Inside Research Articles

Effects of Sociality Level on Companion Dog Training through Food Reinforcement.

Simple SummaryThis test evaluates how your dog reacts to strangers’ behavior. Dogs with high sociality interact positively with strangers, such as physical contact or close proximity to strangers. On the other hand, dogs with low social levels may exhibit fear and fear-related behaviors or may show aggressiveness to relieve them. Highly social dogs tend to keep their eyes on their owners longer and are more likely to interact with humans. This study showed that the results of social training of dogs through food enrichment were much more effective in both the high sociality and low sociality groups. In particular, the high sociality group showed a much higher increase in social behavior than the low sociality group. This suggests that sociality is highly related even in the process of communication and training between dogs and humans. It also shows that it can be reinforced more effectively in dog-human interactions.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sociality level in dogs using food reinforcement. The companion dogs living mostly inside (IS) and those living mostly outside (OS) groups were further classified into high sociality (HS) and low sociality (LS) groups using a social test. The data were analyzed by observing videos of the dogs and recording nine categories of sociality. Passive; activity; and communication tasks were measured in terms of the time the dog first contacted the trainer; the time it took for the dog to approach within 1 m of the trainer, and the time the dog remained in contact. The IS and OS groups showed no significant differences in any category; except for close to trainer within 1 m of the active phase. However, in a comparison between the overall HS and LS groups; significant positive changes were observed in all items except for the first contact time to the trainer of the passive and active phase. This is an important result of the sociality level; as positive results can be predicted not only in a dog’s ability to adapt to the environment but also in the communication and training exchanges between dogs and humans

A Method Using Magnetic Eddy Current Testing for Distinguishing ID and OD Defects of Pipelines under Saturation Magnetization

Distinguishing the inside (ID) and outside (OD) defect is an essential problem for the oil and gas pipeline nondestructive testing in engineering. The most widely used solution is to combine a magnetic flux leakage (MFL) section and a second section. For the strong magnetic field environment of the MFL, the second section and the MFL section are usually located at different mechanical positions, which leads to an increase in the length of the pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) and a decrease in the reliability. In this paper, a new impedance measurement method and the concept of the defect impedance angle are proposed to distinguish the ID and OD defects of pipelines under saturation magnetization, which based on the magnetic eddy current testing (MECT). The proposed ID & OD detection method can work with the MFL in the same mechanical position. Meanwhile, the proposed method also has the advantage that the discrimination criteria of the ID and OD defect keeps consistent with the classic eddy current testing (ECT). Furthermore, the robustness and sensitivity of the proposed method are discussed and verified by physical experiments.

Synthesis and characterization of Ni (II), Cu (II), Fe (II) and Fe3O4 nanoparticle complexes with tetraaza macrocyclic Schiff base ligand for antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity against cancer and normal cells

This work describes a simple synthesis of complexes of the type [M(C32H28N4)Cl2], where M = Ni (II), Cu (II) and Fe (II) and a novel complex of magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4NP) inside (INS) tetraaza macrocyclic Schiff base ligand (C32H28N4): [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)], which was prepared by using a novel co‐precipitation method of coordinated ferric ion (Fe3+) in the complex [Fe(C32H28N4)Cl2] under mild conditions. The synthesized compounds were characterized and compared with a various physic‐chemical techniques like: Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis), 1‐dimensional (1D) 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques, mass spectra, Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. Furthermore, the highest saturation magnetization was 26.56 emu.g−1 obtained from [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] (diameter of Fe3O4NPs~20.87 nm) that prove easy separation by an external magnetic field. In vitro screening of all the compounds against different species of bacteria and fungi shows that [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] is effective against the tested strains as compared to the tetraaza macrocyclic ligand and selected complexes. The cytotoxic activity of the all compounds was also examined in 3 human tumor cell lines as U87, MDA‐MB‐231 and LS‐174. The complex [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] shows moderate and strong cytotoxic activity against brain cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer (U87, MDA‐MB‐231 and LS‐174 respectively), without showing cytotoxicity towards peripheral blood mononucleocyte (PBMC) cells.

Temporal variation of Q10 values in response to changes in soil physiochemical properties caused by fairy rings

The temperature sensitivity (Q10 values) of soil respiration (Rs) has been a source of much debate given the potential feedbacks between soil carbon pools and global warming. Many studies have been conducted to investigate monthly variations in Q10 values. However, few studies have focused on the underlying causes of the variations, and it no clear how seasonal variation in soil physicochemical properties could affect Q10. The fairy rings (FRs) caused by basidiomycete fungi can change soil physiochemical properties. Therefore, we collected a series of soils over five months (June–October) from three zones impacted by FRs: outside (OUT), on (ON) and inside (IN) the rings to explore the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and Q10 values. We observed significantly higher plant biomass, plant nitrogen content and soil available phosphorus (P) in the ON zone than the OUT and IN zones (p < 0.05). Soil total carbon, nitrogen and water content decreased significantly from the OUT zone to the IN zone. In contrast, soil pH increased significantly from the OUT zone to the IN zone. The Q10 values increased significantly as months passed, different zones followed the order IN > OUT > ON (p < 0.05), and the response of Rs to the zones and progression through the months was the opposite to that of Q10 values. Our study suggest that soil available P and water content were two dominant factors influencing temporal patterns in Q10, and that soil pH was closely related to Rs, which can also affect Q10 indirectly.

Sward structural characteristics and herbage accumulation of Piatã palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) in a crop–livestock–forest integration area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of shading on structural characteristics and herbage accumulation of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã), in a crop–livestock–forest integration area. Three shade regimes were evaluated: no shade (NS), moderate shade (MS, 338 trees ha–1), and intense shade (IS, 714 trees ha–1). The effects of shade regime on soil-water content and nitrogen nutrition index were also evaluated. Grazing management was established based on sward light interception targets (95% LI pre-gazing). The MS and IS regimes were divided into two shade strips (central and lateral) in order to describe the variation in light availability within the paddocks. Two methods for taking the reference readings of LI were tested in IS paddocks: LI reading inside (under the tree canopy) and outside (under full sunlight) the experimental area. Increased tree density reduced photosynthetically active radiation on lateral and central shade strips by 37% and 12% for MS, and 52% and 50% for IS, respectively. For NS, MS, IS (outside) and IS (inside), grazing intervals were 23, 26, 28 and 35 days, pre-grazing heights corresponded to 33, 35, 43 and 52 cm, and pre-grazing herbage mass to 5.37, 4.44, 2.96 and 3.23 t ha–1, respectively. Leaf percentage remained relatively stable across shade regimes, but stem percentage was greater and dead material percentage was smaller for IS than for NS and MS. Soil water content was lower near the trees, especially during the dry season. Relative to NS, herbage accumulation decreased by 39% and 68% for MS and IS, respectively. Under natural shade, small variations in light availability affect sward structure and herbage production. The use of the 95% LI target developed under full sunlight conditions is not suitable for use under trees, emphasising the need to generate specific grazing-management targets for pastures cultivated under trees.

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An Analysis of the Proximity of Maxillary Posterior Teeth to the Maxillary Sinus Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography

IntroductionIt is known that the level of the maxillary sinus floor varies with age. Because few studies have investigated whether the position of the posterior roots relative to the maxillary sinus varied with the variation of the sinus floor or not, the present study assessed the position according to age. MethodsCone-beam computed tomographic images of 848 patients were reconstructed to evaluate the position of the posterior roots relative to the sinus floor, which were divided into 3 types, and quantify the distances between posterior root apexes and the adjacent border of the sinus floor. Measurements were taken for each root, and data were correlated with age, which was divided into 4 groups (≤20 years, 21–40 years, 41–60 years, and >60 years). ResultsA total of 3063 premolars and 3095 molars were evaluated. The mean distances from the root tips to the border of the maxillary sinus floor increased with increasing age. From the first and second premolar roots, the mean distances ranged from 3.6 ± 4.1 mm to 8.9 ± 4.6 mm and from 0.7 ± 3.3 mm to 5.3 ± 3.9 mm, respectively. From the mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatinal roots of the first molars, the mean distances were −0.4 ± 2.8 mm to 4.6 ± 4.0 mm, −0.3 ± 2.4 mm to 4.4 ± 3.8 mm, and −0.4 ± 3.5 mm to 3.9 ± 4.1 mm, respectively. From the mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatinal roots of the second molars, the mean distances were −0.5 ± 2.2 mm to 3.4 ± 3.5 mm, 0.3 ± 2.2 mm to 3.9 ± 3.7 mm, and 1.1 ± 3.2 mm to 4.6 ± 4.5 mm, respectively. The frequency of type IS decreased with increasing age. It was very low in first premolars (0%–8.13%) and higher in second premolars (0%–25.68%), first molars (0%–44.75%), and second molars (0%–32.89%). Age significantly influenced the mean distances to the sinus floor and the frequencies of type IS (inside). ConclusionsCone-beam computed tomographic imaging is an effective method to study the position of the posterior roots to the maxillary sinus floor. Variation in proximity measurements was found by age, with those under the age of 40 showing a greater likelihood of the position of maxillary roots above/inside the sinus floor.

Effects of engineered use of water hyacinths ( Eicchornia crassipes) on the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu, China

To evaluate the ecological consequences of engineered use of water hyacinths in Lake Taihu, China, we conducted a systematic survey of the dynamics of the zooplankton community (mainly copepods, cladocerans, and rotifers) inside (INE), around (ARE), and far-outside (FAE) a large-scale enclosure of water hyacinths in Zhushan Bay, Lake Taihu from August to November 2009 and calculated five response variables for the zooplankton community for each area. INE, ARE, and FAE differed little in their zooplankton composition at the genus level: the 16 of 21 identified genera were common and the same 6 zooplankton genera were dominant in all three areas, and only 5 sparse zooplankton genera were not collected from all three areas. The average abundance of each zooplankton faunal group and their annual trends displayed similar patterns in INE, ARE, and FAE. The only significant difference ( p < 0.05) detected was between INE and FAE in the average abundance of cladoceran fauna (INE > FAE) and rotifer fauna (INE < FAE). The four diversity indices calculated for each zooplankton faunal group did not differ among INE, ARE, and FAE. These results suggest that the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu is not significantly affected by the engineered use of water hyacinths. Thus, use of Eicchornia crassipes appears to be an ecologically safe biomanipulation measure for purifying polluted water in temperate lakes such as Lake Taihu.

Influence of Palythoa caribaeorum (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) zonation on site-attached reef fishes

This work aimed to test the influence of Palythoa caribeorum, a widely distributed zoanthid in the Atlantic, on site-attached reef fish in a subtropical rocky shore. Density, richness and vertical distribution of reef fish inside (ID) and outside (OD) previously chosen P. caribaeorum dominance patches were compared through stationary visual censuses along three different periods. Fishes were grouped in different trophic guilds to evidence differences in resources uses in both treatments. A complexity index was estimated by the chain link method and percentage covering of benthic organisms was obtained analyzing random points from replicated photo-quadrats. We observed thirty-eight species of fishes, belonging to twenty-five families. Reef fish communities between studied patches were similar,both in terms of species composition and vertical distribution. Considering only the most site-attached fishes, which were the most frequent and abundant species, data showed that ID sustains higher diversity and abundance than OD. Results showed that benthic composition differ significantly among patches whereas complexity remained without differences. Otherwise, results indicated that these areas might play an important role in space limitation, structuring neighboring benthic community and consequently reef fish assemblages.

Pengaruh Agency Problem dan Inside Shareholdersterhadap Diversifikasi

This research qamines the effect of agenqt problem and inside shareholder on company's diversification poliqt. It is also intent to etcamine the effect of diversification on firm value and the ffict of inside shareholder on agency problern. The inside shareholder will be divided into two categories which are:managerial owhership and stock held by the company subsidiaries. The Herfindahl Index will be used to measure the lertel of diuersiJication, whilst the agency problem will be measured using the ratio of selling and general administrative cost. Moreover, the existence of compalry eJccess value derivefro* the company's diversification will be used to identify the firm value. Using the purposive random sampling method, the total sample drawn fro*.The Jakarta Stock Exchange fro* 2002 to 2005 are 160 companies with the accdption for companies within the financial sectors. Using multiple linear regression, the result shows positive and significant effect of agency problem on company's diversification policy. On the contrary, the result fail to demonstrate the ffict of diversification on firm value as well as the effect of inside shareholders on both agenq) problem and diversification. These findings suggest that the existence of agenqt problem is very subtle in Indonesia and the existence of inside shareholder is not intended to reduce theagency problemKeywords : Agency Pr ob I em, Ins ide Sharehol der, Div ers iJic ation

Effects of neonatal novelty exposure on sexual behavior, fear, and stress‐response in adult rats

Environmental stimuli in early life may result in permanent behavioral and physiological changes. Present study evaluated the effects of exposing pups to a novel environment on behaviors (open-field test and sexual behavior) and prolactin stress-responses in adult male rats. Half of a litter was daily removed outside (OUT) from the nest and stimulated by handling for 3 min, while the other half remained inside (IN) the nest and was also handled for the same period during the first 10 days postpartum. Maternal behavior after all the pups were returned to the nest was not different between IN and OUT littermates. In adulthood, OUT males showed increased general and central locomotion activity in the open-field test, reduced sexual behavior, and attenuated prolactin secretion in response to restraint stress compared with the IN littermates. The repeated exposition of rat pups to a novel environment is a causal factor for the long-lasting behavioral and endocrine changes. The premature exposition of the pup to unfamiliar environments decreases fear and stress-response, and also reduces sexual behavior. We suggest that the absence of the odor of the mother may be crucial to explain the effects detected in adulthood.

Magnetic properties of amorphous Fe89.7P10.3 alloy nanowire arrays

Amorphous Fe89.7P10.3 alloy nanowire arrays were fabri cated in an anodic aluminum oxide template by means of electrodeposition. X-ray diffract ion, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and Mssbauer spectrometer are employed to study the structure and magnetic properties of the nanowire arrays. The results show that the nanowire arrays are amorphous with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and high coercivity Hc=304 ×104 A/m. The mean hyperfine field and the mean isomer shift of the insi de of nanowires are 215×106 A/m and 007 mm/s, respectively. The mean hype rfine field (233×106 A/m) at the end of nanowires is higher than that of th e inside of nanowires, but the mean isomer shift (004 mm/s) at the end of nanowires is smaller than that of the inside of nanowires. The average angle between the Fe magentic moment and the wire axis is 16° in the the inside of nanowires, but the average angle is 28° at the end of nanowires. Due to the shape anisotropy of nanowires, the ordered alignment of magnetic moments is realized in the disordered amorphous alloy system.

Genetic parameters for pork carcass components1

Data from 456 homozygous halothane normal purebred Yorkshire, Duroc, and Other-breed pigs from two national progeny testing and genetic evaluation programs were utilized to estimate genetic parameters for carcass components in pigs. Carcass components were cut and weighed according to Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications. Primal cut weights evaluated included 401 Ham (HAM), 410 Loin (LOIN), 405 Picnic shoulder (PIC), 406 Boston Butt (BB), and 409 Belly (BELLY). Individual muscle weights included the inside (INS), outside (OUT), and knuckle (KNU) muscles of the ham, the longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (TEND) of the loin, and the boneless components of both the Boston Butt (BBUTT) and picnic (BPIC). Muscle weights from each primal were summed to yield a boneless subprimal weight (BHAM, BLOIN, BSHLDR), and all boneless subprimals were summed to yield total primal boneless lean (LEAN). Heritability estimates for HAM, LOIN, and BELLY were 0.57, 0.51, and 0.51, respectively. Heritability estimates for BB and PIC were 0.09 and 0.21, respectively. Heritability estimates for the boneless components of each primal were higher than those for the intact primals. Genetic correlations for HAM, LOIN, and PIC with loin muscle area (LMA) were 0.53, 0.78, and 0.70, respectively, and-0.62, -0.51, and -0.60, respectively, with 10th rib off-midline backfat (BF10). Boneless subprimal components were highly correlated with LEAN. Gilts had heavier weights (P < 0.01) than barrows for all boneless subprimals, individual muscles, LEAN, and for all primal cuts except BELLY. Gilts also had less BF10 and more LMA (P < 0.01) than barrows. Duroc pigs had a heavier (P < 0.01) weight for HAM and PIC when compared to Yorkshires. Yorkshire pigs had more (P < 0.01) LOIN weight than did the Durocs. Results suggest primal, boneless subprimal, and individual muscle weights in pigs should respond favorably to selection.

Preparing for Financial Restructuring in the Electric Utility Industry

Th e der egu latio n of th e electric utility indus try ha s been wellpublicized and mu ch discussed b oth insi de and outsi de the ind ustry.This d er egulation pr oduces the pr ospect of un cert ai nty in a n indus -try th at has known some level of ce rtai nty t h ro ugh t he "r a t e ofr eturn " st a nda rds imp osed by regulators to set ra tes, a nd there bysupport rev enues . Accordingly, the historical concept of "used an duseful" will no longer be th e det ermini ng facto r in calculating return.Thi s change may produce economic dislocation given the capitalint en sit y within th e elect ric utility in dustry. The Federal EnergyRegu lat ory Commi ssi on ("FERC") has clea rly indicate d that it in-ten ds to cr eat e a comp etitive market place for electric power. It willaccomplish this by a llowing any generatio n source "open access" totr an smi ssion lin es th at have been previously controlled by vertically-int egr at ed utilities .As a result, certain as sets , such as dist ribu ti on assets a nd someportion of t rans mission assets, will cont i nu e to be r ate of re turn regu -lat ed ; however, the re maining electric ut ility assets will most likelybe s ubj ect to compet itive ma r ket r eturn s.

Covalent labeling of the cytoplasmic or luminal domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase with fluorescent azido dyes

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles were incubated with azido derivatives of Cascade blue (ACB), Lucifer yellow (ALY), 2,7-naphthalene-disulfonic acid (ANDS), and fluorescein (AF) for 0.1–24 h at 2°C. All four dyes gave intense reaction with the cytoplasmic domain of the Ca 2+-ATPase on photoactivation after brief incubation. The penetration of the dyes into the luminal space of the SR was determined after centrifugation through Sephadex microcolumns to remove the external dye, followed by photolabeling and gel electrophoresis of the photolabeled proteins. The reaction of ACB and ANDS with the Ca 2+-ATPase and with calsequestrin increased progressively during incubation up to 24 h indicating their slow accumulation in the luminal space, while ALY and AF did not show significant penetration into the vesicles. The distribution of the covalently attached ACB in the Ca 2+-ATPase was tested by tryptic proteolysis after labeling exclusively from the outside (OS), from the inside (IS) or from both sides (BS). In all cases intense ACB fluorescence was seen in the A fragment with inhibition of ATPase activity. In the OS preparations the A 1, while in IS the A 2 fragment was more intensely labeled. There was no significant incorporation of ACB into the region of B fragment identified by FITC fluorescence. The crystallization of the Ca 2+-ATPase by EGTA + decavanadate was completely inhibited in the BS samples after labeling either in the Ca 2E 1 or E 2V conformation. There was no inhibition of crystallization in the OS preparations. In the IS preparations labeled in the Ca 2E 1 state the crystallization was impaired, while in the E 2V state there was only slight disorganization of the crystals. The total amount of ACB photoincorporated into SR proteins after incubation for 24 h was 1.75 nmol/mg protein; 2/3 of this labeling occurred from the outside and 1/3 from the inside. Similar level of labeling was obtained in media that stabilize the E 1 or the E 2 conformation of the Ca 2+-ATPase.

Analysis of ZrNb fuel channel surfaces for hydrogen and other elements using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

Understanding the mechanisms of hydrogen ingress into CANDU pressure tubes fabricated from zirconium-2.5 wt% niobium alloy requires knowledge of the hydrogen concentration in the surface oxide, the oxide/metal interface and in the alloy phase beneath the interface. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) has been shown to have attractive capabilities for detecting hydrogen isotopes in such surface films. The depth concentration profiles of deuterium, lithium, fluorine and iron have been measured on specimens taken from several locations on two pressure tubes from Unit 3 of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station. These tubes were known to have widely differing deuterium concentrations in their bulk phases. SIMS profiles were obtained from both the outside (OD) and inside (ID) tube surfaces. The OD studies show that for regions where bulk deuterium pickup is small, the deuterium concentration within the surface oxide decreases steadily with depth and is 50–100 times lower near the oxide/alloy interface. For regions of high pickup, the profiles showed only a small concentration gradient of deuterium across the oxide thickness. This infers the importance of the surface oxide in suppressing hydrogen ingress. The ID studies also show that regions with high deuterium pickup have anomalous deuterium depth profile structure near the oxide metal interface. This suggests that the integrity of the ID oxide film may also bear some responsibility for enhanced deuterium ingress at these locations. Variations in iron, lithium or fluorine concentrations within the ID or OD oxide scales do not appear to have a significant effect on the deuterium profiles measured.

ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION, ELECTRON TRANSFER ROUTES IN SIDE CHAIN SUBSTITUTION

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 6, Issue 12 Preparative Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION, ELECTRON TRANSFER ROUTES IN SIDE CHAIN SUBSTITUTION J. K. KOCHI, J. K. KOCHISearch for more papers by this author J. K. KOCHI, J. K. KOCHISearch for more papers by this author First published: March 25, 1975 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197512185Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume6, Issue12March 25, 1975 RelatedInformation