Input Service Research Articles

Review of Enset (Tree Against Hunger and Drought) Value Chain Opportunities and Constraints in Agricultural Food Sector of Ethiopia

In sub-Saharan Africa Enset is widely dispersed wild plant species that ensures food security for many Africans. In similar view, in South and South-west parts of Ethiopia more than 20 million people depends on Enset as stable food and it is called drought tolerant food of root crop. Due to its multidimensional significant roles, its resilience and versatility during the times of famine Enset has earned the name 'The Tree against Hunger'. Besides, food items like ‘Amicho’, ’Kocho’, and ‘Bulla’ are obtained from Enset for home consumption and marketing. Besides, the value chain is the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phase of production which involves a combination of physical transformation and the input of various producer services, delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use. Thus, the main intent of this article was to review the value chain of Enset from its respective opportunities and challenges from perspective of Ethiopia. Regarding to this, the information used in this paper was the secondary source information that was extracted from journal articles and dissertation papers. Then the collected information were analyzed qualitatively and presented in narrative ways. Finally, based on the review results of this article conclusions and recommendations are given in advances.

Can Servicification Benefit Manufacturing Exports? Empirical Results for India

To enhance manufacturing exports, India, a major player in the services segment, has recently created an enabling environment through the launch of several programmes, for example, the ‘Make-in-India’ and the production-linked incentive (PLI) schemes. As the firm-level evidence on the synergies between services input use (i.e., servicification) and manufacturing exports in the country is relatively scarce, the current analysis studies the relationship between them by using the CMIE-Prowess dataset over a period of 2000–2019, for both new and existing exporting firms. At the firm level, the article uses a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator for studying the impact on export intensity, while a dynamic panel probit model is used to study the impacts on the decision to export. Apart from the analysis at the aggregate level, the influence of servicification is also judged for the low-tech and mid-to-hi-tech sectors separately and the disaggregated industry level. The observed positive relationship between servicification and manufacturing exports implies that the integration of competitiveness in the field of services with hi-tech manufacturing sectors can enhance India’s exports on the one hand and deepen firm-level global value chains participation on the other hand. JEL Codes: C23, F12, F14, F23, L25, L80

Digital input requirements for global carbon emission reduction

Abstract To answer the question of whether the growth of digital inputs can be beneficial for carbon neutrality, we thoroughly explore the impacts of digital inputs on carbon emission reduction in this work. We propose a combined framework of panel regression model and multi-objective optimization model to identify the key digital sectors and obtain their optimal total outputs. First, the results show that digital inputs continue to increase in most countries (regions) from 2000 to 2021, especially in the USA, EU countries and China. Digital equipment inputs in China are the most significant, while digital service inputs in the USA and EU countries are relatively important. Second, the regression results show that digital service inputs have significantly negative influence on carbon emissions, which means that the growth of digital service inputs will decrease carbon emissions. This result indicates that the key point of industrial digitalization for carbon emission reduction may be increasing the digital service inputs. Third, the optimization results show that the digital-input-oriented optimization model, which encourages an increase in digital service inputs, could achieve greater targets of economic growth and carbon emission reduction. The total outputs of Telecommunication Services and Computer Services should increase globally by 10.24% and 8.89%, respectively.

Servicification of GVCs through deep service provisions: Uncovering new insights from structural gravity and machine learning

AbstractIn recent decades, there has been a notable increase in linkages of services in decoupling global value chains (GVCs) and a surge in regulatory mechanisms embedded in service provisions in trade agreements. Existing literature tried to empirically link the impact of such service provisions on GVC‐related services, but none focused on identifying relevant service provisions. This study is a novel attempt in this direction using a machine learning algorithm augmented in gravity modelling. Building on the identified service provisions, the study quantifies their impact on GVC‐related services conditioned on the countries' income levels. The study also conducts the general equilibrium analysis by simulating a scenario incorporating identified service provisions in the India‐ASEAN trade agreement. The analysis finds that few service provisions exist that enhance the share of foreign service inputs in manufacturing exports of the countries involved in GVC‐related service participation. Moreover, the impact is heterogeneous regarding benefits to the developing countries as a destination of service‐value added. Finally, the study shows that introducing selected service provisions in existing trade agreements can potentially increase welfare and service trade.

Sosialisasi Edukasi Keuangan dan Berwirausaha Sejak Dini di SDN 096135 Rambung Merah Kecamatan Siantar Kabupaten Simalungun

Early financial education outreach activities are designed to educate young people about the correct use of money, wise financial management, the importance of saving for the future and entrepreneurship from an early age. Activities carried out at SDN 096135 Rambung Merah Siantar. The educational method used includes delivering material through direct teaching. Focus group discussions to provide input and evaluation of services. The results of the activity show that children have a low level of education and entrepreneurship, understand money only as a tool to buy the things they want, and do not actively save. They also reported that their parents encouraged them to save and gave pocket money only for snacks or buying toys but still did not teach their children enough to be entrepreneurs. Even though there were challenges, all participants were very enthusiastic about participating in the activity, asking lots of questions and following directions from the service team.

Trade, productivity, and services input intensity

AbstractUsing rich administrative microdata on Ugandan firms, we investigate the response of productivity to trade participation for firms in all sectors of the economy, and the moderating role of services input intensity. We find that companies that participate in trade, especially through importing, display a productivity premium. Firms that export are more productive only for a sub-sample spanning the manufacturing sector. We do not find evidence that using service inputs more intensively enhances the relationship between trade participation and firm productivity. Rather, we find some evidence that a higher share of spending on services inputs attenuates the positive relationship between trade status and productivity. This suggests that the quality of available services may not be up to the standard required to be internationally competitive.

Dual-Channel Supply Chain Coordination Considering Green and Service Inputs

Dual-Channel Supply Chain Coordination Considering Green and Service Inputs

Public Services: A Satisfaction Survey of Dumai City Hospital Services

Public service is a frequently discussed issue in Indonesia. However, when it comes to execution, local governments as service providers must consider a variety of factors. Regarding the government-owned regional hospital services that have been operating. One of them is monitoring the public satisfaction index for the services provided by Dumai city hospital. With the expectation that the findings may help policymakers at the regional hospital enhance future services. This article is intended to assess public satisfaction with the services offered by Dumai city hospital. The study used a quantitative technique measuring the Community Satisfaction Index established by the Regulation of the minister of state apparatus empowerment and bureaucratic reform of the republic of Indonesia number 14 of 2017 concerning guidelines for compiling public satisfaction surveys of public service provider units. There are nine items that are measured: requirement, systems mechanisms and procedures, time to completion, fees/rates, product specification type of service, officer behavior, competence of service officers, handling, complaints, suggestions and input, facilities and infrastructure. The study's population represents the entire community that has received services. The sample size was determined using the accidental sampling technique with 100 respondents. A questionnaire has been used for collecting the data required. The research study found that the community satisfaction index was 80.75, and the assessment category service satisfaction was good.

Service opening and wages of manufacturing firms: Evidence from China

Based on the ‘Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment’ and the input-output table issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, this paper constructs the service opening index from 1998 to 2013. With this indicator, we empirically study the impact of the service industry opening-up on firm wage. Our research yields a few findings. First, the service industry opening-up can significantly improve the level of firm wage. This result is still significantly valid after various robustness test and endogenous treatment. Moreover, after segmenting upstream service sources into details, the opening-up of the finance, telecommunication, and sales service sectors can promote the growth of firm wage. Second, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the service industry opening-up exerts a greater impact on firms' wage for firms in the central and western regions rather than eastern region, and for firms in the “post rich” regions rather than “pre-rich” regions, as well as firms in more severe market segmentation rather than regions with less market segmentation. Finally, according to the analysis of the impact mechanism, the opening-up of the service industry mainly promote firm wage through three channels: improving labor productivity, operating income, and human capital. Furthermore, the analysis of technical differences in service input displays that the service industry opening-up exerts a greater impact on firms' wage for firms in high-tech service industry. The analysis of labor income distribution shows that the opening-up of the service industry can also significantly increase the share of labor income of firm, especially in the opening-up of finance, telecommunication, and sales service industry.

Servicification in Global Value Chains in Emerging and Developing Asian Economies

Servicification in global value chains (GVCs) in emerging and developing Asian economies has become a trend recently. However, there have been no scientific studies to elucidate the mechanism of servicification in GVCs. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate the involvement of service sectors in GVCs in Asian economies in terms of the quantitative interactions between service inputs and manufacturing exports and inputs and between service inputs and service exports. For this purpose, a panel vector-autoregressive model and the Trade in Value Added database of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were used for the empirical analysis during 1995–2018. The estimation results find that, first, there exist reciprocal interactions between the business services and manufacturing sectors; foreign business service inputs are induced by manufacturing exports, whereas manufacturing inputs are induced by business service exports. Second, foreign manufacturing inputs facilitate foreign business service inputs. Third, business service inputs are promoted by business service exports. These trends in the involvement of business services’ involvement in GVCs have accelerated since the mid-2000s. To enhance the role of services in GVCs, Asian economies should facilitate the removal of explicit restrictions in service trade and address regulatory divergence across countries.

Is Service Orientation Benefitting Manufacturing Exports from Low-Middle Income Countries? Firm-level Empirical Evidence from WBES Data

Servicification of manufacturing, generally understood as the increasing use of service inputs in the production process of goods, is often associated with high-income countries. Recent empirical research on servicification and its impact on manufacturing exports across low-middle income countries is, however, relatively scarce. The current article empirically tests the servicification for low-middle income countries using the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) database over 2006–2021. A fixed effect model with country-sector-year fixed effects is used to study the impact of servicification on existing exporters (intensive margin), and a Logit model is estimated to determine the corresponding impact on the decision to export (extensive margin). While the positive influence of servicification on manufacturing exports is confirmed, different service categories (e.g., transport & communication, information & technology, research & development, legal, finance and related services) are found to play an essential role in determining the decision to enter the export market, while leaving a weaker impact on existing exporters. The findings suggest that increasing the use of different categories of service inputs may differently influence firm-level export behaviour. Liberalization of services, in the era of Industry 4.0, is expected to further enhance this interlinkage. These inevitable dynamics require preparations by firm-level decision-makers to benefit from the emerging opportunities.

Associations between recorded loneliness and adverse mental health outcomes among patients receiving mental healthcare in South London: a retrospective cohort study

PurposeLoneliness disproportionately affects people with mental disorders, but associations with mental health outcomes in groups affected remain less well understood.MethodA cohort of patients receiving mental healthcare on 30th June 2012 was assembled from a large mental health records database covering a south London catchment area. Recorded loneliness within the preceding 2 years was extracted using natural language processing and outcomes were measured between 30th June 2012 until 30th December 2019, except for survival which applied a censoring point of 6th December 2020 according to data available at the time of extraction. The following mental healthcare outcomes: (i) time to first crisis episode; (ii) time to first emergency presentation; (iii) all-cause mortality; (iv) days active to service per year; and (v) face-to-face contacts per year.ResultsLoneliness was recorded in 4,483 (16.7%) patients in the study population and fully adjusted models showed associations with subsequent crisis episode (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07–1.29), emergency presentation (HR 1.30, 1.21–1.40), days active per year (IRR 1.04, 1.03–1.05), and face-to-face contacts per year (IRR 1.28, 1.27–1.30). Recorded loneliness in patients with substance misuse problems was particularly strongly associated with adverse outcomes, including risk of emergency presentation (HR 1.68, 1.29–2.18) and mortality (HR 1.29, 1.01–1.65).ConclusionPatients receiving mental healthcare who are recorded as lonely have a higher risk of several adverse outcomes which may require a need for higher service input.

Driving Educational Excellence: A Data Envelopment Analysis Study for Decision-Making Enhancement

The education faculty aims to assess departmental effectiveness by analyzing the relationship between service levels, output variables, and input variables. This objective is coupled with the formulation of faculty development strategies tailored to enhance efficiency while accommodating individual professionals’ unique requirements and aspirations. Furthermore, beyond the annual University Evaluation System, faculty members conduct thorough evaluations to identify discrepancies in departmental reports detailing service levels and input components (factors of production) over a three-year period. Through descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing, reliable data guides the decision-making process regarding the optimal level for data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study employs four simulated scenarios to evaluate the overall performance of five departments using DEA. Findings reveal varying efficacy ratings across departments, with the Department of Health and Physical Education achieving a moderate rating and the Educational Technology Department exhibiting the lowest efficacy. Conversely, departments such as Art Education, Music Education, and Business Education showcase exemplary efficacy levels. Insights gleaned from quantitative analysis and questionnaires contribute significantly to faculty development, enhancing knowledge, competencies, values, attitudes, and future endeavors. Recommendations provided advocate for the widespread implementation of efficacious approaches to bolster faculty efficacy. Moreover, the study underscores the potential to enhance the efficiency and quality of service across faculties through the adoption of best practices and initiatives.

Manufacturer Encroachment Strategic Analysis with Platform Service Inputs: An Agent-Based Scenario

This paper considers the agency selling channel in a supply chain under platform service investment. We construct Stackelberg game models to study the impact of the manufacturer’s encroachment strategy on supply chain members. Research results indicate that the encroachment strategy always has a positive impact at the levels of the manufacturer and platform service, which should dynamically change in response to the manufacturer’s action; the platform may actively implement a service strategy without encroachment, while the platform should be cautious in providing services to avoid backlash when encroachment occurs; the high commission rate may prompt the platform to increase the service effort and hinder manufacturer encroachment; when the channel substitution rate is high, both the manufacturer and platform may suffer from it and hence they should slow down their strategy implementation and consider cooperation; when the elasticity coefficient is large and the service cost is high, it may hinder the platform from providing services and the manufacturer may take the opportunity to encroach and thus seize the market.

Intermediate service input distortions and total factor productivity: Evidence from China.

China has the most minimal proportion of intermediate service inputs among the input-output datasets encompassing 43 countries and regions within the WIOD database. This study employs a non-parametric estimation methodology to compute the appropriate input levels for two distinct categories of intermediate goods. Furthermore, it evaluates the decline in total factor productivity resulting from distortions in intermediate input. The research findings are as follows: 1) China's producer services exhibit an output elasticity approximately twice that of industrial intermediate goods. However, the input for producer services is only about half of that for the latter. This points to a notable deviation of China's input for producer services from the optimal level. 2) Upon achieving an optimal level of input allocation for intermediates, the entire industry could experience an 11.48% boost in total factor productivity. In particular, the manufacturing sector could witness an impressive surge of 33.91%. 3) A positive correlation is discerned between intermediate input distortions and the import of intermediate products.

3D Printing, Valuation, and Service Inputs: Looking to the Future Rather Than the Past to Design Rules of Origin for Advanced Manufactured Products

3D Printing, Valuation, and Service Inputs: Looking to the Future Rather Than the Past to Design Rules of Origin for Advanced Manufactured Products

Keberhasilan Penyuluhan Melalui Karakteristik Penyuluh dan Petani

Agricultural extension is a system of conveying information and innovation with communication to increase knowledge and skills and change the attitudes and behavior of farmers. The success of agricultural development is supported by the quality of human resources, especially extension agents as the main actors, and farmers as targets. Human resources that consist of individual external and internal factors are the driving force and synergist of other resources to achieve the objectives of counseling. The research aims to formulate the success of counseling through the characteristics of frmers and extension workers with a quantitative descriptive method using the Speech Communication Model theory. Primary data was obtained using interviews and structured questionnaires for 65 extension workers and farmers using proportionate stratified random sampling in 9 sub-districts, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, while the entire extension population was taken, then analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results showed that the characteristics of extension agents had a positive effect in terms of demography, competence, and service input, as well as farmer’s characteristics in terms of demography, characteristics, and communication affordability which had a high effect on the success of extension. Characteristics of farmers and extension workers have a positive correlation with extension activities, which means that the higher ability, competence, skills, and motivation of farmers and extension workers, the success of extension can increase to achieve the goals of extension, realize an increase in the lives and welfare of farmers. Efforts can be made through training activities, technical guidance, and so on as needed. In addition, government support in the provision of financing, facilities, infrastructure, and supporting activity programs in efforts to increase competence and service input in the success of extension.

Implementation of the SIPASTI BMD Program in Procurement of Goods and Services at the Sumedang Regency Council Secretariat

This article was written to examine the implementation of the SIPASTI BMD program in the procurement of goods and services at the Sumedang Regency Council Secretariat. The method used in preparing this research report is a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection techniques use literature studies and field studies. In analyzing data, the following steps are used: data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing/verification, and triangulation. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the SIPASTI BMD Program was implemented quite well. However, currently, there are several obstacles in its implementation, including network errors that can delay the input of goods and services and some employees who still don't understand the technology. In overcoming these obstacles, several efforts were made, including waiting for policies from the center and improving the quality of employees with better performance, discipline, and following technical guidance or outreach regarding the program. Suggestions related to this research are to fully encourage the Council Secretariat in determining the policies that will be implemented and pay more attention to employees who do not understand technology who will later be used as support in their work as well as facilitating networks at the Council Secretariat to support the SIPASTI BMD program.

The linkage misalignment of productive services and firms' domestic value-added ratio——Evidence from Chinese micro-firm data

Promoting the deep integration of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries is essential for enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises, cultivating a modern industrial system, and achieving high-quality, sustainable development; however, the low allocation efficiency of productive service resources has led to an extremely limited, long-term process in enhancing China's manufacturing industries' competitiveness. Based on scientific quantification of productive service linkage, this study uses micro level data from China to empirically test its impact and mechanism on the domestic value-added ratio of enterprises' exports. The results reveal a relatively high degree of mismatch of productive service input in China, which primarily reduces enterprises' domestic value-added ratio through import induced and markup reducing effects. The conclusions remain highly consistent across benchmark regression and further robustness tests, including instrumental variable estimation and a quasi-natural experiment. Further analysis reveals that enterprises in regions with a higher degree of marketization, firms facing tighter financing constraints, those with smaller gaps from the technology frontier, and enterprises in industries with comparative advantages are more easily influenced by productive services linkage misalignment. Finally, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations based on the research findings.

Sustainability in the evaluation of urban rail transit considering both firms and passengers perspectives: A dynamic network data envelopment analysis approach

This paper divides the operation of urban rail transit into sustainable production stage and sustainable consumption stage from the perspective of firms and passengers, and includes service input, service output, service consumption in a unified model. A dynamic network epsilon based measure model is proposed to measure the production efficiency, service effectiveness and operational effectiveness of urban rail transit respectively, which is used to evaluate the operational sustainability of urban rail transit. Taking 23 urban rail transit systems in China from 2015 to 2021 as an example, the research results show that urban rail transit production efficiency is superior to service effectiveness, but most urban rail transit operational effectiveness is not high, and a large amount of input redundancy in the current urban rail transit sustainable consumption stage comes from vehicle speed. At the same time, the perennial shortage of passengers and passenger miles is the main reason leading to the low service effectiveness. In addition, there is heterogeneity in urban rail transit service effectiveness among different city sizes, and there is a significant positive correlation between operational effectiveness and service effectiveness. Therefore, improving service effectiveness is the key to ensure sustainable urban rail transit operation.