Latin Letters Research Articles

Fabrication of bacteriorhodopsin-embedded hydrogel construct for biocompatible photosensitive device

Bacteriorhodopsin (br) is a promising photosensitive material with applications in energy conversion, biosensors, and optoelectronic devices due to its bio-sourced origin and photoelectrical properties. Despite advancements in recent years, the integration of br-based devices necessitates the use of materials with little biocompatibility and fabrication techniques with restricted customizability, limiting potential applications such as optocontrol of cell behavior, implants with 3D patterning for retinal disease treatment, and light-sensitive cell robots. To solve this limitation, this study presents a novel approach by embedding br into a hydrogel matrix. It utilizes an extrusion-based and 3D bioprinting technique, showcasing its light-sensitive characteristics within a fully biocompatible construct. The hydrogel, comprising gelatin and sodium alginate, offers excellent printability for generating structured designs with versatile patterns. Photoelectrical properties of the fabricated br-embedded hydrogel construct, such as differential response, light intensity sensitivity, and br concentration sensitivity, are identified through electrochemical characterization. The temporal and spatial pattern recognition ability, based on the photoelectrical characteristics, is demonstrated through modulated light illumination and different patterns of printed hydrogel construct. Pattern recognition ability was then applied to reconstruct images containing different Latin letters. This research presents a novel method for the fabrication of patterned hydrogel constructs with high biocompatibility and distinctive light-responsive properties, expanding the potential applications of br in bio-related scenarios.  

TOMBSTONE OF PRINCE DMYTRO KOZEKA: A «NEW AND OLD» LAPIDARY MONUMENT OF VOLYN OF THE 16th CENTURY

The Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine holds a drawing of the tombstone of Prince Dmytro Kozeka. The drawing on a sheet of paper was made in pencil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It contains two inscriptions (epitaphs) in Old Ukrainian and Latin and the princely coat of arms between them. The texts of the inscriptions were published twice in the nineteenth century. The large coat of arms on the tombstone has never been described. Its image, as well as the image of the inscriptions, is published for the first time. The large coat of arms has the shape of a heraldic shield inscribed in a circle. The shape of the shield is made in the Baroque style. Four heraldic signs are symmetrically arranged on the shield, the first of which, in the form of a bow and cross, is the minor coat of arms of the prince. This sign is present on the personal seals of Dmytro Kozeka. The second sign is still unknown in the heraldry of Ukraine in the sixteenth century. Two other signs belong to well-known arms used by many noble families. The paper is accompanied by illustrations that show a complete drawing of the prince’s tombstone and individual elements of this lapidary monument: two epitaphs and a great coat of arms, opening the way for studying the vocabulary of the inscriptions and performing paleographic analysis. The attribution of the coat of arms will allow us to clarify the genealogy of the Kozeka family. Prince Dmytro Kozeka died in 1583 and was buried in the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady in the monastery not far from Zymne village near Volodymyr city. The marble slab on the grave was installed by his wife Kateryna Falchevska. After the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there is no evidence of the location of the slab. The Kozeka family appeared in Volhynia in the mid-fifteenth century. Their origin is not clear. Dmytro Kozeka is the most famous representative of this family, according to written sources. The paper describes some episodes of his biography, gives an overview of the princely estates, specifies the time period when his father died, and reveals the previously unknown names of his two sisters. The tombstone of Prince Dmytro Kozeka is a valuable historical source for the study of the elite stratum of the Ukrainian population of the early modern period.

The Approach of Al- Qur'an and Hadith Teachers in Teaching Illiterate Students Al-Qur'an at the Islamic State Junior High School in Sigi Regency

This research discusses the analysis of the Qur'an Hadith Teacher's Approach to Illiterate Students of the Qur'an at Islamic Junior High School Alkhairaat Pandere, Gumbasa District, Sigi Regency. This research uses qualitative research methods. The author used observation, interview, and documentation techniques to collect data in the field. Next, the collected data is analyzed using data reduction, presentation, and verification. The results of the research show that the analysis of the Qur'an Hadith Teacher's Approach to Illiterate Students of the Qur'an at Islamic Junior High School Alkhairaat Pandere, Gumbasa District, Sigi Regency includes three points: 1). The learning approach used is a Collaborative Team Games Tournament (TGT) approach and a Two Stay Two Stray collaborative approach. 2). In practice, the teacher uses group learning techniques and writing using Latin letters. 3). Policies taken in cases related to students are always taken by deliberation by the committee and student guardians, and their implementation uses complete supervision from all parties. The implications of this research are expressed in the form of suggestions, namely for the Islamic Junior High School Alkhairaat Pandere to provide more opportunities for Islamic education teachers, especially Qur'an Hadith, to develop their quality in the form of training regarding classroom management, mastery of material and most importantly, deepening and mastering the curriculum and learning approaches which are diverse and continue to develop. Other Islamic junior high schools could adopt the techniques used by the Islamic Junior High School Alkhairaat Pandere in handling students who are illiterate in the Qur'an.

The Latin inscriptions of Cyrenaica: an overview

Abstract Although Greek was the dominant epigraphic language in Cyrenaica throughout the Classical period, Latin was introduced by Roman merchants and administrators at the time of the formation of the province of Crete and Cyrene c. 67 BC, and remained in use, albeit by a constant minority, until at least the fourth century AD, with the last well-dated Latin inscription dating from the Valentinian dynasty. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of Latin inscriptions in the region, based on the IR Cyrenaica 2020 corpus, which brings together hitherto scattered documents and also includes many texts published for the first time. After a general overview of the corpus in terms of geographical, typological and chronological distribution, we will look at the linguistic landscape of ancient Cyrenaica, focusing on the multilingualism of the region, the literacy of the populations, the borrowings from one language to another (Latinisms), and the influences of the western provinces on the Latin of the region, among other topics. Lastly, a series of Latin funerary inscriptions allow us to examine the multiple identities claimed by the populations, as well as the cultural influences between Greek-, Latin- and Libyan-speaking populations.

Parafoveal letter identification in Russian: Confusion matrices based on error rates.

In the present study, we introduce parafoveal letter confusion matrices for the Russian language, which uses the Cyrillic script. To ensure that our confusion rates reflect parafoveal processing and no other effects, we employed an adapted boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) that prevented the participants from directly fixating the letter stimuli. Additionally, we assessed confusability under isolated and word-like (crowded) conditions using two modern fonts, since previous research showed that letter recognition depended on crowding and font (Coates, 2015; Pelli et al., 2006). Our additional goal was to gain insight into what letter features or configurational patterns might be essential for letter recognition in Russian; thus, we conducted exploratory clustering analysis on visual confusion scores to identify groups of similar letters. To support this analysis, we conducted a comprehensive review of over 20 studies that proposed crucial properties of Latin letters relevant to character perception. The summary of this review is valuable not only for our current study but also for future research in the field.

Celebration of the 400th anniversary of the Lithuanian book

In 1947, Lithuania celebrated the 400th anniversary of the first Lithuanian book, M. Mažvydas's Cathechismus, published in 1547. During this celebration, scientific conferences and book exhibitions were organized, and several significant works devoted to the anniversary were published. Among these was one of the most artistic editions: "The First Lithuanian Book" (a photographic text of the Cathechismus and its transliteration in Latin letters, with articles by J. Kruopas and illuminations by M. Bulakas). In the collection of articles "Ancient Lithuanian Book," significant research in the history of the book and literature was presented, including K. Korsakas's "The First Lithuanian Book," V. Mykolaitis's "Artistic Elements in the Works of Mažvydas and His Contemporaries," P. Galaunė's "Artistic Design of Mažvydas's Book," and V. Abramavičius's "Printing-Offices of Ancient Lithuanian Books." These works addressed issues such as the conditions under which the first Lithuanian book was published, its significance, the date of its publication, its intended audience, authorship and collaboration issues, and analyses of the published texts from linguistic, literary, pedagogical, and ethnographic perspectives, as well as typographical particularities. Some material from the jubilee celebration, such as reports from conferences, was published in the "Directory of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR" (1948, vol. 2). Jubilee reports by V. Mykolaitis, "The First Lithuanian Book" (1948), and K. Korsakas, "Development of Lithuanian Book over 400 Years" (1948), were published separately. During the anniversary year, the first Lithuanian book and other works by M. Mažvydas were extensively investigated, defining their significance for linguistic science, cultural history, and the expansion of literature, and showing the historical development of Lithuanian book publishing.

The role of semantic information in Chinese word segmentation

ABSTRACT Word segmentation is crucial for reading in Chinese, where the absence of explicit word boundaries poses a distinct challenge. Previous studies in Chinese have examined how lexical and sub-lexical variables affect word segmentation. The present study investigated whether higher-level semantic information affects word segmentation using a primed word segmentation task with Overlapping Ambiguous Strings (OAS). An OAS is a three-character string in Chinese (e.g. ABC [in Latin letters]) where the middle character can constitute a word with both the left (word AB) and right (word BC) characters. The OAS was preceded by a semantic or repetition prime (presented for 42, 83, or 200 ms, across participants), priming either AB or BC. The semantic priming effect occurred at the 200-ms Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA), whereas the repetition priming effect occurred at both 83 and 200-ms SOAs. These findings demonstrate that semantic information can affect word segmentation in Chinese within 200 ms.

Tibetan Speech Synthesis Based on Pre-Traind Mixture Alignment FastSpeech2

Most current research in Tibetan speech synthesis relies primarily on autoregressive models in deep learning. However, these models face challenges such as slow inference, skipped readings, and repetitions. To overcome these issues, we propose an enhanced non-autoregressive acoustic model combined with a vocoder for Tibetan speech synthesis. Specifically, we introduce the mixture alignment FastSpeech2 method to correct errors caused by hard alignment in the original FastSpeech2 method. This new method employs soft alignment at the level of Latin letters and hard alignment at the level of Tibetan characters, thereby improving alignment accuracy between text and speech and enhancing the naturalness and intelligibility of the synthesized speech. Additionally, we integrate pitch and energy information into the model, further enhancing overall synthesis quality. Furthermore, Tibetan has relatively smaller text-to-audio datasets compared to widely studied languages. To address these limited resources, we employ a transfer learning approach to pre-train the model with data from resource-rich languages. Subsequently, this pre-trained mixture alignment FastSpeech2 model is fine-tuned for Tibetan speech synthesis. Experimental results demonstrate that the mixture alignment FastSpeech2 model produces higher-quality speech compared to the original FastSpeech2 model, particularly when pre-trained on an English dataset, resulting in further improvements in clarity and naturalness.

Transliteration of Latin Letters to Bali Characters Based on Unicode for Mobile Devices using Finite State Automata and Levenshtein Distance

The preservation of Balinese script writing has been pursued by the local government with the issuance of the Bali Province Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning Balinese Language, Script, and Literature. However, the use of Balinese script in daily life is declining, especially among generation Z, most of whom find Balinese language difficult to use and have never been taught it. Technological advances, particularly smartphone technology, can play an important role in shaping generation Z's habits, values, and social interaction patterns. This research uses the Finite State Automata (FSA) method to convert Latin letters to the Balinese script Unicode standard, following the Balinese script writing rules. FSA governs transliteration behavior by using the working principles of State, Event, and Action. Besides transliterating sentences typed by users, the application produced by this research also displays Balinese script words related to the words typed by users using the Levenshtein Distance method. The ‘related words’ feature allows users to know more about Balinese script than just the typed word. From the test results conducted through two different test cases, the first test case tested the application's ability to transliterate words/sentences typed by users without selecting words from the application's suggestions. The results showed that of the 50 words tested, 39 were correctly transliterated. The second test case tested the app's ability when the user selects a word from the suggestions given by the app. The result shows that out of 50 words tested, 43 transliteration data are correct, with the total accuracy of both test cases being 82%.

Poetry, Patronage, and the Art of the Land-grab: A Newly Discovered Letter to Thomas Wyatt

Abstract Between early summer 1540 and the new year of 1541, Alexander Nowell composed the only surviving Latin letter from England to Sir Thomas Wyatt. On behalf of the Dean and Chapter of Norwich Cathedral, he asks Wyatt, Sir Francis Bryan, and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, to help the new foundation resist the expropriation of its properties. The letter fills in several biographical lacunae for this prominent trio of courtiers. It provides primary evidence of Wyatt’s membership and sponsorship of English humanist networks. It offers the first sure evidence of Wyatt’s contact with Surrey, corroborating the evidence of Surrey’s poetry. It reveals the association of Wyatt, Surrey, and Bryan with evangelical figures: Nowell, later Dean of St Paul’s, was already a central figure in Oxford reform. And it presents an intricate example of the chains of patronage that reached, in the wake of the dissolution, across the universities, the new fleet of cathedral foundations, and the heights of the Henrician court.

The Epigraphic Testimonies from Timacum Maius (Eastern Moesia Superior): The Important Clues for the Character and Organization of Naissus Region

For more than ten years in a row, archaeologists of the Institute for Balkan Studies of SASA of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in cooperation with the Ausonius Institute from Bordeaux, have been conducting archaeological research on the Roman and Byzantine settlement located in the area of the village of Niševac near Svrljig, in the Svrljiški Timok River valley. It was the first station on the Roman itinerary road between Naissus (Niš) and Trajan's colony of Ratiaria on the Danube (Archar in northwestern Bulgaria). In addition to significant architectural remains and various archaeological findings, some inscriptions in Latin and Greek are also known from this area. This bilingualism of the texts indicates the very location of Timacum Maius, which was located on a vital communication line and a linguistic and administrative interprovincial barrier. Although chronologically different, the epigraphic findings I report raise broader scientific questions about the significance of this ancient settlement and its population, especially in the early military history of the Naissus region.

On the interaction between vowel confusions (<e> for /i/ and <o> for /u/) and lexical stress in Latin inscriptions from Rome (ca. 119 BCE – ca. 600 CE)

AbstractThe aim of this article is to better define how changes in the Latin vowel system evolved over time in the stressed vs. the unstressed syllables in the Latin of Rome. To this end, the cases of <e> for /i/ and <o> for /u/ in an epigraphic corpus of 6,599 inscriptions from this city have been analysed by comparing the number of epigraphic errors occurring under and out of stress in five different periods. Our results indicate that, until about the 4th cent. CE, cases of <e> for /i/ and <o> for /u/ occur mostly in the unstressed syllables in our inscriptions, which is consistent with the view that the reorganisation of the vocalic qualities in the Latin vowel system affected the unstressed vowels before it affected the stressed ones. However, the same results also indicate that the number of epigraphic deviations concerning the stressed vowels /i/ and /u/ in our corpus increases from about the 4th–5th cent. CE onwards, and that this fact should be linked to the dephonologisation of contrastive vowel quantity (in the stressed syllables).

Vowel mergers in the Latin of the Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire as evidenced in inscriptions

AbstractThe present study analyzes the transformation of the vowel system and especially the process of vowel mergers based on the Latin inscriptions of the Danubian provinces. With the help of the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of the Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age (http://lldb.elte.hu/), it tries to draw and then compare the phonological profiles of the selected provinces and to describe the dialectal position of the Danubian provinces regarding vocalism in the first four centuries AD. The analysis, which also covers comparisons with certain provinces of Italy and Dalmatia, is carried out considering four aspects: the ratio of vocalic versus consonantal changes, the ratio of vowel mergers compared to vocalic changes, the ratio of e-i and o-u mergers compared to each other, and the ratio of vowel mergers by stressed and unstressed syllable. As a result of the present study, it was revealed that Danubian provinces cannot be treated as a unit or as clearly separate from the other areas studied according to either aspect of the study. The Dacian development, which can only be observed in the 2nd–3rd century, can easily be placed among the Danubian provinces, so it is not necessary to connect it with the developmental trends in southern Italy. The present study, which continued József Herman's research, managed to explore the hitherto little-known linguistic and dialectological features of Latin in the Danubian provinces.

PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF ANCIENT QUOTATIONS IN THE PORTRAITURE OF THE RENAISSANCE ERA

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the use of quotations from ancient authors’ works in the form of inscriptions on secular portraits of the Renaissance period. It outlines the cultural and historical prerequisites that determined the peculiarities of portrait painting development in this period as well as the use of Latin inscriptions therein. The key underlying role in cultural development of this period played the change of religious and philosophical paradigm, the general cultural humanistic orientation of the era, as well as the revival of classical ancient ideas. These factors ultimately determined the selection and application of Latin inscriptions in the Renaissance portraiture. This paper analyses the grammatical features (change in the grammatical design of individual quotation elements) and structural transformations (abbreviation or, conversely, supplementation) of the ancient quotations on portraits depending on their respective functional load, which the painters availed themselves of, in order to explicitly convey their artistic intention. The article scrutinizes various semantic transformations undergone by ancient quotations in terms of their use in a completely different (as regards to the original text) cultural context. It also offers general description of the functional semantics of ancient quotations on secular portraits of the Renaissance period.

19세기 전반 경기도 거주 세 소년의 해외 유학생 공동체와 서학 수용

The three first-generation seminarians, Choi Bang-je, Choi Yang-up, and Kim Dae-gun, who were also the first overseas students in Korean Catholic history, all lived in Gyeonggi-do at the time of selection, so they had the advantage that Father Pierre Philibert Maubant(1803~1839) who settled in Seoul in early 1836, was suitable for selecting the seminarians within a short period of six months. Among them, Kim Dae-gun and Choi Yang-up became the first-generation Korean priests, and are considered the pioneers who first learned and utilized Western modern studies. The seminarians were summoned to the priest's hall in Hudong, Seoul, where they formed a community preparing for studying abroad while receiving 5 to 10 months of training at the preparatory seminary. Macau's Korean Seminary, which began in June 1837, corresponds to the early curriculum, and missionaries such as the first principal, Father Callery, Libois, and Desflèches provided three Korean seminarians with a wide range of liberal arts education ranging from Latin, which was the initial curriculum, to various foreign languages, international circumstances, humanities, society, natural sciences and music, and doctrines. The study community of Korean seminarians, including Kim Dae-gun and Choi Yang-up, was somewhat shaken by the Macau riots and changes in the seminary's organization, but it was maintained firmly thanks to the solidarity and cooperation of the two students and the care of missionaries, including Father Maistre. The knowledge of Western studies, a modern Western discipline that Korean seminarians learned in Macau, has been properly utilized since 1842 while writing Latin letters or meeting Chinese, European, and Korean people while promoting various private activities as the seminary was transferred to the Liao-dong region. As a result, the history of Western studies acceptance through overseas students, which is one of the movements of voluntary acceptance Western cultures to Korean society 30 to 40 years before the opening of the port in 1876, began.

Compressive sensing imaging with periodic perturbation induced caustic lens masks in a ripple tank

Terahertz imaging presents immense potential across many fields but the affordability of multiple-pixel imaging equipment remains a challenge for many researchers. To address this, the adoption of single-pixel imaging emerges as a lower-cost option, however, the data acquisition process necessary for reconstructing images is time-intensive. Compressive Sensing, which allows for generation of images using a reduced number of measurements than Nyquist's theorem demands, presents a promising solution but long processing times are still issue particularly large-sized images. Our proposed solution to this issue involves using caustic lens effect induced by perturbations in a ripple tank as a sampling mask. The dynamic nature of the ripple tank introduces randomness into the sampling process and this reduces measurement time by exploiting the inherent sparsity of THz band signals. This work employed Convolutional Neural Network to perform target classification based on the distinct signal patterns acquired through the caustic lens mask. The proposed classifier achieved 99.22% accuracy rate in distinguishing targets shaped like Latin letters. The controlled randomness introduced by the caustic lens mask is believed to play a crucial role in achieving this high accuracy by mitigating overfitting, a common challenge in machine learning.

Designing an Alternative Typeface to Reflect the Identity of the ITS Campus

This research aims to design a new typeface that reflects the characteristics of the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) campus and can be used in a variety of contexts. The new typeface, ITS-Artistech, was created by synthesizing key features into the anatomy of Latin letters, which were extracted from the key characteristics and images of the ITS campus. The typeface is intended to be one of several typographic options that reflect ITS and to pioneer typeface production at ITS, contributing to the theoretical and practical body of knowledge on designing typefaces that reflect campus identity. The research method involved collecting data on the use of typefaces in the ITS environment and ITS profile, conducting perceptual studies to know how people perceive the images and characteristics of the ITS campus, and developing the typeface through a series of iterative refinement steps. The new typeface is a valuable resource for the ITS community, as it helps to promote the university's brand, foster a sense of community, and support the creative process and the research of typeface design. It is also a unique and distinctive typeface that is not based on any preexisting letters. The typeface is available as a digital letterform (font) that can be installed and used for a variety of purposes, including digital and print promotional materials.

Translating Confessions: Korean Vernacular Voicing of the Penitent Self

precis: This essay examines how early-nineteenth-century Korean Catholic women practiced confession within the Sinographic linguistic context. When Korean Catholics did not have access to confession through priests, they performed confession through both vernacular writing and brush talk, a method of communication that enabled spoken confession to be "heard" in written Sinographs. This essay draws special attention to the Korean Catholic women whose celibacy was disallowed by the ecclesial authority of the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris. Introducing the stories of Korean Catholic women from a Latin letter written by one of Korea's earliest priests, Thomas Ch'oe Yangŏp, the essay demonstrates how Korean Catholic women navigated the multimodality of confessional practice.

Avram Iancu’s Will and Legacy: Unknown Legal Documents (1850–1877) in the Rațiu Collection of the Lucian Blaga Central University Library in Cluj-Napoca

Our article presents the little known so-called Rațiu collection of documents from the years 1850– 1877 regarding the death of the Romanian hero Avram Iancu. The documents were donated in 2015 by Indrei Rațiu to the Lucian Blaga Central University Library in Cluj-Napoca. They are valuable legal historical documents regarding the testaments of Avram Iancu (1824–1872) and of his father, Alesandru Iancu (1797–1855), as well as their trials for succession. The documents were written mostly in the Romanian language with Cyrillic and Latin letters, but inserts and documents in German and Hungarian were also added.

A novel clinical classification for male urinary incontinence: MI-CRONS

Introduction:The aim of this study is to develop a new simple and practical classification of male urinary incontinence (UI) based on the clinical features and type of urinary incontinence. Materials & methods:MI-CRONS classification is a system based on severity of incontinence and patients’ characteristics. Clinical evaluation of incontinence severity is based on preservation of voiding, proportion of void/lost urine, absorbable device usage, level of physical efforts that causes urine loss and nocturnal incontinence. Following patients’ characteristics of patients were included in classification system: history of radical prostatectomy, history of pelvic radiation, surgery for prostatic obstruction, neurogenic or non-neurogenic bladder disorders, and urethral strictures and disorders. This MI-CRONS classification system uses five uppercase Latin letters as follows: Male Incontinence — Cancer, Radiation, Obstruction, Neurogenic, Stricture. The classification could be used for stress, urgency, and mixed UI forms. Results:The new MI-CRONS classification system was applied to 85 of 86 patients evaluated in this retrospective study. Patients were classified by MI-CRONS to estimate an inclusiveness and complicity of proposed classification only. One patient was not classified using the new MI-CRONS classification due to history of bladder exstrophy and augmentation cystoplasty. Most of the men studied had a stress form of urinary incontinence and the most common types were 2 (n = 18) and 3 (n = 17) after radical prostatectomy. Conclusion:The MI-CRONS has demonstrated prompt potential for classifying male incontinence of any type. The classification is a simple tool to describe these patients and could be useful for daily practice and clinical trials. Although further multicenter studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of this tool. A Delphi consensus would be proposed with international experts for the further development of MI-CRONS.