Instagram Users Research Articles

Detection of Fake Instagram Accounts via Machine Learning Techniques

This paper focuses on the detection of fake accounts on Instagram and proposes a novel solution that aims to address this problem. More specifically, a machine learning-based solution is introduced that can be employed by Instagram-based applications to combat this phenomenon. To accomplish this, publicly available data from Instagram users are collected and processed. After making the necessary feature additions to and removals from these data, they are fed into machine learning algorithms with the aim of detecting fake Instagram accounts. The interest of the results presented in this study lies in their comparability with the results of other similar studies, with the difference that fewer input features have been used. This addresses significant research challenges regarding the performance of and confidence in obtained results in this specific problem domain.

Role of Narcissism on Problematic Social Media Use in Emerging Adulthood Instagram Users

The increasing use of social media, particularly among emerging adults, has brought attention to the issue of problematic social media use (PSMU). PSMU is characterized by excessive engagement and dependency. Previous studies have suggested a relationship between narcissism and problematic social media behavior. However, limited research has explored this relationship in the Indonesian context. This study aims to determine the role of each dimension of narcissism in problematic social media use by Instagram users emerging adulthood. The participants of this study were active Instagram users aged 18 to 25 years. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. This study used convenience sampling and obtained 224 participants. The measuring instruments used in this study were the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) to measure narcissism variables in each dimension and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) to measure problematic social media use variables. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that narcissism in the dimensions of admiration and rivalry dimensions (p<0.05) plays a significant and positive role in problematic social media use by emerging adulthood individuals who use Instagram. These findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of narcissistic traits, especially those seeking admiration or engaging in rivalry behaviors, are more likely to exhibit problematic social media behaviors.

Young athletes’ mental well-being is associated with smartphone social networking application usage and moderated by performance level and app type

Smartphones and social media have become an integral part of human daily life and they influence mental well-being. These accounts have been researched in the general population, but not in athletes. This is critical given enhanced physical and emotional stressors in athletes versus non-athletes. Therefore, we here studied intra- and interindividual relationships of four social media sites (WhatsApp, TikTok, Instagram, and Snapchat) with mood, stress, recovery, and sleep using log-based media usage tracking as an objective measure in 53 competitive athletes aged 12–27 years. Multilevel modeling revealed that intraindividual TikTok usage negatively predicted sleep (β = −0.10, p = 0.040) and recovery (β = −0.15, p < 0.002), and positively predicted stress (β = 0.12, p = 0.018). Interindividual Instagram usage predicted feelings of calmness (β = 0.27, p = 0.029) and valence (β = 0.20, p = 0.043). Intriguingly, competition level moderated the usage outcomes of all four apps: Athletes on low performance levels showed lower mental well-being when using social media longer, yet in national and international athletes the strength of these relationships was weaker or even reversed. Our study unravels social media usage associations with mental well-being to vary as a function of performance level and provides findings on intra- and interindividual effects of critical importance to inform future population-tailored and expedient interventions.

Body Positivity, Physical Health, and Emotional Well-Being Discourse on Social Media: Content Analysis of Lizzo's Instagram.

Weight stigma is a fundamental cause of health inequality. Body positivity may be a counterbalance to weight stigma. Social media is replete with weight-stigmatizing content and is a driver of poor mental health outcomes; however, there remains a gap in understanding its potential to mitigate the prevalence and impact of harmful messaging and to promote positive effects on a large scale. We selected musical artist Lizzo, whose brand emphasizes body positivity and empowerment, for an instrumental case study on the discourse on social media and specifically Instagram. We focused on 3 domains, including body positivity, physical health, and emotional well-being. These domains challenge social norms around weight and body size and have the potential to positively affect the physical and psychological health of people with diverse body sizes. We evaluated posts by Lizzo, comments from Instagram users, and replies to comments over a 2-month period (October 11 to December 12, 2019). Two coders rated Lizzo's posts and Instagram users' comments for their sentiments on the 3 domains. Replies to Instagram users' comments were assessed for their reactions to comments (ie, did they oppose or argue against the comment or did they support or bolster the comment). Engagement metrics, including the number of "likes," were also collected. The final sample included 50 original posts by Lizzo, 250 comments from Instagram users, and 1099 replies to comments. A proportion of Lizzo's content included body positive sentiments (34%) and emotional well-being (18%); no posts dealt explicitly with physical health. A substantial amount Instagram users' comments and replies contained stigmatizing content including the use of nauseated and vomiting emojis, implications that Lizzo's body was shameful and should be hidden away, accusations that she was promoting obesity, and impeachments of Lizzo's health. In spite of the stigmatizing content, we also discovered content highlighting the beneficial nature of having positive representation of a Black woman living in a larger body who is thriving. Moreover, analysis of the discourse between users illustrated that stigmatizing expressions are being combated online, at least to some degree. This study demonstrates that Lizzo has exposed millions of social media users to messages about body positivity and provided more visibility for conversations about weight and shape. Future research should examine the extent to which body positive messages can lead to greater acceptance of individuals living in larger bodies. Instagram and other social media platforms should consider ways to reduce body-shaming content while finding ways to promote content that features diverse bodies. Shifting the landscape of social media could decrease stereotypes about weight and shape while increasing dialog about the need for greater acceptance and inclusion of people with diverse bodies.

Instagram live-streamings: how does influencer–follower congruence affect Gen Z trust, attitudes and intentions?

Purpose Influencer marketing is nowadays an essential practice for companies wishing to establish a rapprochement with its customers and gain their trust. Building close relationships can be fulfilled through Instagram live-streamings. Drawing upon equilibrium theory and brand extension theory, this paper aims to determine the effect of influencer–follower congruence on trust, attitudes and intentions in Instagram live-streamings. Design/methodology/approach A survey was carried out on a sample of 330 Generation Z Instagram users exposed to a live-streaming of an influencer promoting a clothing brand on Instagram. A PLS analysis was performed to validate the proposed model. Findings Results revealed that influencer–follower congruence in a live-streaming promotes followers’ trust toward the brand. In addition, influencer reputation is found to reinforce this relationship. Moreover, results showed that brand trust mediates the effect of influencer–follower congruence on brand attitude. Besides, the latter turns out be a mediator of the relationship between brand trust and followers’ intentional reactions. Research limitations/implications The study has focused on one particular live-streaming as well as a particular influencer which reduces the generalizability of the results. Future research should therefore replicate the study with different stimuli. Furthermore, it would be interesting to manipulate influencer–follower congruence in an experiment to explore the effect of varying congruence levels on trust. Practical implications This paper highlights the importance of using live-streamings for brands, especially when Gen Z is targeted. This tool can be considered as very useful to establish a trust relationship with young consumers. Moreover, the study emphasizes on the importance of choosing influencers whose image is in line with that of their followers to establish close relationships with them and gain their trust. The findings also suggest that to further strengthen trust toward the influencer, the latter should benefit from a prior good reputation. Originality/value Despite abundance of research on communication strategies on Instagram, little has focused on live-streamings. Particularly, research on influencer–follower congruence is relatively rare. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of influencer–follower congruence on followers of Instagram live-streamings and offers valuable theoretical and practical implications in this field.

INTENSITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG CITRA TUBUH IDEAL

The intensity of social media (Instagram) usage is how long and how often someone accesses it. The duration of accessing Instagram often triggers perceptions about ideal body image in society. The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of the intensity of Instagram social media usage on adolescents' perceptions about ideal body image at SMA Negeri 4 Purwokerto. The research method used is a non-experimental quantitative research type with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 124 students. The research instruments included a questionnaire that measured the intensity of Instagram usage using a scale adapted from previous researchers and the perception of ideal body image using the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) measuring instrument. The test results using SPSS version 25, the characteristics of the respondents were mostly female (72.6%), the intensity of Instagram usage and adolescents' perceptions about body image were in the moderate category, 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively. The results of the Spearman rank test showed a p value of 0.004 (&lt;0.05) so that H1 was accepted and H2 was rejected. Thus, there is an influence between the intensity of Instagram use and ideal body image with a significance value of 0.004 &lt;0.05, so it can be concluded that the two variables are correlated with a correlation coefficient value of 0.259, which means that the level of relationship between the two variables is in a very weak relationship.

Relationship Between Instagram, Body Satisfaction, and Self-Esteem in Early Adulthood.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of Instagram use on body satisfaction and self-esteem in young adults 20 to 40 years (N = 95). Given the widespread use of social media and its potential influence on body image, we sought to understand how Instagram use may contribute to body dissatisfaction and self-esteem, particularly through quantitative analysis of self-report measures. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design in which the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and additional ad hoc questions designed to assess Instagram usage patterns were employed. Results: The results indicated that greater Instagram use is associated with increased body dissatisfaction (p = 0.005), although it did not significantly affect self-esteem (p = 0.211). Gender did not play a significant role in these relationships (p = 0.173). Notably, a significant positive correlation was found between body satisfaction and self-esteem, showing that individuals with higher body satisfaction also reported higher self-esteem (p < 0.001). Further analyses indicated that users exposed to appearance-centered content were more likely to report body dissatisfaction. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Instagram usage, particularly in the context of appearance-focused content, has a considerable impact on body dissatisfaction among young adults but does not appear to influence self-esteem. This highlights the importance of developing interventions focused on promoting healthy social media habits and critical content engagement to mitigate negative impacts on body image. Social media exposure should be a key component in future interventions designed to improve body image and overall psychological well-being.

Instagram vixens: the racialized sexual scripts of erotic labor online

ABSTRACT Despite growing interest in the ways information and communication technologies shape labor, few studies have accounted for the racialized sexualization of erotic labor. This study examines how Black women exotic dancers deploy racialized sexual scripts in the content they generate on the mobile social networking application Instagram. As erotic influencers, these women engage in multifaceted and multimodal erotic self-presentations both within and beyond the strip club. This article presents data from a digital ethnography of 73 Black female exotic dancers located in the southeastern United States, as well as a content analysis of the digital media files they created on Instagram. The findings suggest four distinct sexual scripts that these Instagram users perform: virtual cover girl, erotic professional, boudoir baddie, and assets model. Findings demonstrate Black women use smartphone and social networking technological features to create presentations of femininity, desirability, and sensuality that simultaneously subvert and adhere to the controlling images that define Western ideologies on race and sexuality. Ultimately, this article argues for the need to account for the social and cultural contexts in which the affordances of networked communication technologies that permeate contemporary erotic labor operate.

Revealing the hidden: The effect of advertisement disclosure on heavy and light Instagram users’ influencer avoidance

ABSTRACT The existing literature on influencer marketing lacks precise elucidation regarding the circumstances and motivations underlying consumer’s inclination towards avoidance of influencers, despite its prevalence. This study examines the effect of disclosure type (control: no disclosure, sponsorship disclosure and non-sponsorship disclosure) in Instagram-based influencer advertising on influencer avoidance through ad recognition, influencer credibility as serial variables and Instagram usage intensity as a moderating variable among a sample of 165 students. The results indicated that heavy-intensity Instagram users were able to detect undisclosed information (no disclosure), recognize the advertisement, and penalize the influencer for concealing the truth by reducing its credibility and avoiding her/him. This nuanced exploration provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of influencer marketing and offers a more precise clarification of the factors influencing consumer avoidance behavior.

Virality in the fast lane: How businesses can succeed with integrity on TikTok and Instagram

In the quick-paced environment of social media, TikTok and Instagram have turned into crucial instruments for brands to attain digital popularity. This paper examines ways businesses can thrive in this setting while preserving their brand’s honesty. It dives into various plans like employing emotional narratives, gentle incorporation of the brand, collaborations with influencers and realizing each platform’s distinct algorithms’ importance. The algorithms particular to the users of TikTok and Instagram assist businesses in reaching specific audience groups, but they can be problematic when it comes to maintaining uniform brand communications. The research adds a case review of Coca-Cola’s “Happiness Factory” advertising scheme as an example; this shows how combining emotional connection with understated branding may bring about viral achievement which increases loyalty and recognition towards the brand. Further, it explores reputation hazards related to forceful marketing techniques within our paper and suggests ways on blending viral material effectively with ethical plus strategic management for brands. In the end, for success in the digital marketing field, companies must always adjust and create new ideas to remain important while maintaining their basic principles.

Hubungan Gratitude dengan Body Dissatisfaction pada Perempuan Emerging Adulthood Pengguna Instagram

This study aims to examine the relationship between gratitude and body dissatisfaction in emerging adulthood women Instagram users. The type of research used is correlational quantitative research The number of research samples is 385 emerging adulthood women Instagram users domiciled in West Sumatra with sampling carried out through accidental sampling techniques. The measuring tools used are the gratitude scale and the body dissatisfaction scale. The analysis used was pearson correlation. Based on the results of the study, a correlation value of -0.385 and p &lt; 0.05 was obtained, this shows that there is a negative relationship between gratitude and body dissatisfaction in emerging adulthood women Instagram users

Hubungan Self-Acceptance dengan Body Dissatisfaction pada Perempuan Emerging Adulthood Pengguna Instagram

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between self-acceptance and body dissatisfaction in female emerging adulthood Instagram users. This research was conducted with a correlational quantitative design. The study population consisted of 385 female emerging adulthood Instagram users in West Sumatra who were selected using an accidental sampling approach. The instrument used in this research was compiled by the researcher where body dissatisfaction is guided by the aspects expressed by Tariq &amp; Ijaz (2015), then self-acceptance is guided by the aspects put forward by Powell (1989), each of which has a reliability of 0.917 and 0.859. Based on product moment analysis, it was found that the correlation value p = 0.00 (p &lt; 0.05) and r = 0.553, which indicates that there is a significant negative relationship between variables. The result of this study is Ha accepted, which means that there is a negative relationship between self-acceptance and body dissatisfaction in female emerging adulthood Instagram users

Predictors of Intention to Interact with Apparel Products on Instagram: Do creativity and Positive Emotion Matter?

Research aims: This study aims to determine the effect of perceived creativity, positive emotion, affective commitment on people intention to interact.Design/Methodology/Approach: The study procedures were carried out using a quantitative approach and data were collected with online questionnaires from July to December in 2023. The participants were selected using purposive sampling based on specific criteria, such as experience in purchasing products online. A total of 225 participants were selected and analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach with SmartPLS.Research findings: The results showed that perceived creativity had a significant relationship on positive emotion and affective commitment. Positive emotion was shown to have a significant effect on interaction intention. However, perceived creativity had no significant impact on interaction intention of apparel brand. This indicated that creative content was inadequate in attracting Instagram users to interact with brand’s account. The results also showed that positive emotion lacked a significant correlation with affective commitment, while affective commitment had a significant relationship with interaction intention.Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study provides meaningful contribution to Stimulus-Organism-Response theory by incorporating creativity to assess Instagram social media platform.Practitioners/Policy Implications: These results can assist business owners and social media marketers in developing creative marketing campaigns and building strong bond with their followers.Research Limitations/Implications: One of the limitations of this study is that it only assessed the use of Instagram in the fashion industry. Therefore, future studies are advised to explore different industries and recruit participants with a specific occupation to obtain better understanding of online consumer behavior.

Who’s the Winner? A Comparative Study of Like, Comment and Share Functions in Consumers’ Purchase Intention between Facebook and Instagram

In the past few years, there has been a significant focus on investigating the impact of social media engagement. Although previous studies recognize the importance of social media engagement, there is still a lack of in-depth analysis regarding the specific influences of likes, comments, and shares on consumer behaviour, especially concerning how these engagements affect different platforms. This study aims to examine the relationship between social media engagement metrics (likes, comments, and shares) and consumer purchase intention on two prominent platforms, Facebook and Instagram. By adopting a cross-sectional design, this study employed purposive sampling to gather data from Malaysian university students who have engaged in purchasing activities on social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) based on 265 completed responses, comprising 131 from Facebook users and 134 from Instagram users. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between likes and shares with consumer purchase intention on both Facebook and Instagram. However, comments were not found to be associated with consumer purchase intention on either platform. Furthermore, the study conducted a comparative analysis between Facebook and Instagram and found no significant differences in the relationships between engagement metrics and purchase intention. These findings have practical implications for marketers, emphasizing the importance of fostering engagement through likes and shares to drive consumer purchasing behaviour on social media platforms.

The Role of Instagram in Promoting Mental Health Awareness and Help-Seeking Attitudes Among Malaysian University Students

This study investigates the effect of Instagram (IG) usage for seeking mental health information and emotional support on help-seeking attitudes via mental health awareness among university students in Perak, Malaysia. Utilizing the Media Dependency Theory, a quantitative approach was adopted with data collected from 364 undergraduate students at Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) and MARA University of Technology (UiTM) through a 44-item questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were conducted to analyze the data. Findings indicated moderate IG usage for seeking mental health information and emotional support, high mental health awareness, and positive help-seeking attitudes. Specifically, IG usage for mental health information indirectly influenced help-seeking attitudes through mental health awareness, while seeking emotional support had a direct effect but was not mediated by mental health awareness. The study reveals that despite the predominant use of IG for entertainment, a significant portion of students also engaged with the platform for mental health-related purposes. This engagement contributes to their overall awareness of mental health issues and their willingness to seek help. The implications of these findings suggest that IG can be an effective platform for mental health promotion among university students. These findings suggest strategies for social media accounts promoting mental health to enhance engagement and spread awareness, particularly among Malaysian university students, to mitigate the stigma around help-seeking. Keywords: Instagram (IG) usage, mental health awareness, help-seeking attitudes, emotional support, university students.

Privacy Awareness and Social Media: Personal Data Protection among Facebook** and Instagram** Users

This study investigated the level of awareness of personal data protection among Facebook** and Instagram** users. The research evaluated the number of Facebook and Instagram users who have taken precautions to secure their personal data, why they did so, and the identification of regulatory authorities responsible for data protection in Nigeria. The Privacy Calculus Theory was used as the theoretical framework. The survey research design was used for this study, with the web-based questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. A sample size of 396 was drawn from the student population at the University of Port Harcourt. The data were analyzed in tables using frequency and percentage. The results indicated that users are strongly aware of the significance of safeguarding personal data on Facebook and Instagram. The users acknowledged implementing precautionary steps to safeguard their personal data. However, they still need to determine the specific agencies and regulatory entities accountable for ensuring the safety of personal data. In order to tackle this problem, the study recommended that the University management and student bodies should organize specific educational workshops to promote understanding of the pertinence of safeguarding personal data on social media platforms (Solove, 2021), create easily accessible materials and guidelines on the University of Port Harcourt portal designed for social media users, outlining the best methods for protecting personal data, including personal data protection awareness in its orientation programs and student events and also set up a system for reporting potential data breaches and offer assistance to affected users. ** – A social network owned by “Meta”, which is recognized as extremist in Russia

The Role of Critical Thinking in Mitigating Social Network Addiction: A Study of TikTok and Instagram Users

This study addresses the growing concern of social network (SN) addiction, with a focus on TikTok and Instagram. Guided by the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), we explored the motivations (escapism and social interaction), attitudes (critical thinking), and states (flow and sense of belonging) that influence SN use. Our objective was to investigate whether critical thinking acts as a protective factor against SN addiction. A sample of 332 university students completed questionnaires assessing motivations, attitudes, states, and SN addiction. Critical thinking was measured using the Critical Thinking Attitude Scale (CTAS), and critical thinking skills were assessed through the Critical Reasoning Assessment (CRA). Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between motivations, critical thinking, states, and SN addiction. Specifically, critical thinking (CTAS scores) demonstrated a negative correlation with SN addiction (r = −0.34, p &lt; 0.01), indicating that higher critical thinking is associated with lower SN addiction. Regression analysis further indicated that escapism (β = 0.45, p &lt; 0.01) and social interaction (β = 0.31, p &lt; 0.05) positively predicted SN addiction, while critical thinking negatively predicted SN addiction (β = −0.28, p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, states of flow and sense of belonging showed significant positive correlations with SN addiction (r = 0.42, p &lt; 0.01 and r = 0.37, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). These findings highlight the potential of critical thinking as a safeguard against SN addiction. This study offers valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of SN use, with implications for promoting healthier digital engagement. Understanding the factors influencing SN addiction and the roles of motivations, dispositions, and states can inform interventions aimed at fostering responsible and mindful online behaviors.

Someone just posted on Instagram: Conspicuous consumption, anticipated engagement, and trait mindfulness

The practice of “flexing,” showing off one’s wealth and status, gradually penetrates daily life on various social media platforms, most notably Instagram. We investigated the extent to which exposure to conspicuous consumption by a stranger stimulated the viewers’ materialistic aspiration and whether this effect could be mediated by anticipated engagement and moderated by trait mindfulness. A large number of Instagram users in Indonesia (N = 2,296, 75.30% female; M age = 31.14 years old, SD age = 7.09) completed the trait mindfulness scale, randomly received a single Instagram photo showcasing luxury material vs. experiential purchase, provided an estimate of the intensity of love and comment from other viewers (i.e., anticipated engagement), and filled out the materialistic aspiration scale. Participants exposed to material purchase reported higher aspiration than those exposed to experiential purchase, but lower anticipated engagements also reduced materialistic aspiration. Participants with higher trait mindfulness were better at distinguishing the effects of conspicuous consumption on anticipated engagement and materialistic aspiration. These findings indicate that the viewers’ anticipation of collective attention could reverse the impact of exposure to conspicuous consumption and the potential of trait mindfulness as an anti-mimetic quality for situational materialism.

Attention economy in professional football: A study protocol on the individual perspective of social media marketability of European football player

In the digital age, the attention economy assumes that attention flows along the same channels as money. Attention is a scarce commodity, so competing for it should follow a similar mechanism to the general acquisition of income and can therefore be seen as a social currency (Franck, 1998). Nowhere is this more evident than in the realm of professional sports, where athletes have become both performers and brands (Nufer, 2018), competing not only on the field but also in the arena of attention. For the players themselves but also for the clubs, the market value of a football player is no longer solely determined by their athletic prowess but is equally influenced by their ability to capture and maintain the attention of fans or sponsors (Leo &amp; Kuczkowski, 2020). Seeing players as entrepreneurs, we assume that reputation is a fluid and dynamic asset (Gerbaulet, 2016), wherein the player’s ability to manage and cultivate their public image becomes paramount. Football players aim to maximize their lifetime income, which includes both their performance on the pitch and their marketability off it. Marketability can extend beyond their playing career and may follow a life-cycle concept (Vernon, 1966). Therefore, players are motivated to use social media to boost their reputation and lifetime market value. To investigate this phenomenon, we analyse data from the big five European football leagues (Bundesliga, Premier League, Ligue 1, La Liga, and Serie A) focusing on the 2022/2023 season. This season was chosen to ensure a closed information set, as the 2023/2024 season was ongoing during the initial data collection period, and player market values are typically updated multiple times throughout a season. Our study examines the correlation between social media activity and player market value by employing a regression model to quantify the influence of social media metrics, while controlling for other relevant variables. Player market values are sourced from the widely recognized platform Transfermarkt (https://www.transfermarkt.de). Social media activity is quantified through metrics such as the number of followers, the volume of posts, likes, and engagement rate, with data obtained from Fanpage Karma (https://www.fanpagekarma.com/). To account for players’ footballing abilities, we include performance data such as playing time, shots, and packing index sourced from The Analyst (https://theanalyst.com/eu). Additional control variables, including player age, position, league, and club affiliation, are also sourced from Transfermarkt and incorporated into the regression model. The dataset comprises 2,284 players, of whom 80% (1,805 players) have Instagram accounts. Instagram usage is highest among Premier League players (92%) and lowest among those in Ligue 1 (65%). The results of the regression analysis will be presented and discussed, providing insights into the relationship between social media presence and market value. This analysis will contribute to understanding the patterns of attention generation in relation to marketability and the rationality behind social media use in professional football. References Gerbaulet, D. (2016). Der Unternehmer als Reputator [The entrepreneur as reputator]. Mohr Siebeck. Franck, G. (1998). Ökonomie der Aufmerksamkeit. Ein Entwurf [The economy of attention. A draft]. Carl Hanser. Leo, M., &amp; von Kuczkowski, A. (2020). „Kaufen Sie Ronaldo!“ Wie Facebook, Instagram &amp; Google den Profifußball verändern [„Buy Ronaldo!“ How Facebook, Instagram &amp; Google are changing professional football]. Die Werkstatt. Nufer, G. (2018, 30 January). Viel mehr als nur Sportler. Warum Ronaldo und Neymar mehr zu Marken im Fußball taugen als Götze [Much more than just athletes. Why Ronaldo and Neymar are more suitable as football brands than Götze]. Focus Online. https://www.focus.de/sport/experten/nufer/f-f_id_8386959.html Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689

A digital study on predictive factors for Instagram users' engagement with amber necklace-related posts.

This study aimed to assess the engagement of Instagram users with Brazilian Portuguese posts related to amber necklaces for teething symptoms relief, identifying predictive factors that can increase users' engagement with information and misinformation. This digital study analysed Brazilian Portuguese amber necklace-related posts on Instagram. The posts were collected using specific search strategies on CrowdTangleTM. Subsequently, two independent investigators were trained and calibrated to categorise the posts concerning the proposed outcomes. The posts were categorised according to their facticity (information or misinformation), type of media (album/photo or video/Instagram TV), sentiment (positive, neutral, or negative), author's occupation (dentist or non-dentist), and type of profile (commercial or personal). Additionally, investigators compiled information about the time of publication (days) and interaction metrics (total interaction and overperforming score). The statistical analysis assessed the inter-examiner reliability, group comparisons, and the factors associated with interaction and misinformation. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Videos and personal profiles were predictive factors for higher user engagement with amber necklace posts on teething symptoms relief on Instagram, even with the warnings of health organisations and the lack of scientific evidence to confirm its efficacy.