Insecticide Residues In Soil Research Articles

A bio-test to assess the risk of chemical insecticide residues in soil and vegetable crops

A bio-test to assess the risk of chemical insecticide residues in soil and vegetable crops

Determination of insecticide residues in soils from Troia agricultural fields by the QuEChERS method

Extensive and misuse of pesticides can cause to toxicity to humans and pollution in the environment. The primary objective of this study was to determine insecticide load of agricultural soils of Troia, located in Troia National Park of Çanakkale Province (Türkiye) by the QuEChERS method. For method verification, blank soil samples were spiked at two levels of pesticides. The overall recovery was 84.8% with a relative standard deviation of 13.0% (n = 230), with the values within acceptable recovery (60-140%) and repeatability (≤20%) ranges set by SANTE. Forty-nine soil samples were collected in the study area in 2020. Thirty-six samples had insecticide residues at varying concentrations. Overall, 23 insecticide residues were detected at different frequencies. The most frequent pesticides were: chlorantraniliprole> imidacloprid> pyridaben> clothianidin> indoxacarb (in decreasing order). Mean concentration of insecticide residues in soils varied between 0.99-77.7 µg/kg. Imidacloprid residues were detected in all fields, except cabbage fields. The highest imidacloprid concentration (23.3 µg/kg) was detected in pepper fields. Imidacloprid was detected in 21 samples with a mean concentration of 6.20 µg/kg. Persistent insecticides with the long half-lives, such as chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, and clothianidin, were detected in almost all samples.

Development of a nanobody-based ELISA for the detection of the insecticides cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole in soil and the vegetable bok choy.

Cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole are anthranilic diamide insecticides acting on ryanodine receptors. In this study, two camel-derived nanobodies (Nbs, named C1 and C2) recognizing cyantraniliprole as well as chlorantraniliprole were generated. C1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of the two insecticides were developed. The half-maximum signal inhibition concentrations (IC50) of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole by ELISA were 1.2 and 1.5ngmL-1, respectively. This assay was employed to detect these two insecticides in soil and vegetables. The average recoveries of cyantraniliprole from both bok choy (Brassica chinensis L.) and soil samples were 90-129%, while those of chlorantraniliprole were in a range of 89-120%. The insecticide residues in soil and bok choy, which were collected from plots sprayed with cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, were simultaneously detected by the resulting ELISA and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, showing a satisfactory correlation. Higher concentrations of chlorantraniliprole than cyantraniliprole were detected in soil and vegetables, which indicates the longer persistence of chlorantraniliprole in the environment.

Development of a fast and sensitive method for measuring multiple neonicotinoid insecticide residues in soil and the application in parks and residential areas

A method for simultaneous measure of nine neonicotinoid insecticide residues in soil was developed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with a quick pretreatment procedure. The soil was extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and dichloromethane (1:2, v:v) and cleaned up with Primary Secondary Amine (PSA). Matrix-matched standards were prepared to eliminate the interference of the matrix. The LC–MS/MS conditions were optimized to separate the nine neonicotinoids within 6.7 min, and the obtained limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 to 0.84 ng g−1 and 0.05–2.79 ng g−1, respectively. Recoveries of the studied neonicotinoids (except for nitenpyram) ranged from 79.41 to 100.20% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10% at spiked levels of 5 ng mL−1, 100 ng mL−1 and 500 ng mL−1, and RSDs for the interday and intraday method repeatability were less than 9%. The method was applied to measure neonicotinoid residues in soil samples collected from parks (n = 35) and residential areas (n = 33) in Tianjin, China. Seven neonicotinoids were detected, with imidacloprid being the most frequently detected one, followed by acetamiprid and thiamethoxam. The total concentrations of neonicotinoids in soil ranged from 0.27 to 230.76 ng g−1 in parks and 0.23–132.66 ng g−1 in residential areas.

Standardization and Validation of Method for Estimation of Four Insecticide Residues in Soil and Water Matrices by Liquid Chromatographic Technique

Standardization and Validation of Method for Estimation of Four Insecticide Residues in Soil and Water Matrices by Liquid Chromatographic Technique

Insecticide residues in soil, water, and eggplant fruits and farmers' health effects due to exposure to pesticides.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical areas in Asia. Globally, the top three eggplant producers are China, India, and Egypt. The Philippines has been one of the top 10 eggplant-producing countries based on area planted and crop productivity. This study aims to describe the insecticide residues found in soil, water, and eggplant fruits in eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. The study design is a cross sectional of randomly selected eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. Soil, water, and eggplant fruits were collected and subjected to gas chromatography (Shimadzu) analysis for multi-pesticide residues. Farmers from Sta. Maria, Pangasinan were found to be applying a broad spectrum of insecticides on their eggplant crop. Soil samples from 11 (about 42%) out of the 26 farms tested positive for insecticide residues, six of which from four farms exceeded the acceptable maximum residue limit. These residues were profenofos, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and malathion. No insecticide residues were detected from water samples taken from the 26 farms. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were the insecticide residues detected in eggplant fruit samples. A maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues. In the eggplant fruit study, all farmers have been using Prevathon(®) for 24 years at a rate of 10 ml/application, and Malathion(®) for 25 years at about 16.5 ml/application, respectively equivalent to 0.24 liter-years and 0.413 liter-years of exposure. Similarly, to the findings in the soil and water study, although Brodan(®) and Magnum(®) were not prevalently applied, the farmers' liter-years of exposure to these insecticides, and their active ingredients, were highest at about 18.92 and 10.0, respectively. The farmers and farm workers in the soil and water study reported experiencing itchiness of the skin (63.8%), redness of the eyes (29.3%), muscle pains (27.6%), and headaches (27.6%), as being related to their pesticide exposure. In summary, a maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues at any one stage of sampling done. The farmers and farm workers also reported of pesticide-related illnesses but none of them sought any medical attention. Intervention to reduce the farmers' pesticide exposure can focus on the risk factors identified, primarily the toxicity of pesticides used, the unsafe application practices, and the adverse health effects of pesticide exposure.

Quantification of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in soils from cocoa plantations using a QuEChERS extraction procedure and LC-MS/MS

The use of neonicotinoids as an insecticide group in Ghana has been quite significant particularly in cocoa production. The high usage has been mainly as a result of a government policy of free insecticide spraying on cocoa farms, in an effort to curb declining yields caused by pests and diseases and to prevent the use of unapproved or banned insecticides on cocoa farms. However the scale of cocoa farming, the frequency and intensity of usage coupled with the mode of application may result in large physical volumes of insecticides in the environment. This makes the knowledge of the concentration and fate of neonicotinoids in the environment extremely important. The present study was aimed at assessing the levels of five major neonicotinoids in soils from cocoa farmlands in Ghana. Extraction and cleanup of analytes were performed by use of a method based on the original QuEChERS procedure after optimizing salts, sorbents and instrumental conditions. Analyte extraction with NaCl and MgSO4 in acidified acetonitrile followed by cleanup with primary secondary amine (PSA) presented the optimum conditions for extraction. Quantification was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Validation of the procedure showed average recoveries ranging from 72.0 to 104.8% for all analytes at all fortification levels with relative standard deviation (RSD)≤15.0. Limits of quantitation were<10μgkg−1 for all neonicotinoids studied. The results obtained from the analysis of 52 samples from cocoa farms revealed imidacloprid as the predominant neonicotinoid with concentrations ranging from 4.3 to 251.4μgkg−1 in>50% of samples analyzed.

Insecticide residues in soil and water in coastal areas of vegetable production in Togo.

Some common organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides were analysed in agricultural soil samples (n = 35) and surface water and groundwater samples (n = 25) collected from coastal areas of vegetable production in Togo. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the insecticide residues and their subsequent quantification using GC-ECD. δ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, 4,4-DDE, endosulphan (α, β and sulphate), lambda-cyalothrin and chlorpyrifos were found in the soil samples with concentrations that varied from non-detectable (ND) to 26.93μgkg(-1) dry weight. For water samples, heptachlor epoxide, 2,4-DDD, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE and endosulphan (α, β, and sulphate) were found at contamination levels that varied from ND to 0.116μgL(-1). The concentration of insecticide residues detected in the water samples was below the limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and also by the European Union (EU), with the exception of the concentration of endosulphan sulphate at the Aného site, which was 0.116μgL(-1).

Comparison of different mass spectrometric detection techniques in the gas chromatographic analysis of pyrethroid insecticide residues in soil after microwave-assisted extraction

A comparative study was carried out for the simultaneous determination of 11 pyrethroid insecticides in soil by gas chromatography (GC)--ion trap (IT)--mass spectrometry (MS), by means of two different ionization modes; electron impact and negative chemical ionization and three data acquisition procedures; full scan, selected ion monitoring and MS/MS. Pyrethroids investigated were tetramethrin, bifenthrin, phenothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, flucythrinate, esfenvalerate, fluvalinate and deltamethrin. Soil samples were treated with toluene/water by microwave-assisted extraction for 9 min at 700 W and a cleaning up with florisil was performed. Clean soil samples were spiked with pyrethroids at a spiking level of 10, 25 and 50 ng/g. The method employed provides a concentration factor of 10. The ionization gas employed in the negative chemical ionization mode was methane. The use of MS/MS acquisition, in electron impact ionization, provided the best results, due to its high selectivity and sensitivity, giving very low limits of detection from 0.08 to 0.54 ng/g. In negative chemical ionization full scan and selected ion monitoring methods detection limits from 0.12 to 1.40 ng/g were found. The proposed methods were applied to several levels from 10 to 50 ng/g of spiked soils, being electron impact MS/MS method which minimizes matrix spectrum interferences and provided recovery average values from 84% to 120% with relative standard deviations which varied from 3.2 to 7.2%.

Microwave-assisted extraction of pyrethroid insecticides from soil

An analytical method has been developed for the microwave-assisted extraction of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide residues in soils and their determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (ECD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detector. Clean soil samples were spiked with nine pyrethroids: tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, flucythrinate, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and fluvalinate were used for this study. Concentration levels were 50 ng g −1 for all the compounds studied except to sumitrin for which a 10 μg g −1 was evaluated. Two grams of sample were treated in a closed PTFE reactor with 10 mL toluene and 1 mL water and irradiated at 700 W during 9 min. The toluene extract was evaporated and reconstituted in 2 mL hexane and copper wires added in order to remove sulphur interferences. Clean-up with 2 g of florisil and elution with 20 mL ethyl acetate:hexane 33% (v/v) was performed. Best chromatographic conditions were established for GC-ECD analysis for routine analysis and GC-NCI-MS for confirmation. Recovery yields of spiked soils were from 97 to 106% for eight of the pyrethroid and 86% for the tetramethrin, with relative standard deviations from 1 to 7%. Results were comparable with those found by ultrasonic extraction in the analysis of real samples and limit of detection values obtained were in the range from 1 to 200 ng g −1 for ECD and from 0.3 to 2 ng g −1 for NCI-MS.

Studies on the Behavior of 14C-chlorpyrifos in a Model Rice Ecosystem

Fate of 14C-chlorpyrifos was studied in a model rice ecosystem. The level of 14C-residues in floodwater showed initially a rapid decline in first 10 days. These residues were observed till 30 days. The insecticide residues in soil did not show any appreciable build-up, thereby indicating that the residue levels of this insecticide may not be significant. Extractable residues were formed up to 10–13% of the applied 14C-activity during the period of 136 days, while the bound fraction of 14C-residues reached a maximum of 2.9% after 92 days. Algae and rice plants showed 14C-residues to the extent of only 0.01% of the applied 14C-activity. Rice grains did not show any residues at all. These results indicate that chlorpyrifos undergoes considerable degradation in rice soils and does not leave residues, which may be of environmental concern.

Extraction, Cleanup and Liquid Chromatographic‐Diode Array Determination of Carbamate Pesticides in Soil Samples

Abstract Significant analytical problems occur during the isolation and assay of carbamate insecticide residues in soils. Nonetheless, liquid‐chromatographic diode array can be used to measure species concentrations (e.g., carbofuran, chlorpropham, carbaryl, propoxur, pirimicarb, and oxamyl) in the low ppm range. Low concentrations of the soil‐matrix breakdown product, 1‐naphthol, can also be measured. Several different extraction mixtures (e.g., acetone‐ethyl acetate, acetone‐dichloromethane, acetone‐methanol, and methanol alone) are compared. Cleanup procedures use Florisil column chromatography and several eluents, mixtures of acetone and dichloromethane. Aminopropyl‐silica and Florisil cartridges give promising results for routine analyses. Diode array detection is useful for obtaining UV‐spectral information of matrix interferences and blanks. Co‐eluted peaks may be differentiated using the second derivatives of spectra. The methodology is validated by analyzing residue levels of pirimicarb in real s...

Organochlorine insecticide residues in soils used for vegetable and tropical fruit production in the Cudgen-Duranbah area of New South Wales

Organochlorine insecticide residues in soils used for vegetable and tropical fruit production in the Cudgen-Duranbah area of New South Wales

Pesticide pollution of soil, water and air in Delhi area, India

In India organochlorine insecticides such as DDT and HCH constitute more than 70% of the pesticides used at present. Its continued use has given interest to monitor for the last few years the extent of organochlorine insecticide residues in soil, water, air and rain water in Delhi area. Out of the 50 samples each of soil and earthworms collected from different parts 48 samples showed that soil and earthworms contained 0–2.61 and 0–37.74 mg Kg −1 of total DDT residues respectively. The area near the vicinity of the DDT factory showed high levels of DDT residues. A two-year survey of the Yamuna river in Delhi showed that water contained an average of 0.24 mg Kg −1 of total DDT residues. The bottom sediment had 0.24 mg Kg −1 of total DDT residues. The fishes collected from the Yamuna river showed very high bioaccumulation of DDT residues. The air and rainwater samples monitored from 3 different areas for two years indicated that DDT was more near the DDT factory area while HCH was more near a commercial complex. These results indicate that the overall organochlorine-residue levels in Delhi is not alarming. It probably indicates that DDT and HCH are more rapidly dissipated and degraded in a tropical country like India.

Persistence and distribution of chlordane and dieldrin applied as termiticides.

The persistence and movement of many chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in soils have been found to be dependent upon the chemical formulation used, the method of application, and especially the environmental conditions (weathering) to which they are exposed (CARTER and STRINGER 1970a, 1970b, LICHTENSTEIN 1966, LICHTENSTEIN et al. 1960, 1962, 1964, 1971, SMITH 1968). Soil type, the amount of organic matter in a particular soil type, and soil moisture are major factors affecting persistence and distribution. Other climatic conditions and the chemical and microorganismic composition of the soil are less influential. Most of the organochlorlne compounds studied as soil insecticides have been reported to be relatively persistent. Fifteen or more years after being applied, aldrin and DDT have been found to move vertically and horizontally only very slightly unless the treated soil is physically moved (LICHTENSTEIN et al. 1971, SMITH 1968). HERMANSON et al. (1971) reported measurable enduring insecticide residues in soil treated with DDT, toxaphene, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and aldrin ii years after application.

Dual column and derivative techniques for improved specificity of gas-liquid chromatographic identification of organochlorine insecticide residues in soils.

Derivatives of organochlorine insecticides exhibiting Rt values substantially different from those of the parent insecticides were obtained for pp′-TDE, pp′-methoxychlor, op′-DDT and pp′-DDT on treatment with 2 per cent. ethanolic potassium hydroxide, and for endrin and dieldrin with ethanolic concentrated hydrochloric acid; partial clean-up of soil extracts was achieved by the alkali treatment. The use of dual columns, namely, DC-200 and diethylene glycol succinate, in conjunction with derivative formation, provided Rt values sufficiently different for improved organochlorine insecticide identification with minimal additional effort.

HEPTACHLOR, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, AND GAMMA-CHLORDANE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND RUTABAGA AFTER SOIL AND SURFACE TREATMENTS WITH HEPTACHLOR

The distribution of insecticide residues in soil and rutabagas, after soil and surface treatments with heptachlor, was studied by gas-liquid chromatography. Granular heptachlor at 6.6 kg/ha was incorporated into the top 1.27 to 1.90 cm of soil and heptachlor emulsion was applied three times at 4.48 kg/ha on the soil surface. Only about 3% of the applied insecticide was recovered from surface-treated soil three to four months after application, whereas 15% of the insecticide incorporated into the soil was recovered after five months. Rutabagas grown in surface-treated soil had 0.042 p.p.m. of total residues, whereas those from insecticide-incorporated soil had 0.060 p.p.m.Maximum concentration of residue in peel was in the vertical zone where the insecticide had been applied. Lateral movement of pesticides into rutabaga tissues was limited to about 0.5 cm from the periphery. The waxy layer of the rutabaga, representing 2.7% of the whole rutabaga, contained 70% of the residue. The peel contained about 98% of the residue half of which was removed by boiling in water. Boiled pulp was pesticide free.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide Residues in Soils of Urban Areas, Battle Creek, Michigan1

The present broad concern about pesticide residues in agricultural soils stimulated interest in the probability of gross contamination of some urban soils. In agricultural areas insecticide applications to soil are made, in most instances, according to recommendations of qualified extension agriculturists. In contrast, when urban soils are treated for control of pests, such applications are often made by inexperienced users and may involve a wide variety and range of dosages of materials. The study reported here was made to determine the magnitude and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in soils of a typical city, Battle Creek, Michigan. During the fall of 1963, turf and cultivated soil samples were collected from the city (about 8 samples from each square mile). These samples were analyzed for residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.

THE EFFECTS OF FIVE HERBICIDES ON THE NUMBERS OF CERTAIN INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN GRASSLAND SOIL

Five herbicides, atrazine, dalapon, monuron, TCA, and 2,4-D, were applied once to grassland to evaluate their effects for at least two summers after application on the numbers of wireworms, Agriotes spp., springtails (Collembola suborder Arthropleona), mites (Acarina), earthworms (Lumbricidae), and millipedes (Diplopoda) in the soil. In plots treated with atrazine, wireworms, earthworms, and springtails declined in numbers. Dalapon increased the numbers of millipedes, springtails, and mites. Monuron reduced the numbers of wireworms, millipedes, earthworms, springtails, and mites. TCA increased the numbers of millipedes, springtails, and mites and decreased the number of earthworms. Treatment with 2,4-D did not affect the numbers of wireworms, springtails, or mites. The data suggest that faunal fluctuations were chiefly caused indirectly by the herbicides altering the floristic composition of the grassland.The results show that certain herbicides may diminish or increase the numbers of both beneficial and harmful soil animals. Under certain cultural conditions, herbicides as well as insecticides could fit into an integrated control program and help to counter the two threats of insect resistance to insecticides and excessive insecticide residues in soil.

Automatic Time/Response Records with Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster Meig. is widely used for bioassay of insecticides. In developing a method for bioassay of insecticide residues in soil, we have found it necessary to use a time/response technique similar in principle to that employed by Callaway, Dirnhuber and Wilson1. In comparison with the more usual dose/response techniques, the sensitivity2 and also the useful range of the assay can be increased by this means. However, with a time/response technique, two main difficulties arise when attempts are made to obtain records at precise times in order to follow accurately a given programme of observations. The response of each group of flies takes a finite time to assess and so, when many groups are involved, discrepancies occur between the desired and the actual times of the counts. Unless allowances are made for these time discrepancies—a tedious process—errors are introduced which can be important when the intervals between the records are small. Furthermore, it is often necessary to record responses throughout a 24-hr. period, or even longer, and this creates an obvious practical problem which, in the past, must have discouraged the use of time/response techniques as routine methods.