Terms Of Input Research Articles

Mathematical models of a multi-criteria problem of reengineering topological structures of ecological monitoring networks

The article deals with the theoretical aspects of the problem of reengineering the topological structures of terrestrial ecological monitoring networks. As a result of the analysis of the current state of the problem, it was revealed the need to changethe network of monitoring points, to increaserequirements for the efficiency and accuracy of observations, as well as to do the more advanced technologies for collecting,processing, storing and transmitting information. All this is possible due to reengineering of existing monitoring networks. This requires the improvement of network system optimization technologies and their software in terms oftaking into account the features of the reengineering problem, as well as the mathematical models and methods used for this. To solve the problem of reengineering of terrestrial monitoring networks, an aggregative-decomposition approach is proposed. The approach is divided into a set of tasks considering their interconnections in terms of input and output data. This made it possible to define a set of tasks that form the basis of reengineering procedures. To increase the efficiency of technologies for computer-aided design and reengineering of networks, a set of mathematical models is proposed that covers the main stages of their life cycles. The article discusses: a systemological model of iterative technology for obtaining design solutions; analytical models for evaluating the properties of network reengineering options in terms of efficiency, reliability, survivability and costs; models for identifyingeffective options for network reengineering based on Karlin and Germeier theorems; a model for evaluating the local properties of options in the form of a utility function of local criteria; model of scalar multicriteria estimation of network reengineering options based on utility theory. The utility function makes it possible to implement both linear and non-linear (including Z-andS-shaped) dependencies on their values. For the practical implementation of modelsof multicriteria problems of reengineering of topological structures of networks, it is proposed to use the method of generation of effective design solutions in parallel with the generation and the method of comparator parametric synthesis of the scalar multicriteria estimation function. The performance and efficiencyof the proposed mathematical models and methods are demonstrated by examples of solving the problems of subset selection of Pareto-optimal options for building networks and parametric synthesis of the scalar multicriteria estimation function. The application in practice of the proposed set of models and methods will increase the degree of automation of network reengineering processes, reduce the time for solving the problem of multi-criteria choice due to the reduction in the time complexity of the analysis procedures, and increase the stability of the decisions made by compromising their choice only from a subset of effective ones.

Numerical modeling of defect formation in friction stir welding

This study presents an investigation of welding defect formation in joining AZ61 magnesium alloy with friction stir welding by means of a 3D finite element model. The numerical model was created and analyzed in the ABAQUS software. This numerical model uses coupled Eulerian Lagrangian formulation, modified Coulomb's friction law, Johnson-Cook material law, mass scaling technique, and temperature dependent friction coefficient values. The numerical model was validated with experimental results in terms of heat input, temperature distribution, plastic deformation type-amount, and weld defect formation in the weld zone. In friction stir welding, the heat input with a certain tool simply changes directly proportional to the ratio of tool rotation speed to tool feed rate for constant tool compressive force. In the numerical model, as in the experimental study, when the ratio of tool rotational speed to tool feed rate is 2, low heat input results in insufficient plastic deformation, leading to the formation of weld defects in the form of void. When the ratio of tool rotational speed to tool feed rate is 3, however, it was observed that sufficient heat input is provided, and no welding defects occur. The generated numerical model enables the determination of the welding defects that occur in the form of voids in the friction stir welding in a very short processing time. Besides, weld seam geometry can be predicted quite accurately with this model.

Optimization of Pulsed Electric Fields-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From White Grape Pomace Using Response Surface Methodology

This study was focused on the optimization of the pulsed electric fields (PEF)-assisted extraction process using central composite design for response surface methodology from response surface methodology (RSM) with the aim to sustainably intensify the extractability of phenolic compounds from white grape pomace. The cell disintegration index (Zp) was used as response variable to identify the optimal PEF pre-treatment conditions of grape pomace in terms of field strength (E = 0.5–5 kV/cm) and energy input (WT = 1–20 kJ/kg), to be applied prior to the subsequent solid-liquid extraction (SLE) process. for both untreated and PEF-treated samples SLE process was optimized to determine the most effective combination of extraction temperature (20–50°C), extraction time (30–300 min), and solvent concentration (0–100% ethanol in water). Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP) of the obtained extracts were determined. The extracted compounds from untreated and PEF-treated samples at the optimal conditions were analyzed via HPLC-PDA analysis. Results revealed that, at a fixed extraction temperature (50°C), the application of PEF at optimal processing conditions (E = 3.8 kV/cm, WT = 10 kJ/kg) prior to SLE has the potential to reduce the solvent consumption (3–12%) and shorten the extraction time (23–103 min) to obtain the same recovery yield of phenolic compounds. Under optimized conditions, the extracts derived from PEF-treated samples showed significantly higher TPC (8%), FC (31%), and FRAP (36%) values, as compared to the control extraction. HPLC analyses revealed that epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin were among the main phenolic compounds extracted, and no degradation phenomena occurred due to PEF application.

Reconciling individual-based forest growth models with landscape-level studies through a meta-modelling approach

Landscape-level studies such as those on forest management planning and carbon accounting rely on large-area growth projections provided by forest growth models. Nowadays, most of these models are individual tree-based models. The detailed input they require and their complexity are a challenge for the integration into a landscape-level study. A possible alternative consists of approximating the complex model through a meta-model. A meta-model mimics the behaviour of the original model, while being simpler in terms of input and computation. In this study, we developed a Bayesian meta-modelling approach that can be used to obtain a simplified growth model from an individual tree-based model. The approach was exemplified through a real-world case study, namely a forest management unit in the province of Quebec, Canada. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, we managed to fit meta-models based on the Chapman–Richards equation or its derivative for the main potential vegetation types. This meta-modelling approach has the advantages of ( i) being an effective method of upscaling, ( ii) providing simple meta-models suitable for landscape-level studies, and ( iii) ensuring a proper error propagation from the original individual tree-based model into the meta-model.

On mild solutions of the generalized nonlinear fractional pseudo-parabolic equation with a nonlocal condition

The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of mild solutions of the generalized nonlinear fractional pseudo-parabolic equation with a nonlocal condition. Unlike previous papers, in the current paper, we assume that the source function of the problem may have a singularity. The existence results are proven via the Schaefer, nonlinear Leray–Schauder alternatives and Banach fixed point theorems. Further, the continuity of mild solutions in terms of inputs (fractional orders, nonlocal condition, and associated parameters) is extensively discussed.

Hyperparameter Optimization of Long Short-Term Memory-Based Forecasting DNN for Antenna Modeling Through Stochastic Methods

This letter presents an impressive optimization method for determining the optimal model hyperparameters of a deep neural network (DNN) targeted to model the characteristics of antennas. In this paper we propose an innovative approach of efficient yield analysis for modeling and sizing antennas. It is based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) DNN aiming to forecast the extended frequency responses, where various stochastic methods are applied for determining the optimal hyperparameters while training a DNN. Among the various methods, the one which models the antenna accurately in terms of input scattering parameter, gain, and radiation patterns is the winner. The proposed method is compact and addresses the problem of heavy reliance to the designer experience in determining the hyperparameters. Additionally, forecasting the future frequency responses of the antenna reduces the designers effort substantially in measuring large frequency band; hence, measuring whole frequency band would not be needed. For validating the effectiveness of the proposed method, the fabricated two element antenna array is used for modeling where the results demonstrate that the Thompson sampling (TS) algorithm can determine optimal hyperparameters with minimum error in comparison with other reported stochastic methods leads to predict the future frequency band accurately.

The technical efficiency of maternal and child health hospitals in China: a case study of Hubei Province

BackgroundMaternal and child health (MCH) hospitals play an essential role in providing MCH services in China, while the supply has become increasingly challenging in the past decade, especially among secondary MCH hospitals. In this study we aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency (TE) of secondary MCH hospitals in Hubei province (China) to generate evidence-based decision-making for efficiency improvement.MethodsThe data were collected from the Department of Maternal and Child Health of Health Commission of Hubei Province in 2019. A total of 59 out of 74 secondary MCH hospitals were included as our study sample. Four input indicators (number of health professionals, number of beds, number of equipment with value greater than 10,000 RMB Yuan, building area for hospital operations) and three output indicators (number of total diagnostic patients, number of discharged patients, and number of birth deliveries) were selected based on previous literature. TE scores of the sample hospitals were estimated by using Bootstrap-Data Envelopment Analysis (Bootstrap-DEA).ResultsAfter bias-correction with Bootstrap-DEA model, the average TE score of the MCH hospitals was 0.673. 20 (33.89%) MCH hospitals had TE scores below the average. No MCH hospitals achieved excellent efficiency; 16 (27.11%) MCH hospitals reached good efficiency; and 26 (44.06%) MCH hospitals fell into poor and failing efficiency. Besides, 17 MCH hospitals had TE scores of 1 before bias-corrections, while none of them reached 1 after bias correction.ConclusionsSignificant capacity variations existed among the secondary MCH hospitals in terms of input and output indicators and their overall TE was low in Hubei of China. For better improvement, the secondary MCH hospitals in Hubei need to improve their internal management and strengthen the construction of their information systems. A series of policy supports are needed from the health and insurance administrations to optimize health resources. Third-party performance evaluation can be piloted to improve efficiency and overall performance of the MCH hospitals. The policy recommendations we raise for MCH hospitals in Hubei can be worth learning for some low- and middle- income countries.

Evaluation of shooting sports achievement development program at PB PERBAKIN

The purpose of research is evaluation of the implementation of the national sports achievement development program for shooting sports in PB PERBAKIN using the CIPP evaluation model (Contexs, Input, Process, Product). The sampling technique was purposive sampling, so the sample in this study is 39 people. Collecting data using observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the overall results of the evaluation of the coaching program for improving national sports achievement in the airsoft sport in PB. PERBAKIN has been running well with a score of 67,92. In terms of context, it has gone well with a nikai of 69,40. In terms of input it has been going well with a value of 70,21. In terms of the process has been going well with a value of 67,35. In terms of the product, in general, the achievements achieved are quite good, but the achievement is not maximized so that a score of 56,75 is obtained even though it is not in line with expectations but in this evaluation there are good things, namely the support and enthusiasm of parents for athletes is very good.

Impact of Training and Education on Shipping Staff in the Nigerian Maritime Industry

Training and Education play a significant role in human capacity development in which maritime industry is not an exception. Despite this, knowledge gap still exists which mar port performance and productivity. This paper is set out to examine the impact of training and re-training in the Nigerian maritime sector. Simple random sampling technique was used in which three hundred questionnaires were distributed to respondents. It was revealed that strength of the association between off-shore staff training and education (r=-.423 ** , p<.000) and shipping sector operational effectiveness is weak but significant. It was concluded that training and education bridge the knowledge gap which improve the competence of staff in terms of intellectual input (creativity and innovation) and directly influence the shipping sector with the aim of maximizing and improving the shipping sector operational effectiveness.

Implementasi Program Puskesmas Pelayanan Obstetri Neonatal Emergensi Dasar (PONED) di Kabupaten Lebak

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one indicator in looking at existing health problems. MMR in Indonesia is still high. In reducing MMR, the government established a PONED Health Centers (Basic Emergency Neonatal Obstetric Service). The PONED Health Centers must be well implemented to contribute to the reduction of MMR. The purpose of the study was to analyze the implementation of the PONED Public Health Centers in Lebak Regency in terms of input, process, output, and outcome. This research method is qualitative, using a case study approach. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The population in this study were 36 PONED Public Health Centers. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Participants in the study were the head of the puskesmas and the PONED team from the Rangkasbitung Health Center, Kalanganyar Health Center, Warunggunung Health Center, Bojongmanik Health Center, and Cileles Health Center. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten informants, including representatives from the PONED Core team. In addition to interviews, the data collection process was by filling out checklists and medical record data. The research results found that the human resources of the PONED Health Center have not been fully certified, and the readiness of the service by the 24-hour guard team in 1 day was not optimal; the evaluation of infrastructure facilities in several PONED Centers requires improvement. The evaluation results found that maternal services in several PONED Health Centers still need improvement. The referral system at the PONED Health Center has been running, and the Jamilah program has become an icon of the Bojongmanik Health Center. Some of the conditions that cause MMR are mainly caused by other diseases; the rest are bleeding, hypertension, and blood circulation disorders

Identification of sources and transformations of nitrate in Cr(VI)-impacted alluvial aquifers by a hydrogeochemical and δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3 - isotopes approach.

A coupled methodology of nitrogen isotopes, hydrogeochemical characterization, multivariate statistical analysis, and SIAR Bayesian modeling has been employed to identify the sources of NO3- and N transformation processes in three alluvial aquifers (Schinos, Thiva, and Central Evia) located in central Greece where geogenic Cr(VI) co-occurs with agricultural activity and rural development. Hexavalent chromium concentrations exceed 50μg/L in many sampling stations of the studied groundwater bodies, while nitrate contamination is evident in all three study areas with concentrations well over 50mg/L. The mean δ15N-NO3- and δ18Ο-NO3- values are 6.67 ± 1.77‰ and 2.68 ± 1.77‰ in C. Evia, 8.72 ± 4.74‰ and 3.96 ± 4.57‰ in Schinos and 4.44 ± 1.71‰ and 2.91 ± 1.02‰ in Thiva, respectively. Domestic sewage and N-bearing fertilizers are contributing in various degrees to the observed nitrification which is the dominant transformation process of N in the studied aquifers. Multivariate statistics indicated that the main processes identified in the study areas are salinization, silicate dissolution, and groundwater contamination due to fertilizer use. It is suggested that ultramafic rock-related alluvial aquifers must be closely monitored in terms of nutrient inputs as an effective measure for controlling Cr(VI) release in groundwater.

A comprehensive comparison of mixing and mass transfer in shake flasks and their relationship with MAb productivity of CHO cells

The selection of highly recombinant protein (RP)-productive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines is widely carried out in shake flasks. It is assumed that increases in the operating parameters in shake flasks lead to impairments in cell growth and RP production. These effects in cells metabolism are widely associated with high mass transfers and hydrodynamic stress. This study examined the impact of commonly used operational parameters on growth and specific productivity (qP) of two CHO cell lines differentially secreting a humanized anti-hIL8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and cultured in 250ml flasks. The evaluated parameters are filling volume (10, 15, and 20%), shaking frequency (60 and 120 revolutions per minute -rpm-), and orbital diameter (25.4 and 19mm). The analysis of the oxygen transfer was done in terms of the measured volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and of the hydrodynamics in terms of power input per unit volume of liquid (P/V), the turbulent eddy length scale measured by the Kolmogorov's microscale of turbulence, the energy dissipation rate, the average shear stress, and the shear rate. Though almost all measured kinetic and stoichiometric parameters remained unchanged, mAb titer included, significant differences were found in maximum cell concentration, 10-45% higher in conditions with lower values of kLa and P/V. Changes in glucose metabolism contributing to qP were only shown in the higher producer cell line. Non-lethal responses to elevated oxygen transfer and shear stress might be present and must be considered when evaluating CHO cell cultures in shake flasks.

Forest–lake ecotones in a tropical forest: Terrestrial invertebrate inputs to lakes decrease with forest distance

Abstract Ecotones between tropical forests and lakes compose an ecosystem interconnection with a high abundance of terrestrial invertebrates, which represent an outstanding resource for the aquatic fauna. However, there is still little quantitative information on tropical forest contribution in terms of invertebrate inputs into lacustrine systems and the factors controlling this flux. To quantify the terrestrial invertebrate contribution into tropical lakes, we selected six lakes located in the Atlantic rainforest, south‐eastern Brazil, and used pan traps placed in the lakeshore. We focused on total abundance, biomass, and richness of insect orders. To assess the influence of forest and lake morphometry on terrestrial invertebrate inputs into lakes, we measured the forest–lake distance and considered the morphometric characteristics of each lake. Distance from forest negatively affected the invertebrate biomass reaching the lakes. The dissimilarity across different ecotones also increased with distance from the forest. Perimeter‐to‐area ratio negatively affected the invertebrate abundance, suggesting that more dendritic lakes receive more invertebrates from the forest. We estimated that annually, on average 21 tons of terrestrial invertebrates fall into the studied lakes, representing a massive food resource for the aquatic ecosystem. Hence, if the distance from the forest increases due, for instance, to severe drought or deforestation, it will create an herbaceous environment unable to provide such a quantity of insects to the water ecosystems, compromising aquatic and terrestrial trophic webs dynamics.

Complex Interval-Valued q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Hamy Mean Operators and Their Application in Decision-Making Strategy

This paper deals with uncertainty, asymmetric information, and risk modelling in a complex power system. The uncertainty is managed by using probability and decision theory methods. Multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique is a very effective and well-known tool to investigate fuzzy information more effectively. However, the selection of houses cannot be carried out by utilizing symmetry information, because enterprises does not have complete information, so asymmetric information should be used when selecting enterprises. Hamy mean (HM) operator is a feasible tool to handle strategic decision-making problems because it can capture the order between the finite input terms. Additionally, the complex interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy (CIVq-ROF) setting is a broadly flexible and massively dominant technique to operate problematic and awkward data in actual life problems. The major contribution of this analysis is how to aggregate the collection of alternatives into a singleton set, for this we analyzed the technique of CIVq-ROF Hamy mean (CIVq-ROFHM) operator and CIVq-ROF weighted Hamy mean (Cq-ROFWHM) operator and some well-known results are deliberated. Keeping the advantages of the parameters in HM operators, we discussed the specific cases of the invented operators. To investigate the decision-making problems based on CIVq-ROF information, we suggested the following multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique to determine the beneficial term from the finite group of alternatives with the help of evaluating several examples. This manuscript showed how to make decisions when there is asymmetric information about enterprises. Finally, based on the evaluating examples, we try to discover the sensitive analysis and supremacy of the invented operators to find the flexibility and dominancy of the diagnosed approaches.

Intra-industry Trade in Latvian Agricultural Commodities and Food Products

The share of simultaneous exports and imports of the same types of products by a country or intra-industry trade has gown continuously over the last century. At the same time, share of inter-industry trade when countries specialize in production and trade occurs only between industries has declined. Trade in differentiated products of the same sector and the same stage of processing is referred to as a horizontal intraindustry trade. Such products are close substitutes for each other in terms of factor inputs and consumption. Trade in products of the same sector at different stages of processing is referred to as a vertical intra-industry trade. According to economic theory, a rise in the share of intra-industry trade is occurring within the trade growth in general due to an economic development and broader integration. Since early nineties, Latvia has remained a net importer of agri-food products. At the same time, both exports and imports of agricultural commodities and processed food products has consistently grown, with total trade turnover increasing. The objective of the study is to determine the share of the intra-industry trade and structural changes in the sectors of Latvian agricultural production and food processing over the last decade. To reach the research objectives, Grubel-Lloyd intraindustry trade indexes, Brülhart marginal intra industry trade indexes and Thom-McDowell indexes of total marginal intraindustry trade were compiled for Latvian agri-food trade data over ten years period from 2002 to 2011. The research results show consistently high share of intra-industry trade in total Latvian trade in agricultural commodities and food products over the whole period. A shift from predominantly vertical marginal intra-industry trade towards horizontal marginal intraindustry trade is observed.

Analysis of Stigma in Relation to Behaviour and Attitudes towards Mental Health as Influenced by Social Desirability in Nursing Students.

The training undergraduate nursing students receive, both in terms of theoretical input and clinical practice, may help to instil a less stigmatising perception of mental health. To analyse the perceived evolution of attitudes and expected behaviours, a longitudinal repeated measures study was conducted in a population of student nurses during their undergraduate mental health education. The Mental Illness: Clinicians’ Attitudes Scale, a Scale for measuring attitudes to the mentally ill among future Health workers, and the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale were completed. A mixed linear model was used to assess the effect of each factor in the questionnaires before and after the various stages of the students’ training in mental health. The overall effect of each factor was assessed by testing the interaction between factor and group, both with and without adjustment with the Social Desirability Scale. The results showed that the clinical practice stage, due to the proximity to care for people with mental health problems, improves attitudes and behaviours towards mental health in students who have not had mental health problems, and also in younger students. In conclusion, integrated, holistic training during the period of clinical practice was associated with positive changes in the attitudes and intended behaviour.

Evaluating of Islamic Religious Education Curriculum Management Program at Madrasah Tsanawiyah in North Sumatera

This study aims to obtain the evaluation results of the Islamic Religious Education curriculum management program at Madrasah Tsanawiyah in North Sumatra using the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, and Product). This research is qualitative research with a management approach, and research data is obtained through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. In contrast, the data analysis uses descriptive analysis by reducing data, displaying data and drawing conclusions. The results show that in terms of context, the form of the Islamic Education curriculum used was based on the 2013 curriculum in the subjects of the Hadith Qur'an, Aqidah Akhlak, Fiqh, SKI, and three pesantren subjects, namely Arabic (Nahwu sorof), Calligraphy, and Takhfidzul Qur. Local curriculum-based is a basic need for schools, especially the community and students, in terms of input, the availability of adequate infrastructure, teacher qualifications according to scientific disciplines, although in terms of pedagogical competence, it is still not optimal in terms of process, program The Islamic Religious Education curriculum can be implemented well even though it is not optimal and sometimes there are still activities that are carried out, some are appropriate and some are not appropriate, in terms of product, the PAI curriculum provides a new direction that can build positive and negative civilizations both madrasas, teachers and student.

Analysis of Implementation of the Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) during the Covid-19 Pandemic at the West Lombok District Health Center

The Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) is implemented by Health Social Security Administering Agency (BPJS Kesehatan) in an integrated manner involving participants, health facilities, and BPJS Kesehatan in order to maintain the health of participants with chronic diseases, especially Diabetes Militus Type 2 (DMT2). It is aimed at sufferers to achieve a better quality of life. The cost of effective and efficient health services is an important factor, because it is one of the performance-based capitation indicators in Community Health Centers (Puskesmas). Based on data from the West Lombok Health Office, West Nusa Tenggara province - Indonesia, from the top 10 most diseases, diabetes mellitus ranks 8 (eight), where in 2019 there were 8.882 cases, while in 2020 there were 9.683. The purpose of this study is to analyze the input, process and output factors of the PROLANIS program at the Puskesmas. This study is a descriptive study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, where primary data was obtained from in-depth interviews and secondary data from the Pcare Puskesmas application. The results showed that the input of PROLANIS registered participants was still very low (about 14% of the total number of participants diagnosed with DM), the process indicator of the number of PROLANIS participants who visited the puskesmas was quite high (82%), and the output indicator showed the number or ratio of participants whose blood sugar was controlled, is still very low (26%). Finally, in general, our findings are that the implementation of PROLANIS at the West Lombok District Health Center during the Covid-19 Pandemic is still not optimal in terms of input, process, and output.

Review article: Impact of pandemics on rural emergency departments: A scoping review.

Pandemics can cause much distress to communities and present a major burden to the resources and functioning of hospitals. This scoping review aimed to identify, evaluate and summarise current literature regarding how pandemics impact rural EDs in terms of staff wellbeing, structure, function and resources. A systematic search of six databases using search terms including pandemic, ED and rural and remote was undertaken. Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed, written in English, original research, published between January 2010 and October 2021 and discussed the impact of pandemics on rural EDs. Articles were critically appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Three articles, one from Canada and two from the United States, met the inclusion criteria. The articles included were quantitative in design and fulfilled most of the MMAT critical analysis criteria. Pandemics reported on included H1N1 and COVID-19. These pandemics impacted rural EDs in terms of functioning and resourcing; no description of staff wellbeing or structure was identified. Rural ED functioning was affected in terms of input; with an increase in patient presentations and time to physician assessment during H1N1, but a decrease in patient presentations and transfers during COVID-19. Rural ED resources were impacted in regard to staffing, difficulty in obtaining stocks of personal protective equipment and medication, and community response. Further research to understand and address the short- and long-term impacts pandemics may have on rural EDs is required.

유학생의 한국어 듣기 평가를 위한 한국어능력시험의 내용 타당도 분석 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the content validity of TOPIK, which is employed as an evaluation tool for international students in order to develop Korean listening evaluation for academic purposes. The validity of TOPIK was examined by comparing it with TOEFL iBT, which is stably used to measure the language ability of learners with academic purposes. 350 questions and 206 questions were collected from 7 papers of each test. The collected data were coded in terms of input and output, and analyzed with the use of IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. The results indicate that all the passages in TOEFL consisted of lectures, counseling, and administrative discourses, whereas in TOPIK, 78% of the scenes were less relevant to the target language use domain of international students, and the counseling situation was not considered at all. In the case of output patterns, unlike TOEFL, which showed relatively even distribution, TOPIK was focused on specific question types, and in lecture listening, logical reasoning questions were not presented, and pragmatic reasoning questions were not given in administrative discourse. The difference between the two tests was statistically significant, and the validity of the TOPIK test was not high compared to TOEFL, nor was it in itself. In consideration of practicality, educational application which can increase the validity while maintaining the frame of the current test, was suggested. (Ewha Womans University)