Inorganic Resin Research Articles

Development of a SnO2-based 44Ti/44Sc generator for medical applications

Towards application of 44Sc for diagnostic nuclear medicine, a 44Ti/44Sc generator based on an inorganic resin has been evaluated. Unlike other radionuclide generators used for medical applications, the long-term retention of the parent 44Ti is vital due to its long half life. Herein, tin dioxide (SnO2), a robust inorganic-based resin, has been synthesized and used as the stationary phase for a 44Ti/44Sc generator. The sorption behavior of 44Ti/44Sc was tested on SnO2 with varying acids, concentrations, and times. Preliminary batch study results showed >88 % 44Ti retention to the resin at lower acid concentrations (0.05 M HNO3 and 0.05 M HCl). A pilot generator was evaluated for a year, demonstrating 85.3 ± 2.8 % 44Sc elution yields and 0.71 ± 0.14 % 44Ti breakthrough in 5 M HNO3. Based on capacity studies, a 7.4 MBq (200 µCi) upscaled generator system was constructed for further evaluation of the SnO2 resin stability and the efficacy of the eluted 44Sc for radiolabeling. 44Sc could be regularly eluted from this generator in 5 M HNO3 with an overall average radiochemical yield 84.7 ± 9.5 %. Post-elution processing of the 44Sc with DGA-normal resin removed all 44Ti present and allowed for high 44Sc-DOTA labeling yields of 94.2 ± 0.5 %. Overall, SnO2 has been shown to be a viable material for a 44Ti/44Sc generator.

Experimental Assessment of NSM FRP Systems with Inorganic Adhesives for Concrete Strengthening

Abstract: This study explores the application of various inorganic resins in the Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) strengthening technique, aiming to provide alternatives to traditional organic resins. The research centers on sixty single lap-shear concrete blocks, employing four distinct adhesives—ordinary mortar, Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC), geopolymer, and polyester-silica—for bonding Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips to the concrete blocks. Conducted under monotonic loading, the investigation assesses the bond characteristics between the inorganic resins and both CFRP composites and the concrete substrate. Interfacial behaviour, bond strength, and failure modes are meticulously analyzed, shedding light on the performance of each adhesive. The study reveals insights into the efficiency of the NSM system, emphasizing the significance of the bond between FRP composites and concrete for optimal strengthening. The findings underscore the limited research on NSM systems using inorganic resins, providing a foundation for further exploration in this domain.

Hyper-durable, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic fabrics based on biopolymers and organic and inorganic resins for self-cleaning and efficient water/oil separation applications

The utilization of resins combined with nanoparticles represents the prevailing method for fabricating superhydrophobic fabrics.

Fabrication of an Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Hard Coat with a Gradient Structure Controlled by Photoirradiation.

Organic-inorganic materials have attracted attention because of the advantages of both organic and inorganic resins. Among their disadvantages, hard coating films made of organic-inorganic mixtures of resins have opacity and interface peeling problems because of organic-inorganic phase separation and surface segregation of inorganic resins. Although an organic-inorganic gradient-structured material comprising an inorganic-rich domain at the air interface and an organic-rich domain at the organic substrate has the potential to solve these problems, the fabrication of a gradient-structured material has not yet been achieved. Here, we describe the fabrication of an organic-inorganic gradient film by impeding the movement of organic and inorganic resins through radical photopolymerization of organic and inorganic oligomers. Moreover, we successfully enhanced gouge hardness by cross-linking with photobase-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of inorganic resins at the air interface. As a result, the organic-inorganic gradient coating contributed excellent gouge hardness (pencil hardness >9H), adhesion to an organic substrate such as polycarbonate, and transparency (visible light transmittance >99%T). In addition, we demonstrated that the formation of organic-inorganic gradient structures is dominated by the surface free energy and viscosity of each resin. Achieving a gradient structure required a significant difference in surface free energy (>20 mJ/m2) and high mixture viscosity (>65 mPa·s).

Time-Dependent Bond of Concrete and Near-Surface- Mounted Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer with Inorganic Resins

First Name is required invalid characters Last Name is required invalid characters Email Address is required Invalid Email Address Invalid Email Address

Inorganic resins enable the increased purification efficiency of 82Sr from rubidium targets for use in PET imaging isotope production

Inorganic resins enable the increased purification efficiency of 82Sr from rubidium targets for use in PET imaging isotope production

Effects of Nigerian Plant Gum Binder in the Optimized Multi-response Performance of Cashew Nut Shells Based Composites for Automobile Brake Pads

There are emerging growing needs to develop automobile brake pad materials from agro-biomass sustainable sources which are lung and environmentally friendly towards replacing asbestos which has been reported to cause other cancerous diseases. It has been established that many research works have been done towards replacing asbestos with other environmentally friendly reinforcement materials but not much has been reported on the replacement of inorganic resins like Phenolic or Formedehyde and the epoxy resins mostly used as the binder which have toxic health concerns and also known to corrode plates of brake pad assembly. Therefore, Agro-biomass such as agricultural residues, wastes and products especially from fibers and plant exudates have now emerged as the new and inexpensive materials that could be used to form parts of brake pads composite matrix that are commercially viable and environmentally acceptable. This study reveals a substitute research direction with the replacement of the inorganic resin binder with Plant Gum binder like the Nigerian Gum Arabic-NGA. Taguchi Design of Experimental method was deployed to generate twenty seven (27) trial composites of particle size 300 μm for the brake pads production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) from the optimized Grey Relational Analysis indicated that the Nigerian Gum Arabic-NGA has significant effects on the multi-response performance of the developed brake pads with percentage contribution (p-value) of 18.503%.

Effects of Nigerian Plant Gum Binder in the Optimized Multi-response Performance of Cashew Nut Shells Based Composites for Automobile Brake Pads

There are emerging growing needs to develop automobile brake pad materials from agro-biomass sustainable sources which are lung and environmentally friendly towards replacing asbestos which has been reported to cause other cancerous diseases. It has been established that many research works have been done towards replacing asbestos with other environmentally friendly reinforcement materials but not much has been reported on the replacement of inorganic resins like Phenolic or Formedehyde and the epoxy resins mostly used as the binder which have toxic health concerns and also known to corrode plates of brake pad assembly. Therefore, Agro-biomass such as agricultural residues, wastes and products especially from fibers and plant exudates have now emerged as the new and inexpensive materials that could be used to form parts of brake pads composite matrix that are commercially viable and environmentally acceptable. This study reveals a substitute research direction with the replacement of the inorganic resin binder with Plant Gum binder like the Nigerian Gum Arabic-NGA. Taguchi Design of Experimental method was deployed to generate twenty seven (27) trial composites of particle size 300 μm for the brake pads production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) from the optimized Grey Relational Analysis indicated that the Nigerian Gum Arabic-NGA has significant effects on the multi-response performance of the developed brake pads with percentage contribution (p-value) of 18.503%.

Hybrid organic‐inorganic acid catalysts: The effect of active sites localization on catalytic characteristics in the processes of alcohols' etherification. A review

AbstractThis article reviews the various types of hybrid organic–inorganic resin catalysts: mixed and co‐precipitated composites, loaded, and tailored systems. The review gives a generalization of the authors' results in the field of synthesis and research of organic–inorganic resin catalysts, in the context of the main trends in the development of this field of science. Based on a comparison of the productivity of organic–inorganic and commercial sulfonic resins, the role of acid sites localization for determining the catalytic characteristics of sulfonic resin catalysts in ethanol and isopropanol etherification with isobutylene is discussed. Studies showed that acid sites of loaded sulfonic resins, localized on the external surface, have the highest productivity. The effect of morphology on the differences in the activity of different types of sulfonic resins in the etherification reactions is more pronounced for materials with limited accessibility of acid sites due to internal diffusion. With an increase in the accessibility of acid sites, the polarity and molecule size of the reacting alcohols become the predominant factors. These findings have an impact on the design of organic–inorganic resin catalysts with high performance.

The gas evolution of a modified cellulose mixture used for gating systems in the no-bake mould process

This paper shows the results of a study of gas evolution from a patented modified cellulose mix used in the production of no-bake casting moulds. The modified cellulose mixture was used for investigation with additives such as expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite and microspheres. The binder was an inorganic resin based on commercial technology, called Geopol. Samples were tested in different compositions in order to show the influence of all the additives mentioned. Two different methods were used—one was based on TG–TDG–MS investigation and the other was based on pyrolysis combined with a gas composition analyser. Investigations of both methods were carried out at temperatures up to 900 °C. The results showed that the gas emissions during thermal degradation of all the modified mixtures did not constitute substances that are hazardous or dangerous to health. Therefore, the material proposed can be used as a solution that is more environmentally friendly when compared to formulas which exist on the market and are abundant in harmful compounds.

A Review of the Compositions, Processing, Materials and Properties of Brake Pad Production

This is a review and overview of the trending researches in automobile brake pad production processes, formulations, materials, and properties. Most of the works attempt mainly on replacing asbestos found to be carcinogenic with base materials with other ingredients in various formulations and particle sizes. Though most of the replacements are non-hazardous with properties such mechanical and tribological cauterizations comparing well with the traditional asbestos based brake pad. The overview of these trends suggests the need to replace not only the asbestos but also the commonly used epoxy resins or phenolic resins or phenol formaldehyde binders that has been found to corrode outside plates of brake assembly. These reviews has thrust a new research direction of replacing the asbestos and inorganic resins with agro based materials of Cashew Nut Shell and Plant Gum binder respectively to obtain a substantially green based brake pads that are non-injurious to human health and does not corrode any parts of the brake pads assembly.

Ion exchange of alkali metal cations with an inorganic resin

ABSTRACTA comparison of the ion exchange properties of the inorganic resin Isolute SCX-2 with alkali metal cations, including francium, to the organic Dowex 50X8 resin is presented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ion exchange properties of the alkali metal cations with a resin containing a less hydrophobic backbone structure. It was found that the less hydrophobic Isolute SCX-2 resin had a smaller range of values for the distribution coefficients when exchanged with the alkali metals than Dowex 50X8.

Improvement of thermal ageing and transparency of methacrylate based poly(siloxane–silsesquioxane) for optoelectronic application

ABSTRACTTrisilanolphenyl–polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (trisilanolphenyl–POSS) structure is introduced into a polysiloxane network in an attempt to produce thermally stable material with improved transparency. A series of organic–inorganic resins comprised of diphenylsilanediol, 3‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and varying content of trisilanolphenyl–POSS were copolymerized through condensation followed by curing using phenyltris(hydrogendimethylsiloxy)silane as curing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR), and silicon‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si‐NMR) were used to confirm the synthesized product. Excellent thermal stability, improved glass transition temperature (Tg), and lower coefficient of thermal expansion with the increasing POSS content were observed from thermomechanical analysis. Its extreme thermal degradation stability was attributable to the crosslinked network as well as the heavily substituted aromatic ring present in the system. Steric hindrance effect is noticeable beyond 5.66 mol % trisilanolphenyl–POSS content. Incorporation of POSS substituent in methacrylate‐based polysiloxane give excellent transparency and improved thermal discoloration resistance as deduced from UV/vis Spectrophotometer, making it a potential material to be used in optoelectronics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45285.

Synthesis and thermal analysis of phosphonitrile-core-bearing aromatic nitriles for high-temperature applications

Hybrid organic–inorganic resin matrix, i.e., hexa[3,4-dicyano]-phenyl phosphonitrile trimer (HPPT) has been prepared by the reaction of hexachlorophosphonitrile and 4-hydroxyphthalonitrile in the presence of sodium hydride which on heating at 300 °C yielded a high-temperature-stable highly crosslinked hybrid resin (C-HPPT). The elemental analysis (C, H, and N), FTIR, and 1H and 13C-NMR studies were used to characterize the synthesized hybrid resin. The thermal analysis studies viz. TG and DSC were also carried out to determine the thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the cured resin. The isothermal study of the cured resin after 300 h at 300 °C showed only a mass loss of 4.36%.

Thermal Degradation and Combustion Performance Comparison of Plywood Based on Inorganic Adhesive and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

The main objective of this work was to study a new inorganic adhesive used for wood-based panel. Inorganic adhesive and its poplar plywood were prepared to investigate their properties. Thermo-gravimetric analysis tests revealed that the total mass loss of inorganic adhesive was 76.24%, which was higher than that of phenol-formaldehyde resin (64.97%). The results showed better thermal stability of inorganic adhesive. For inorganic adhesive plywood, approximately 30% decrease in peak of heat release rate, 62% in total smoke production and 20% in mean CO2 yield, respectively, were seen compared to the control by cone calorimeter analysis. Scanning electron microscopy imaged wider glue line of inorganic adhesives plywood, which was related to the bonding strength of plywood. Thus the inorganic adhesive of fireproofing made in lab could be better used for plywood processing.

Determination of chromium in biological materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) using manganese dioxide

A procedure based on radiochemical neutron activation analysis was developed for the determination of chromium in biological materials. The procedure consists of irradiation of reference and test samples in a nuclear reactor, microwave sample digestion, selective and quantitative radiochemical separations of chromium and gamma-ray spectrometric measurement of 51Cr. Separation of chromium from the accompanying elements was done on the column packed with inorganic resin MnO2 Resin. Distribution coefficients of Cr, Zn, Co, Cs and Sc were determined in the system: MnO2 Resin—HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4. Accuracy of the procedure was checked by analysis of certified reference materials.

Preparation and Characterization of Epoxy-Silica Coatings Using Rhodamine 6G as Dye

ABSTRACTIt has been found that the hybrid materials are a compatible matrix for numerous organic compounds, such as organic dyes, laser dyes, and compounds that exhibit photo-chromic behavior and many more The epoxy-silica system seems to be an excellent matrix for organic dyes and a hybrid material suitable for to be used as coating on glass substrates with good adhesion properties. This work presents a systematic study of the effects of the different amount of using rhodamine 6G as dye on the structure and properties of epoxy–silica hybrids coatings synthesized by the sol-gel process. We have taken advantage on the high solubility of organic dyes in a hybrid organic–inorganic epoxy resin–silica (epoxy–SiO2) matrix to obtain homogeneous, hard and high optical quality red color films on glass substrates. The effects of the content of rhodamine 6 G on the optical and thermal properties of epoxy-silica hybrid films were also examined. Epoxy resin DER 332 cured with an amine (4,4 diamino diphenyl methane) was used as organic component and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as precursor of the inorganic component. The results showed that at a concentration of rhodamine 0.05% coatings retain adhesion properties similar to coatings without colorant and the coatings are uniform and free of defects. These coatings have the potential to be used as filters and ornamental coatings.

Material characteristics and residual bond properties of organic and inorganic resins for CFRP composites in thermal exposure

This paper presents the residual characteristics of organic and inorganic resins for structural retrofit using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites exposed to thermal stress states. A three-phase experimental program is carried out to study the behavior of the inorganic resin, CFRP composites, and resin-concrete interface at elevated temperatures ranging from 25°C to 200°C. The properties of the inorganic resin demonstrate strong dependency on curing time and are influenced by the degree of temperature exposure. CFRP composites show a decrease in strength and modulus with an increasing temperature due to the degradation of bond between the fibers and resin. The inorganic resin exhibits better thermal stability than the organic resin, whereas the former illustrates a lower strength than the latter because of insufficient stress-transfer. The composites have failed abruptly, regardless of resin types. The interfacial fracture energy of the resins is reduced with temperature, including the deteriorated morphology of the interface between the concrete substrate and the resin.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Visible Light Cure Composites Based on Novel Organically Modified Ceramic Resins

Replacement of damaged tooth is necessary for proper functioning and better aesthetics. Polymeric composites based on organic resins are the most popular materials used for restoration of damaged tooth though they have many problems like polymerization shrinkage. The post gel polymerization shrinkage causes significant stresses in the surrounding tooth structure and composite tooth bonding leading to premature restoration failure. Other problems such as uncured organic monomers leaching from the dental composites into the surrounding gum tissue have been reported to cause cytotoxic effects, pulpal necrosis, requiring tooth extraction. The present paper describes the studies on visible light cure composites based on organically modified ceramic resins. Effect of different inorganic materials incorporated during resin synthesis on mechanical properties of photo cured composite was evaluated in terms of diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS) and surface hardness (VHN). The better properties of photocured composites based on the novel organically modified ceramic resin which are hybrid inorganic organic resins may be due to the effective bonding between the organic and inorganic parts within the resin.

Use of geopolymers for composite external reinforcement of RC members

Nowadays fiber reinforced polymers represent a well-established technique for structural retrofit of reinforced concrete structural members. However, the severe degradation of mechanical properties with temperature and fire conditions represents one of the weakest point of these systems. The use of a fire resistant inorganic resin, as geopolymers, instead of polymeric resins, would be highly desirable to overcome this issue. The present work is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of two different fiber reinforced geopolymer-based systems in strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In particular, this paper presents the main outcomes of experimental flexural tests on shallow reinforced concrete beams strengthened with high strength steel cord and carbon fiber reinforced geopolymers, cured at room temperature. No mechanical anchorage was employed to fix the composite to the concrete substrate. The mechanical behavior of the strengthened beams was evaluated by means of four-points bending tests. Two beam specimens for each system (i.e. steel cord and carbon fiber reinforcement) and one unstrengthened control beam were tested. A significant increase in the failure strength of the reinforced concrete beams was experienced, in case of steel cord reinforcement. The adhesion of geopolymer to the concrete substrate and to steel cords and carbon fibers was also evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy.