Measured Input Power Research Articles

Effective Thermal Properties of a HTS Transition Edge Bolometer for High‐Flux Neutron Detection

AbstractMany applications require monitoring of increasingly high neutron flux levels. Pre‐neutron characterization is performed of a superconducting transition edge bolometric device, sensitive to neutrons by an enriched boron carbide (10B4C) layer. Heat from the absorption of neutrons is simulated using an attenuated laser, while the detector is cooled to the critical temperature, Tc. Frequency dependent (4–25 Hz) and constant input power measurements are performed on a 10B4C‐coated and a non‐coated pixel. Results are used to fit a two lumped element thermal model. The effective specific heat is highly dependent on the input pulse duration due to the interconnected stack structure. For modulated pulses, the active volume in the thermal circuit is the full depth of the substrate in the area under the pixel. For constant power input, a large portion of the substrate is heated and the interface conductivities to the cold finger are found to be important. The detectivity is D* = 3.5 × 108 , and is only slightly lower than similar detectors. Understanding the dynamics of the detector better and using neutron excitation, it is expected that optimizations can lead to an equally good detector for cold to thermal neutrons at flux levels >106 n cm−2s−1.

Input Power Measurement System For Driving Motor In Testing Low-Speed Generator

Rapid technological advances are affecting the greater use of electrical energy. One of the devices that can generate electrical energy is a generator. Testing the characteristics of the generator required a drive motor to rotate the generator shaft. This research aims to create a three-phase input power measurement system for driving a motor. The method of measuring input power is by measuring the current and voltage of each phase. The power is obtained from the multiplication between current and voltage. The system consists of current sensors, voltage sensors, a signal conditioning circuit, and an Arduino Mega microcontroller for data processing. The system is equipped with a graphical user interface, data storage, and application. The generator input power measurement system has been created and tested. The measurement system has successfully measured the input power of the generator's driving motor, which in real-time is displayed on the trend graph via the graphical user interface on the laptop. The input power measurement data on the three-phase generator and the time data have been successfully stored inside the micro-SD. The average error of the voltage reading is 2% compared to the measurement of the reference voltmeter. The current reading error was 2% compared to the reference meter ampere measurement.

An Encrypted On-Chip Power Supply With Random Parallel Power Injection and Charge Recycling Against Power/EM Side-Channel Attacks

As hardware security becomes a crucial challenge for modern electronic devices to protect information privacy, this article presents an encrypted on-chip power supply to combat power and electromagnetic (EM) side-channel attacks (SCAs) for crypto cores. By splitting power and security into separate paths, random parallel power injection and charge recycling are realized to encrypt supply power activities for high SCA immunity while largely minimizing power and performance overheads. Despite of crypto core power variations, the proposed power supply can maintain uncorrelated input profile by adaptively modulating parallel noisy power injection. Moreover, its EM leakage is highly attenuated by spreading the spectrum energy to a wide frequency range and increasing noise floor. To achieve such, a recycled masking power stage with an encryption interface is designed to randomly inject power noise and recycle system charge with random <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> -time modulation while still retaining nominal power delivery. A silicon IC prototype of this design is fabricated using a 65 nm CMOS process with an active die area of 0.19 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Measured input power profiles are fully encrypted to improve power SCA immunity. Operating at a nominal switching frequency of 10 MHz, random parallel power encryption reduces peak EM interference noise from 64.57 dBμV to 43.12 dBμV to meet EN55032 Class B standards and verify EM spectrum profile encryption. In response to a step-up load change from zero to full load current of 200 mA, the power supply achieves 1% settling time of 0.78 μs, with measured voltage droop of 54 mV with no other performance overhead. It achieves a peak efficiency of 90.5%, only suffering the maximum power overhead of 4.9%.

Evaluation of a\xa0newly proposed indirect efficiency determination method for permanent magnet synchronous machines

This paper evaluates the applicability of a newly proposed method for the indirect efficiency determination of permanent magnet synchronous machines by measuring individual losses. Similar methods are well-known and standardized for other kinds of electrical machines, but for permanent magnet synchronous machines, only the direct measurement of input and output power is standardized for efficiency determination according to IEC 60034-2‑1. Measurements and finite element simulations are carried out for four selected test machines with a rated power range between 45 kW and 90 kW and with different stator and rotor topologies. It is shown that the proposed method is well applicable for permanent magnet synchronous machines with a distributed integer-slot stator winding. For machine designs with more rotor losses such as motors with tooth coil windings and open stator slots, larger deviations between the direct and indirect efficiency values of up to one percentage point are determined at rated load conditions.

Design of Second-Order Multifunction Filter IC Based on Current Feedback Amplifiers With Independent Voltage Gain Control

This paper presents the integrated circuit (IC) design and implementation of the voltage-mode (VM) second-order gain-controlled multifunction filter (GMF), which consists of three current feedback amplifiers (CFAs), two grounded capacitors and four resistors. The design and implementation of the chip are based on a 0.18 &#x03BC;m process technology, and offers the attractive advantages of high efficiency, high reliability, low voltage, low power consumption, small size and good performance. The VM-GMF chip implements low-pass (LP), inverting band-pass (IBP) and band-stop (BS) filtering functions, and can independently control the gain of LP, IBP and BS filtering functions. The chip operates with a wide input voltage of 1.2 V_pp at &#x00B1;0.9 V supply voltage, and has a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 66.7%. The on-chip measured input power at 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) is about 7.5 dBm with good linearity and the measured power dissipation (PD) is 5.4 mW with low voltage and low power consumption. The measured phase noise (PN) at an offset frequency of 1 kHz is -100.61 dBc/Hz. The measured value of the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is -57.38 dBc and the third-order intercept point (TOI) is 21.77 dBm. Simulations and on-chip experimental measurements demonstrate the theoretical analysis of the proposed VM-GMF.

A 2.4-GHz CMOS Differential Class-DE Rectifier With Coupled Inductors

In this article, we present a 2.4-GHz differential class-DE synchronous rectifier. First, we investigate zero-voltage switching (ZVS), zero-current switching (ZCS), and impedance matching requirements for the single-ended class-DE rectifier. Then, we propose a differential topology that achieves near-optimum ZVS, ZCS, and impedance matching with a reduced number of LC networks. We use a coupled inductor structure to reduce the cost overhead of the differential topology and discuss its design considerations. To maintain the ZVS/ZCS operation within a wide input power range, we employ an adaptive bias circuit to adjust the gate bias voltages with the input power. Additionally, we discuss the imperfections caused by load variation. The chip, fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, measures the peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 68.5% at a 9-dBm input power with a 250-Ω load resistance. The measured input power range when PCE > 40% is 16 dB.

Research on Input Power Testing Technology of Smart Toilet

Input power is an important indicator for the safety testing of electrical and electronic products. Smart toilets have been frequently detected that the actual input power is inconsistent with the nominal power. Research and analysis show that the accuracy of the input power measurement results of the smart toilet mainly depends on the temperature control principle and power test method of the product. This article mainly discusses the characteristics of product temperature control, the testing method of mean and peak power and its characteristics, which will provide reference for the input power test of the smart toilet, and will improve the accuracy of power measurement.

Design and realization of an ultra-low power sensing RF energy harvesting module with its RF and DC sub-components

Herein, design, development, and analysis of ultra-low power sensing energy harvesting modules and their subcomponents for ISM band applications have been studied with a holistic approach in an effort to achieve a feasible and high efficient RF energy harvesting performance. The complete harvester system designed and developed here consists of a zero-bias RF energy rectifying antenna (rectenna), DC boost converters and energy storage super-capacitors. Compared with the counterpart energy sources, the surrounding or transmitted wireless energy has low intensity which requires designs with high efficiency. To achieve a successful harvester performance, rectifier circuits with high sensitivity Schottky diodes and proper impedance matching circuits are designed. Dedicated RF signals at various levels from nanowatts to miliwatts are applied at the input of the rectenna and the measured input power versus the scavenged DC output voltage are tabulated. Furthermore, by connecting the rectifier to a high gain antenna and using a RF signal transmitter, the wireless RF power harvesting performance at 2.4 GHz was tested up to 5 m. The performance of the rectenna is analyzed for both low-power detection and efficiencies. Impedance matching network is implemented to reduce the reflected input RF power, DC to DC converters are evaluated for their compatibility to the rectifiers, and super-capacitor behaviors are investigated for their charging and storage capabilities. The measured results indicate that a wide operating power range with an ultra-low power sensing and conversion performance have been achieved by optimizing the efficiency of the Schottky rectifier as low as −50 dBm. The system can be used for battery free applications or expanding battery life for ultra-low power electronics, such as; RFID, LoRa, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and low power remote sensor systems.

Performance analysis of a linear compressor in a cryocooler

A linear compressor is widely used to drive Stirling-type cryocoolers. The acoustic power it provides directly affects the performance of a cryocooler. However, it is hard to determine the output acoustic power of a linear compressor since it is difficult to measure the phase angle between the pressure and velocity. In the study, a method is proposed to calibrate the phase angle. The acoustic power of the compressor is estimated based on the calibration. The energy distribution and efficiency of the linear compressor are also analyzed. Theoretical analyses and experiments on a linear compressor are conducted. The results show that the accuracy of the calibrated phase angle is acceptable. The total power calculated by the calibrated phase angle when compared with the measured input power exhibits a deviation of less than 10%. In large scale linear compressors where the back volume is only several times higher than the compression volume, it is not possible to ignore the loss in the back volume since it can correspond to 19% of the total input power. The estimation of the acoustic power is helpful to reveal the performance of the compressor and then design a relative high efficiency cryocooler.

Power measurement for an atmospheric pressure plasma jet at different frequencies: distribution in the core plasma and the effluent

The characterization of electrical power distribution in an atmospheric pressure plasma jet operated at six different frequencies is investigated by measurement of input power and voltage-charge plots for the core plasma and the plasma in the effluent. The frequency change is further characterized by measuring the temperature in the effluent at different positions and input power levels. The power input into the core plasma is limited to about 1 W for a wide range of frequencies while the total input power and thus the power input into the effluent increases continuously with frequency.

A Distributed Power-Amplifying Reflectarray Antenna for EIRP Boost Applications

The distributed power-amplifying capability is investigated to improve the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of reflectarray antennas. For experimental verification purpose, a C-band power-amplifying reflectarray with 12 × 12 elements is designed and fabricated, where the aperture-coupled patch element with orthogonal H-shaped slots and an integrated power amplifier is employed. Element simulations show that the reflection coefficients are below −10.0 dB and the isolation is better than 31.8 dB for various lengths of microstrip line and oblique incident angles at the design frequency of 5.8 GHz. The measured results of the reflectarray prototype show that well-defined radiation patterns are achieved, with the measured active gain of 37.4 dBi and the measured directivity of 27.3 dBi. The nonlinearity performance of the prototype is also analyzed and measured. The measured input power at 1 dB compression point (P1dB) is 24.8 dBm, with an EIRP of 61.2 dBm.

The measurement of input power of power supply in network disturbed by low frequency distortions

In the paper authors present results of observation of input power changes versus harmonics amplitude in supply voltage of low-power power supply device. In the study, the electrical measurements supported with thermal imaging were used. The input circuit elements of studied device responsible for input power increase are pointed

InGaAs MMIC SPST Switch Based on HPF/LPF Switching Concept With Periodic Structure

This paper presents the analysis of a novel high-pass filter/low-pass filter (HPF/LPF) switching concept. Since an HPF/LPF switching concept has a periodic structure, its equivalent circuit is almost the same as an LPF for the ON-state and is the same as an HPF for the OFF-state. The broadband isolation characteristics with low insertion loss can be achieved by designing its cutoff frequency. A three-stage single pole single throw InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor monolithic microwave integrated circuit switch based on the HPF/LPF switching concept is successfully demonstrated with an insertion loss of less than 1.6 dB and isolation of more than 82 dB below 6 GHz, with a size of 1.1 mm $\times \,\, 1.0$ mm. The RF performances are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The measured input power of 1-dB insertion loss compression, P1dB, and the measured third-order intercept point, IIP3, are 19 and 27.7 dBm, respectively, at 1.95 GHz. The measured ON-time is 5.5 ns without cable delay. The measured rise time is as fast as 1.4 ns.

A Novel Technique for &lt;italic&gt;In Situ&lt;/italic&gt; Efficiency Estimation of Three-Phase IM Operating With Unbalanced Voltages

Three-phase voltages of any power supply cannot ever be identical due to many technical reasons. Unbalanced voltages severely impact the performance of induction motors. They also increase the difficulty of the process of efficiency estimation. This paper presents a novel algorithm for in situ full-load efficiency estimation of induction motors operating under unbalanced voltages. The proposed technique utilizes the genetic algorithm (GA), IEEE Form F2-Method F1 calculations, and pretested motors’ data. The method requires a dc test, full-load rms voltages, currents, input power, and speed measurement. The proposed algorithm uses a sensorless speed measurement. The technique is evaluated by testing four small- and medium-sized induction motors with different voltage unbalance conditions. The results show acceptable accuracy.

A Methodology to Measure Input Power and Effective Area for Characterization of Direct THz Detectors

This paper presents a test setup and measurement methodology for the characterization of direct terahertz (THz) detectors. The detector under test is illuminated by a continuous wave THz source and its voltage response is measured using a lock-in amplifier. A reference detector is used to measure the input power density of the receiver antenna. The calculation of the effective area is done by measuring $E$ and $H$ plane radiation patterns of the receiver antenna. Several measurement techniques are shown in order to achieve a reliable characterization of the detector with different advantages and disadvantages. In addition, a setup modification is done for the removal of the electronically induced background noise due to the coupling of the signals through cables. Based on the measured input power, the performance parameters of an antenna-coupled field-effect transistor (FET)-based THz detector are measured and presented. This measurement methodology can also be used to characterize other direct THz detectors.

Input energy measurement toward warm dense matter generation using intense pulsed power generator

In order to investigate properties of warm dense matter (WDM) in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), evaluation method for the WDM with isochoric heating on the implosion time-scale using an intense pulsed power generator ETIGO-II (∼1 TW, ∼50 ns) has been considered. In this study, the history of input energy into the sample is measured from the voltage and the current waveforms. To achieve isochoric heating, a foamed aluminum with pore sizes 600 μm and with 90% porosity was packed into a hollow glass capillary (ø 5 mm × 10 mm). The temperature of the sample is calculated from the numerical calculation using the measured input power. According to the above measurements, the input energy into a sample and the achievable temperature are estimated to be 300 J and 6000 K. It indicates that the WDM state is generated using the proposed method with ICF implosion time-scale.

Research on the Input Power Measurement and Control Technology for Ozone Production Process with DBD

Research on the Input Power Measurement and Control Technology for Ozone Production Process with DBD

A Novel Wall-Switched Step-Dimming Concept in LED Lighting Systems Using PFC Zeta Converter

This paper presents the design, simulation, and implementation of a non-isolated discontinuous conduction mode operated Zeta-converter-based light-emitting diode (LED) driver with the novel wall-switched step-dimming concept to achieve power quality improvement at universal ac mains. The power-factor-corrected Zeta converter maintains constant output current to an LED load of 26 W and conserves the power quality requirements as per IEC 61000-3-2 for class C equipment with high efficiency. Moreover, to obtain cost benefit and size reduction, this converter utilizes reduced control circuitry for general-purpose LED lighting solutions. A cost-effective single-level dimming concept is implemented with current injection technique using a Zeta converter. A prototype is developed using AP1682, which utilizes pulse frequency modulation technique to regulate the output current for improving the input power factor and low total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current. At full load and rated voltage of 220 V, the measured input power factor is 0.993 and current THD is 2.81% with an efficiency of 90.51%.

A Novel &lt;italic&gt;In Situ&lt;/italic&gt; Efficiency Estimation Algorithm for Three-Phase IM Using GA, IEEE Method F1 Calculations, and Pretested Motor Data

The precise estimation of efficiency of induction motors is crucial in industries for energy savings, auditing, and management. This paper presents a novel method for in situ induction motors efficiency estimation by applying the genetic algorithm and utilizing IEEE Form F2-Method F1 calculations with pretested motor data. The method requires a dc test, full-load operating point rms voltages, currents, input power, and speed measurements. The proposed algorithm uses a sensorless technique to determine motor speed. The algorithm is not only an in situ tool; it can also be used as an on-site efficiency estimation tool that might replace the expensive dynamometer procedure. The method was validated by testing 30 induction motors.

Experimental study on the energy flow analysis of underwater vibration for the reinforced cylindrical structure

Energy flow analysis (EFA) can be used effectively to predict structural vibration in the medium-to-high frequency ranges. In this study, the energy flow finite element method (EFFEM), based on EFA, was used to predict the vibrations of a reinforced cylindrical structure in water. The predicted results of the vibrational energy density for the structure were compared with corresponding experimental results. The structure was divided into several subsystems in the experiment, with several accelerometers attached to each subsystem. The input power excited into the experimental structure was measured using an impedance-head adhered to an exciter. Measured input power was used to predict vibration of the reinforced cylindrical structure by EFFEM in water for comparing experimental and numerical results. A comparison between the experimental and predicted results for the vibrational energy density showed that EFFEM was an effective tool for predicting structural vibration.