Input Tasks Research Articles

Модели составных гармонических полуволн и связь дискретизации времени с энтропией временных параметров сигналов

The problem of finding the absolute error of stepwise and linear interpolation of the control signal from uniform samples from it using models of composite harmonic half-waves is solved. Previously, during the inspection of the control object, the maximum values of the signal parameters and half-waves are determined: speed, acceleration and sharpness, there are no spectrum parameters. To determine the values of the intervals of uniform sampling of time, two groups of models of "harmonic half-waves" are considered. The first group of models is described by harmonic time functions whose parameters are consistent. The second group of models is described by composite harmonic functions of time, thereby the time parameters of the signals are consistent. It is proved that with an increase in the entropy of the maximum values of the signal parameters, the value of the time sampling interval increases without increasing the interpolation error. Thus, the entropy value of the signal parameters serves as an indicator of their inconsistency. The results of modeling and graphs obtained in the environment of the mathematical package are presented. The results are intended to optimize the loading of input tasks and primary information processing of processors in robust real-time automation systems, for example, used to control high-speed trains when braking in sliding or skidding mode.

Computing complete solution sets for approximate four-bar path synthesis

The approximate path synthesis of four-bar linkages has been framed and solved with many different optimization techniques. Here we present a polynomial objective that is invariant to the number of approximate design positions selected, and a solution technique capable of finding all minima. The invariance property caps compute time despite increasing the size of input task specification data. This is performed by collecting a variable amount of task data into an invariable number of polynomial coefficients, called moments, before numerical optimization begins. The minima are found by applying the method of random monodromy loops to the zero gradient polynomial system of the aforementioned objective. This procedure finds all critical points, including the local and global minimum, and provides an in-process estimate of the percentage of critical points found. We applied our methodology to four-bar path synthesis problems of various computational scales by altering dimensional pre-specifications. The most general case was estimated to have 1,820,238 ± 3810 critical points, while pre-specification of one or two ground pivots yielded 26,052 and 503 roots, respectively, as validated by a trace test. The results are applied to a variety of examples.

Energy-efficient resource allocation in cloud infrastructure using L3F-MGA and E-ANFIS

In industry along with academia, Task Scheduling (TS) along with Resources Allocation (RA) remains a challenging issue even though lots of work was carried out in the Cloud Computing (CC) field. CC uses massive virtualized Data Centers (DC). Still, it took an enormous quantity of energy on account of the constant demand by users for resources in addition to inefficient RA techniques. The higher Energy Consumption (EC) because of improper RA inside DC can be overcome using energy-aware RA techniques. Therefore, this paper proposes a Levy flight Firefly Modified Genetic Algorithm (L3F-MGA) as well as an Entropy-based Adaptive Neuros-Fuzzy Inferences System (E-ANFIS) for energy-efficient Resources Allocation (EE-RA) in cloud structure that manages the user demands and also lessens the EC of Cloud Data Center (CDC). In the proposed work, centred on task features together with cloud resource features, the input tasks are arranged using L3F-MGA. Conversely, the Virtual Machine (VM) status is identified. After that, centred on the task feature and VM status details, the E-ANFIS allows the active VM to complete the tasks effectively. The experiments compare the proposed method's performance for effective RA with other associated works. The proposed RA technique shows EC by 11 % lesser than the existing CM-GA. The Processing Time of E-ANFIS is 8 % lesser than CM-GA, 14 % less than ANFIS, 20 % less than GA, and 16 % less than PSO.

Dynamic Multimodal Fusion via Meta-Learning Towards Micro-Video Recommendation

Multimodal information (e.g., visual, acoustic, and textual) has been widely used to enhance representation learning for micro-video recommendation. For integrating multimodal information into a joint representation of micro-video, multimodal fusion plays a vital role in the existing micro-video recommendation approaches. However, the static multimodal fusion used in previous studies is insufficient to model the various relationships among multimodal information of different micro-videos. In this article, we develop a novel meta-learning-based multimodal fusion framework called Meta Multimodal Fusion (MetaMMF), which dynamically assigns parameters to the multimodal fusion function for each micro-video during its representation learning. Specifically, MetaMMF regards the multimodal fusion of each micro-video as an independent task. Based on the meta information extracted from the multimodal features of the input task, MetaMMF parameterizes a neural network as the item-specific fusion function via a meta learner. We perform extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets, demonstrating the significant improvements over several state-of-the-art multimodal recommendation models, like MMGCN, LATTICE, and InvRL. Furthermore, we lighten our model by adopting canonical polyadic decomposition to improve the training efficiency, and validate its effectiveness through experimental results. Codes are available at https://github.com/hanliu95/MetaMMF .

SCEHO-IPSO: A Nature-Inspired Meta Heuristic Optimization for Task-Scheduling Policy in Cloud Computing

Task scheduling is an emerging challenge in cloud platforms and is considered a critical application utilized by the cloud service providers and end users. The main challenge faced by the task scheduler is to identify the optimal resources for the input task. In this research, a Sine Cosine-based Elephant Herding Optimization (SCEHO) algorithm is incorporated with the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm for enhancing the task scheduling behavior by utilizing parameters like load balancing and resource allocation. The conventional EHO and PSO algorithms are improved utilizing a sine cosine-based clan-updating operator and human group optimizer that improve the algorithm’s exploration and exploitation abilities and avoid being trapped in the local optima problem. The efficacy of the SCEHO-IPSO algorithm is analyzed by using performance measures like cost, execution time, makespan, latency, and memory storage. The numerical investigation indicates that the SCEHO-IPSO algorithm has a minimum memory storage of 309 kb, a latency of 1510 ms, and an execution time of 612 ms on the Kafka platform, and the obtained results reveal that the SCEHO-IPSO algorithm outperformed other conventional optimization algorithms. The SCEHO-IPSO algorithm converges faster than the other algorithms in the large search spaces, and it is appropriate for large scheduling issues.

SplitPlace: AI Augmented Splitting and Placement of Large-Scale Neural Networks in Mobile Edge Environments

In recent years, deep learning models have become ubiquitous in industry and academia alike. Deep neural networks can solve some of the most complex pattern-recognition problems today, but come with the price of massive compute and memory requirements. This makes the problem of deploying such large-scale neural networks challenging in resource-constrained mobile edge computing platforms. To solve this, a promising solution is to split resource-hungry neural networks into lightweight disjoint smaller components for pipelined distributed processing. At present, there are two main approaches to do this: semantic and layer-wise splitting. The former partitions a neural network into parallel disjoint models that produce a part of the result, whereas the latter partitions into sequential models that produce intermediate results. However, there is no intelligent algorithm that decides which splitting strategy to use and places such modular splits to edge nodes for optimal performance. To combat this, this work proposes a novel AI-driven online policy, SplitPlace, that uses Multi-Armed-Bandits to intelligently decide between layer and semantic splitting strategies based on the input task's service deadline demands. SplitPlace places such neural network split fragments on mobile edge devices using decision-aware reinforcement learning for efficient and scalable computing. Moreover, SplitPlace fine-tunes its placement engine to adapt to volatile environments. Our experiments on physical mobile-edge environments with real-world workloads show that SplitPlace can significantly improve the state-of-the-art in terms of average response time, deadline violation rate, inference accuracy, and total reward by up to 46, 69, 3 and 12 percent respectively.

POLSTM: Poplar optimization-based long short term memory model for resource allocation in cloud environment

Due to the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the number of devices is growing day by day which arises the stringent requirements for various communications. The standard cloud computing model is not capable of efficiently hosting IoT tasks due to the high latency associated with it. Hence, this work utilizes the mobile edge computing and fog concept to process the input tasks independent of the cloud layer. Generally, the high computation costs and energy consumption resulted in the applications such as power-hungry and computation-intensive, which become massive challenges for an IoT device. Motivated by the previous research, we mainly plan to investigate the resource allocation issues that arise in the MEC-enabled IoT–Fog–cloud architecture. We propose a Poplar Optimization algorithm (POA) based on Attention 1DCNN-LSTM architecture (POA-A1DCNN-LSTM) for improving the total utility of the MEC servers by optimizing the energy consumption and task delay. Initially, the POA algorithm is implemented for cluster head (optimal fog node) selection using the node degree, node distance, and residual energy. Next, the A1DCNN-LSTM architecture is employed for task offloading by selecting the fog node with minimal task length and processing delay. The performance of the proposed method is validated by average latency, user satisfaction, network lifetime, energy consumption, average time delay, and normalized system utility. The experimentation results revealed that the proposed method attained better effectiveness in different metrics by achieving 1.5 ms, 0.65, 60 s, 0.45 j, 385 ms, and 0.98 compared to state-of-the-art methods.The experimentation outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed POA-A1DCNN-LSTM architecture to decrease task completion delay and offer effective task scheduling as well as resource allocation performances in the MEC-enabled IoT–Fog–cloud network.

Explicit information, working memory, and cognitive control in processing instruction

This exploratory study examines the how individual differences in working memory and cognitive control relate to processing instruction (PI) targeting word order and accusative clitic pronouns in L2 Italian. Intermediate learners of Italian (N = 32) completed 50 structured input items, in which they heard a sentence beginning with either a preverbal accusative clitic pronoun or a subject/agent and matched what they heard with one of two pictures. Half of the participants received explicit information about the target structure prior to the treatment; the other half did not. In addition, all participants completed a test of working memory (operation span task) and a test of inhibitory control (AX-CPT). The results revealed different relationships between cognitive measures (working memory, cognitive control) and structured input task performance depending on whether learners received explicit information prior to the treatment. The findings suggest that individual differences in these resources may have more to do with how learners utilize them in different ways and at different times depending on the availability of explicit information. However, PI is still an effective treatment for learners of varying degrees of working memory and cognitive control regardless of the presence explicit information.

Comparing Experts and Novices for AI Data Work: Insights on Allocating Human Intelligence to Design a Conversational Agent

Many AI system designers grapple with how best to collect human input for different types of training data. Online crowds provide a cheap on-demand source of intelligence, but they often lack the expertise required in many domains. Experts offer tacit knowledge and more nuanced input, but they are harder to recruit. To explore this trade off, we compared novices and experts in terms of performance and perceptions on human intelligence tasks in the context of designing a text-based conversational agent. We developed a preliminary chatbot that simulates conversations with someone seeking mental health advice to help educate volunteer listeners at 7cups.com. We then recruited experienced listeners (domain experts) and MTurk novice workers (crowd workers) to conduct tasks to improve the chatbot with different levels of complexity. Novice crowds perform comparably to experts on tasks that only require natural language understanding, such as correcting how the system classifies a user statement. For more generative tasks, like creating new lines of chatbot dialogue, the experts demonstrated higher quality, novelty, and emotion. We also uncovered a motivational gap: crowd workers enjoyed the interactive tasks, while experts found the work to be tedious and repetitive. We offer design considerations for allocating crowd workers and experts on input tasks for AI systems, and for better motivating experts to participate in low-level data work for AI.

Genetic Algorithm-Based Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing Using MapReduce Framework

Task scheduling is an essential component of any distributed system because it routes tasks to appropriate resources for execution, such as grids, clouds, and peer-to-peer networks. Common scheduling algorithms include downsides, such as high temporal complexity, non-simultaneous processing of input tasks, and longer program execution times. Exploration-based scheduling algorithms prioritize tasks using a variety of methods, resulting in long execution times on heterogeneous distributed computing systems. As a result, task prioritization becomes a bottleneck in such systems. It is appropriate to prioritize tasks with the shortest execution time using faster algorithms. The genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the evolutionary approaches used to solve complex problems quickly. This paper proposes a parallel GA with a MapReduce architecture for scheduling jobs on cloud computing with various priority queues. The fundamental aim of this study is to employ a MapReduce architecture to minimize the total execution time of the task scheduling process in the cloud computing environment. The proposed method accomplishes task scheduling in two stages: first, the GA was used in conjunction with heuristic techniques to assign tasks to processors, and then the GA was used in conjunction with the MapReduce framework to assign jobs to processors. In our experiments, we consider heterogeneous resources that differ in their ability to execute various tasks, as well as running a job on different resources with varying execution durations. The results show that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, whale optimization algorithm, moth-flame optimization, and intelligent water drops.

Designing an Accounting Information Management System Using Big Data and Cloud Technology

With the rapid development of science and technology pushing people into the information age, the appearance of information technology is a major change for the accounting industry, which will redefine the traditional accounting profession. The new management techniques and concepts also gradually change the traditional accounting working mode by promoting the development of accounting professionals from traditional accounting to accounting information. In recent years, cybercrime and attacking information system vulnerability have occurred frequently. This study utilizes the model and technology in the design of an accounting information management system by simply explaining the idea of cloud technology and examining its logical structure of cloud technology. After that, it designs the cloud platform architecture of the accounting information management system (AIMS) by building the SaaS model. It defines the distributed storage mode of the cloud platform and tests the cluster performance of the system after completing the system design and construction to judge the application effect of the system. Finally, the system operation time, local rows of data, and load balancing are tested experimentally. These results demonstrate that the response relationships of distinct tasks are modified higher than TeraSort, TeraSort higher than Inquiry, and response time is proportional to the amount of Reduce slots when input tasks are the same. The analysis shows that the large data cloud platform used in this paper has high operational efficiency, acceleration rate, and task execution rate.

FlexLip: A Controllable Text-to-Lip System.

The task of converting text input into video content is becoming an important topic for synthetic media generation. Several methods have been proposed with some of them reaching close-to-natural performances in constrained tasks. In this paper, we tackle a subissue of the text-to-video generation problem, by converting the text into lip landmarks. However, we do this using a modular, controllable system architecture and evaluate each of its individual components. Our system, entitled FlexLip, is split into two separate modules: text-to-speech and speech-to-lip, both having underlying controllable deep neural network architectures. This modularity enables the easy replacement of each of its components, while also ensuring the fast adaptation to new speaker identities by disentangling or projecting the input features. We show that by using as little as 20 min of data for the audio generation component, and as little as 5 min for the speech-to-lip component, the objective measures of the generated lip landmarks are comparable with those obtained when using a larger set of training samples. We also introduce a series of objective evaluation measures over the complete flow of our system by taking into consideration several aspects of the data and system configuration. These aspects pertain to the quality and amount of training data, the use of pretrained models, and the data contained therein, as well as the identity of the target speaker; with regard to the latter, we show that we can perform zero-shot lip adaptation to an unseen identity by simply updating the shape of the lips in our model.

Sequential Relational Decomposition

The concept of decomposition in computer science and engineering is considered a fundamental component of computational thinking and is prevalent in design of algorithms, software construction, hardware design, and more. We propose a simple and natural formalization of sequential decomposition, in which a task is decomposed into two sequential sub-tasks, with the first sub-task to be executed before the second sub-task is executed. These tasks are specified by means of input/output relations. We define and study decomposition problems, which is to decide whether a given specification can be sequentially decomposed. Our main result is that decomposition itself is a difficult computational problem. More specifically, we study decomposition problems in three settings: where the input task is specified explicitly, by means of Boolean circuits, and by means of automatic relations. We show that in the first setting decomposition is NP-complete, in the second setting it is NEXPTIME-complete, and in the third setting there is evidence to suggest that it is undecidable. Our results indicate that the intuitive idea of decomposition as a system-design approach requires further investigation. In particular, we show that adding a human to the loop by asking for a decomposition hint lowers the complexity of decomposition problems considerably.

Evaluation of Going Global in the “Theoretical Framework for Evaluating POA-Based Teaching Materials”

Oriented by the theoretical framework for evaluating POA-based materials, this paper aims to evaluate Going Global from three dimensions: appropriate productive objectives, effective enabling activities and successful attainment of productive objectives by collecting interview data of six teachers, questionnaire of students and students’ works. The results show that Going Global embodies the concept of POA textbook evaluation. It has the following advantages: each unit set appropriate productive objectives which help students to have clear mind about what they need do in the unit learning; the textbook provides various related input materials and task types to assist students’ accomplishment of unit objectives; the teaching material itself stimulates students’ interest and enhances the internal driving force of students’ study. The possible disadvantage is that the gradual progress of the difficulty among the units in the same level textbooks still needs to be improved. In addition, the teaching material is deficient in the cultivation of basic language skills, and lacks relevant language training, which needs further improvement.

Online Relaxation Refinement for Satisficing Planning: On Partial Delete Relaxation, Complete Hill-Climbing, and Novelty Pruning

In classical AI planning, heuristic functions typically base their estimates on a relaxation of the input task. Such relaxations can be more or less precise, and many heuristic functions have a refinement procedure that can be iteratively applied until the desired degree of precision is reached. Traditionally, such refinement is performed offline to instantiate the heuristic for the search. However, a natural idea is to perform such refinement online instead, in situations where the heuristic is not sufficiently accurate. We introduce several online-refinement search algorithms, based on hill-climbing and greedy best-first search. Our hill-climbing algorithms perform a bounded lookahead, proceeding to a state with lower heuristic value than the root state of the lookahead if such a state exists, or refining the heuristic otherwise to remove such a local minimum from the search space surface. These algorithms are complete if the refinement procedure satisfies a suitable convergence property. We transfer the idea of bounded lookaheads to greedy best-first search with a lightweight lookahead after each expansion, serving both as a method to boost search progress and to detect when the heuristic is inaccurate, identifying an opportunity for online refinement. We evaluate our algorithms with the partial delete relaxation heuristic hCFF, which can be refined by treating additional conjunctions of facts as atomic, and whose refinement operation satisfies the convergence property required for completeness. On both the IPC domains as well as on the recently published Autoscale benchmarks, our online-refinement search algorithms significantly beat state-of-the-art satisficing planners, and are competitive even with complex portfolios.

(RE)KONCEPTUALIZACIJA POJMA AUTENTIČNOSTI U SAVREMENOJ NASTAVI STRANIH JEZIKA

This paper presents different approaches to the concept of authenti- city in the context of applied linguistics and foreign language teaching. For decades, this term has been associated only with language material used in the classroom (reductionist definition), but recent studies highlight its conceptual diversification and conclude that it is determined by other, mostly contextual factors, as well as participants in interaction. Therefore, in modern approaches to foreign language teaching, the emphasis is on a dynamic and integrated approach to the concept of authenticity (Newby, 2000), where genuine input and genuine participatory tasks promoted by teachers generate students’ genuine output who thus authenticate them in the process of interaction that is situationally determined. Consequently, as a result, the notion of authenticity is reconceptualized: it is no longer an absolute category but can be considered as a pragmatic phenomenon (Shomoossi & Ketabi 2007) and a construct generated in the socio-contextual continuum (Pinner 2014, 2016), so it is viewed holistically and applies to various aspects and actors in the process of foreign language learning.

A Digital Twin-Based Automatic Programming Method for Adaptive Control of Manufacturing Cells

The booming personalized and customized demands of customers in Industry 4.0 pose great challenges for manufacturing enterprises in terms of flexibility and responsiveness. Nowadays, many effective dynamic scheduling approaches have been proposed for manufacturing systems to quickly respond to changes in customer demands, where, however, the implementation of an automatic programming method with high control accuracy and low control delay is still challenging. The above unaddressed issue brings about a lot of labor-intensive and time-consuming manual offline programming work when adjusting the scheduling scheme to meet dynamic customer demands, resulting in limited flexibility and responsiveness in current manufacturing systems. To bridge this gap, a bi-level adaptive control architecture enabled by an automatic programming method is proposed and embedded into a digital twin manufacturing cell (DTMC). The bi-level architecture aims to automatically map an input task scheduling scheme with a batch of jobs into a group of control programs through a behavior model network and a set of event models embedded in DTMC. It also provides an adaptive program modification mechanism to quickly adapt to the dynamic adjustment of the scheduling scheme caused by the changing of customer demands or production conditions, thus equipping DTMC with strong flexibility and responsiveness. Based on the bi-level architecture, a DTMC prototype system is developed, where its application and evaluation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

LG CNS Digital Transformation Using Robotic Process Automation

Objectives: Robotic process automation (RPA) has emerged as a trend in various industries due to the increasing interest in digital transformation and innovations. RPA has been actively applied in the financial and service industries, and the ability to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) technology has prompted firms in many industries to adopt RPA to increase the efficiency of their business operations. This study aims to find out how companies adopt RPA based on LG CNS’ RPA application cases. Methods: The method of collective case studies with multiple case was used. To this end, this study analyzed and organized multiple cases exemplifying the applications of RPA in LG CNS for various purposes, such as the verification of outside information from an unassociated system, simple information verification, system input tasks, and data reconciliation. Results: Several considerations should be kept in mind for the functional implementation of AI-based RPA. Research is needed on the characteristics of specific types of applications, and an optimized RPA solution requires careful consideration of which processes will be automated by AI and how best to do so. Conclusions: RPA automates simple repetitive tasks, standardizing business processes and helping to increase the efficiency of administrative processes. Therefore, RPA should be validated for use in administrative tasks at public institutions. However, there are limits and points to consider from the standpoint of application processes, legislative issues, and governance. For these reasons, there is a need for more research and case studies on RPA technology and related industries before it can be deployed more widely.

Distributed Location-Aware Task Offloading in Multi-UAVs Enabled Edge Computing

Edge computing is a new computing paradigm which distributes tasks to edge networks for processing, it provides effective support for various mobile applications to meet their rapid response requirement. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been widely used in emergency rescue, mapping, etc., with the advantages of flexible deployment and rapid movement. However, on one hand, mobile applications will be terminated when the battery energy is exhausted. On the other hand, mobile applications will be out of service when mobile devices are out of radio coverage of UAVs. How to achieve low-cost task unloading in the resource limited and location sensitive multi-UAVs edge computing environment is rather challenging. In this paper, we propose a distributed location-aware task offloading scheme, aiming at the above issues. Specifically, we create a nonlinear task allocation problem by combining the limited energy constraints of edge nodes with the random movement of users, where the cost function is divided into static and dynamic costs, respectively. Then, we formulate this problem to a convex optimization one with linear constrains, based on regularization technology. The mathematical proof shows that the scheme can support a parameterized competitive ratio without requiring any prior knowledge of the input task. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve lower cost edge computing services.

Stepper, Swipe, Tilt, Force

Picking numbers is arguably the most frequently performed input task on smartwatches. This paper presents three new methods for picking numbers on smartwatches by performing directional swipes, twisting the wrist, and varying contact force on the screen. Unlike the default number picker, the proposed methods enable users to actively switch between slow-and-steady and fast-and-continuous increments and decrements during the input process. We evaluated these methods in two user studies. The first compared the new methods with the default input stepper method in both stationary and mobile settings. The second compared them for individual numeric values and values embedded in text. In both studies, swipe yielded a significantly faster input rate. Participants also found the method faster, more accurate, and the least mentally and physically demanding compared to the other methods. Accuracy rates were comparable between the methods.