perspective of the interrelated issues. Media reports and public perception of non-technical losses tend to focus on residential consumers, particularly those with limited financial resources, whereas review of more robust literature indicates that the largest proportion of non-technical losses is often due to industry, state-owned enterprises and relatively well-off residential consumers. Measures to reduce non-technical losses focusing on average residential consumers, such as pre-paid metering, therefore have limited effect on overall losses. Strengthening of legal and regulatory frameworks, particularly with regard to those larger users, and installing high security tamper-resistant metering systems for commercial consumers may have more effect. The reasons for non-technical losses, especially theft, are complex, but the customer–utility relationship is a key determinant. Improvement of this relationship through local participation in development of renewable energy schemes, such as rooftop solar photovoltaics, could bring benefit if challenges such as financing, design of the distribution system, utility company codes and standards and competence in post installation maintenance can be overcome.

Community empowerment through development of biogas installation with fixed dome plant technology in Kenteng Village, Nogosari District, Boyolali Regency

Kenteng Village has the potential for beef development due to its high cattle population. However, cow dung waste produced by farmers has not been optimally used, hence its additional benefits have not contributed to the community’s economy. This has also led to environmental pollution due to improper waste management. Therefore, empowerment efforts are needed to improve farmers’ knowledge and skills in managing livestock manure to increase their income and create environmentally friendly conditions through training activities on the manufacture of organic bio-slurry fertilizer as well as maintenance and construction of biogas installations using fixed dome plant technology. Furthermore, the training was held from August 15-September 26, 2021, in Kenteng Village, Nogosari District, Boyolali Regency. The empowerment program is implemented through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), extension, training, demonstration plots on the production technology of organic fertilizer and biogas for fuel production. Materials used in producing the fertilizer include slurry obtained from biogas waste and agricultural lime/dolomite. The dome plant constructed contains a digester with 6 main parts, namely inlet, reactor, gas reservoir, outlet, gas transport system and compost pits for degassed animal manure/bio-slurry. The training result shows an increase in farmers’ knowledge and skills on the application of bio-slurry organic fertilizer production technology and the construction of biogas installations as a fuel producer. There was also an increase in their income, which improved their standard of living. Conclusively, the community in Kenteng Village was more empowered by the existence of a biogas installation development program.

Повышение безопасности и эффективности электроснабжения участков добычи руд на высокогорном руднике

The results of study in the field of improving safety and efficiency of power supply to ore mining sites at a high mountain mine are presented. It is shown that safety and efficiency of power supply, as well as the hazard of electric shock in the electrical installations with a voltage of 6 kV, largely depends on the number of single-phase earth faults. It is established that high earth fault currents make it necessary to compensate for capacitive currents in 6 kV networks by installing compensating (arc-quenching) reactive coils. This will allow to reduce the ground fault currents to 3–5 A, increase the network insulation impedance by a factor of 4–6, reduce the over-voltages in the undamaged phases during ground faults, and improve conditions of ensuring electrical safety. It is substantiated that at the sections of the cable network leading to substations 25, 26, 28 and «Stvol», the resistance level is higher than the average for the high mountain mine, and in the sections of substations 31–35 and substation 33 it is slightly lower than the average. The worst state of insulation (maximum leaks) is observed at the sections of substations 31–106 and 31–34, where the insulation level is lower than the average by 16.6 and 3.56 times, respectively. It is recommended to carry out a preventive check of not only the condition of the cable, but also cable couplings, equipment at substations 31, 34 and 106 at these sites. And in the future, to continue study on high earth fault currents in the absence of control over the continuity of the earth network. Recommendations are given to improve the operation of electrical networks, to make fuller use of existing networks, and to ensure safe conditions for the maintenance of electrical installations of the networks with a voltage of 6 kV of the high mountain mine.