Innovative Instruments Research Articles

Do Green Bonds Issue Statistically Significant Effect on the Indebteness’ European Companies’ Performance?

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of issuing Green Bonds on the financial performance of European energy companies. This paper analyses the indebtedness of 30 European companies in the energy sector and verifies if there is any relationship between the Green Bonds issue and companies’ value between 2015 and 2022. Theoretical Framework: Green Bonds have been increasing their visibility in the financing market, representing an innovative debt instrument, becoming a way of reducing the pressure of bank loans and the associated financial costs. Green Bonds present themselves as an important choice for economic agents, with a positive impact on the financial performance of financed projects expected. We therefore thought it would be interesting to analyze whether green bonds have a statistically significant effect on the debt performance of European energy companies. Method: For this purpose, the Bloomberg database was used, and a sample of bonds from Euronext ESG Bonds. A Pooled OLS and Random model were applied. The software chosen for analyzing the empirical model was R Studio. The Chi-Square independence test and Cramer's V were also applied. Results and Discussion: Results indicate that in the years in which energy companies issued Green Bonds they had a better performance, measured by the ROE indicator. The internal variables TTA, LTA, STA, EAF and GAF are statistically significant in the performance (ROE) of the Energy European Companies. The Chi-Square independence test and Cramer's V degree of association between the debt and DUMMY variable were also applied. The conclusion is that when Green Bonds are issued, indebtedness decreases. Issuing Green Bonds is a more sustainable alternative to traditional sources of finance. There is a lot of research in this area, and it is quite diverse. There are researchers interested in this topic on all continents. In this sense, given the difference in Green Bonds legislation and cultural aspects, it is not always straightforward to carry out a comparative analysis of the results obtained. Research Implications: Green finance has become an important subject for researchers and promotes sustainable economic development. The goal is financing green projects, contributing to mitigation and adaptation to climate changes. Represent a resent an innovative debt instrument. In other words, it is an important choice for economic agents. Originality/Value: It's the first study of the European Union's energy companies that emit Green Bonds. It should be noted that issuing Green Bonds is not only important for environmental and sustainability issues, but also means reducing bank loans, which have high financial costs. More sustainable forms of financing are important for growth and keeping up with the changes the world is going through. Companies must be aware of these new forms of financing as routine bank loans are not always the best way to meet companies' financial needs.

Introducing innovative policy instrument to reduce antibiotics use. Relevant evidence from Bulgaria

Abstract Background of the public health challenge Excessive individual consumption of antibiotics (ABs) increases global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, shaping consumers’ behaviors towards responsible ABs use is an essential strategy in the battle with the silent pandemic of AMR. The EU One Health (OH) Action Plan against AMR targets making Europe a best-practice region. Overall consumption of ABs in the EU decreased significantly, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bulgaria is the only EU country that has reported an annual increase in ABs use during this period (ECDC data). A growing part of Bulgarians, believe that ‘ABs kill viruses’ and is unaware that ‘unnecessary use of ABs makes them ineffective’ (Eurobarometer 2022). This limited understanding of adequate ABs use resulted in counterproductive behaviors that demand change. Introducing innovative policy instrument as a tool for behavioral change: Undeniably, drug prescription monitoring has the potential to change consumers’ behaviors. In October 2023 mandatory electronic prescribing (e-Rx) for ABs was introduced in Bulgaria at a primary healthcare level. Consequently, there was an observed decline exceeding 30% in ABs sales (IQVIA Bulgaria data), evidencing a reduction in ABs consumption. However, there were negative reactions by the stakeholders, due to time-consuming procedures, nonoptimal IT infrastructure, etc., and that led to e-Rx-moratorium. Finally, in April 2024, the e-Rx is sustainably introduced. Conclusions Legislative measures, like e-Rx, can hinder the chaotic use of ABs. Moreover, Bulgarians need to reflect on their behaviors and values of solidarity which OH offers. Herewith, a multidisciplinary team of academic educators unite their OH efforts in raising awareness related to AMR and the rational use of ABs. Years of national endeavors toward healthcare digitalisation led to the introduction of e-Rx for ABs in Bulgaria. Research will prove its relevance for the rest of Europe. Key messages • To the European community: The introduction of the innovative policy tool (e-Rx for antibiotics) in Bulgaria is a significant national effort in making Europe a best-practice region regarding AMR. • To the Bulgarian society: Antibiotics are not bonbons! Responsible ABs use of every one of us can contribute to the EU efforts to manage AMR. In the context of AMR, every person is a stakeholder.

Instrument for Evaluation and Training of Decision Making in Dual Tasks in Soccer: Validation and Application

Training in team sports such as soccer requires advanced technical and tactical skills for effective decision-making, particularly when executing a shot. This study validates an innovative instrument, a training platform (TP), designed to measure and enhance decision-making in dual-task scenarios. The TP aims to improve visual–motor reactions in multitask environments that simulate real game conditions. Equipped with an LED panel, main circuitry, ball sensor, and targets, the TP challenges players to kick the ball in response to the illumination of the final LED array on the panel while hitting a designated target. The study evaluated three parameters: reaction time (RT), ball speed (BS) and accuracy. To validate the TP against a gold standard (GS), we conducted correlation analyses. The results exhibited very strong correlations for both RT (r = 0.997) and BS (r = 0.994). The mean differences between TP and GS measurements were 13 ± 15 ms for RT and 0.1 ± 0.5 km/h for BS. Bland–Altman plots revealed trend lines obtained by a simple linear regression of r = −0.507, p = 0.307 for RT and r = 0.134, p = 0.077 for BS. The TP effectively simulates game scenarios, offering advantages such as low-cost components, installation flexibility, test variability, instant feedback, and integration of physical and cognitive components of sports performance.

Dedicated low-cost electronic ocarina for people with COPD: Rationale and prototype development

ABSTRACT Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition characterized by airflow obstruction which can lead to physical and psychosocial challenges, with a higher prevalence in developing countries. Non-pharmacological interventions for this group of people include pulmonary rehabilitation as well as music interventions. Although music technology was recommended to adjust to the user’s breathing capacity for music-making and to gather information about their performance, music therapy trials used acoustic wind instruments for their rehabilitation. This interdisciplinary project aims to develop a dedicated electronic wind instrument for people with COPD. Method This project follows a systematic prototype methodology that includes product research, instrument development, and user validation. Based in Brazil, our team has decided on an electronic ocarina based on its cultural features, its popularity as a digital application, and its potential for respiratory training. Unlike existing technologies, the prototype intends to be dedicated and a low-cost solution. Results The development process includes decision making about the appropriate mouthpiece, sensors, Arduino, pushbuttons, 3-D printing projects, building a MIDI interface and a dedicated software. This is an ongoing project, and our team is in the MIDI interface development stage. We aim to run the first hardware trial with users so that we can integrate their feedback into the functional prototype and the dedicated software for the following trials. Discussion This project’s strengths rely on the innovation of building viable electronic wind instruments that can facilitate self-management of people with COPD in developing countries, where access to healthcare can be challenging.

Emphasizing the innovation of urological robotic-assisted surgical instruments and technology driven by new quality productivity forces

New quality productivity force is an advanced form of productive force that is innovation-driven, characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. It aligns with the new development philosophy and represents an advanced state of productivity. Within the medical sphere, this concept is epitomized by the progressive evolution of surgical instruments and techniques. In recent years, the rapid development of new quality productivity forces in the medical field has generated significant anticipation for innovations in urological robotic surgery instruments and techniques. Advancements in domestically produced robotic surgery systems, remote robotic surgery, single-port robotic surgery, and pediatric-specific robotic surgery exemplify the critical application of new quality productivity forces in urology. The integration of artificial intelligence, haptic feedback technology, and sensory enhancement technologies has further enhanced the safety and precision of surgeries. Driven by these new quality productivity forces, the development of urological robotic surgery instruments and techniques has reached a new milestone, potentially setting a new gold standard for urological surgeries and providing patients with safer, more efficient, and personalized medical care. However, certain emerging technologies still face challenges in their application, necessitating further research and clinical validation.

ArchCheck Tool: An Innovative Instrument to Measure Arch Height

BACKGROUND Pes planus, commonly known as flat foot is a deformity of the foot, characterized by loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. There are several diagnostic methods available, such -as radiographs and digital footprint scanning techniques, that involve the usage of ink, dyes, and expensive instrumentation which may be harmful and not readily available at all time. The arch height may prove to be a user-friendly, portable, and affordable means of grading the foot. However, no tools were found during the search for review of literature. Hence, a need for a tool to measure the arch height and further give standard range of the arch height for flat feet and non-flat feet was identified. OBJECTIVE To design a tool and further provide values to differentiate flatfoot and non-flatfoot using arch height as a measurement tool. RELEVANCE The instrument was designed to quantify arch height and values to differentiate flatfoot and non-flatfoot are provided by comparison with Chippaux Smirak Index (CSI). METHOD The study evaluated the medial longitudinal arches of 30 individuals (60 feet) using static footprints and arch height measurement with tool. The footprints were classified into flatfoot and non-flatfoot using CSI. Data was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. RESULTS The range of medial longitudinal arch height between 15-21mm in sitting position and 13-19 mm in standing position identified with non-flat foot, while the range of medial longitudinal arch height between 10-14 mm in sitting position and 8-12 mm in standing position identified with flat foot when compared with CSI. These findings suggest that the tool can be used effectively to measure the medial longitudinal arch height and differentiate between individuals with flat foot and non-flat foot. CONCLUSION The study concludes that the tool is effective in measuring the medial longitudinal arch height and can be used to differentiate between individuals with flat foot and non-flat foot. Designers of the tool would like to name the tool as ArchCheck Tool.

On the right track: decoding self-regulated learning in young students’ log data with the digital train track task

Assessing self-regulated learning (SRL)—the interplay between monitoring and control behavior—remains challenging, particularly in young learners. The unobtrusive assessment with log data to investigate SRL offers a promising method to deepen the understanding of the SRL process of young students. Despite the significant potential of log data to enhance the measurement of SRL, recent research encounters new challenges of operationalization, transparency, generalizability, validity, and reproducibility. This study introduces an innovative instrument, the digital train track task (TTT), for assessing SRL with log data in young learners, focusing on monitoring and controlling behavior. Log data of 85 primary school students (second to fifth grades, aged 7–13 years) performing one simple and one complex TTT were analyzed. As a novel method, finite state machines (FSM) were applied to extract SRL-related actions and states from the log data. To evaluate and explore the potential of the digital TTT, monitoring, and control behavior during simple and complex tasks were compared, employing frequency-based statistical analysis and transition graphs. Additionally, the log data were multimethodically linked with think-aloud data. The results revealed differences in monitoring and control behavior during the simple and the complex tasks regarding frequency, duration, and transitions between the SRL-related states. Extracted SRL-related states from log data and corresponding think-aloud data showed significant correlations. Adding to the growing body of log data research, this study offers an innovative task to validly assess the metacognitive self-regulation processes of young learners during problem-solving. The transparent, theory-based operationalization of SRL in this study, taking into account recent demands for SRL log data research, allows better reproducibility and transfer and adds to the generalizability of findings from SRL log data research.

Financing green innovation startups: a systematic literature review on early-stage SME funding

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the critical issue of financing early-stage green startups, examining the types of investors and finance models available, the challenges these startups face, and how the green finance ecosystem can better support early-stage investment. Utilizing a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape. Our findings reveal a significant paucity of data and a bias towards well-established North American and European ecosystems, while highlighting an emerging diversity in private finance sources post-Global financial crisis (GFC), including grants, equity, and crowdfunding. Despite this, there remains a heavy reliance on public funding and a lack of evidence regarding its impact. The inherent characteristics of cleantech – high capital expenditure, long investment horizons, and disruptive nature – necessitate innovative public financing instruments and policies to reduce risk and attract private investment. Our theoretical contribution highlights the necessity for interdisciplinary research and policy collaboration to develop a holistic entrepreneurial finance (entfin) ecosystem. This approach should integrate quantitative economic and qualitative behavioural finance research to address information asymmetries and improve the green economy policy mix. Such a framework will support public-private co-financing, enhance stakeholder engagement, and provide evidence for policy decisions, facilitating more rapid commercialization of cleantech innovations for environmental sustainability.

How to nurture natural products to create new therapeutics: Strategic innovations and molecule-to-medicinal insights into therapeutic advancements.

Natural products (NPs) are privileged structures interacting with biomacromolecular targets and exhibiting biological effects important for human health. In this review, we have presented NP-inspired strategic innovations that are promising for addressing preclinical and clinical challenges. An analysis of 'molecule-to-medicinal' properties for improvement of P3 and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles has been illustrated. The strategies include chemical evolution through knowledge of structure-medicinal properties, truncation of NPs to avoid molecular obesity, pseudo-NPs, selection of common structural features of NPs, medicinophore installation, scaffold hopping, and induced proximity. Molecule-to-medicinal property analysis can guide the development of 'nature-to-new' chemical therapeutics. Coupled with scientific advances and innovations in instrumentation, these strategies hold great potential for enhancing drug design and discovery.

Factors Controlling Mud Floc Settling Velocity in a Highly Turbid Macrotidal Fluvial‐Estuarine System

AbstractThis study assesses the settling dynamics of suspended sediments along the hyper‐turbid Gironde Garonne fluvial‐estuarine system, with an innovative optical SCAF instrument (System of Characterization of Aggregates and Flocs). Two fields campaigns were carried out to determine the settling velocity and properties of suspended sediments during a semi‐diurnal tidal cycle, as well as hydrodynamic conditions and water properties. The two sampling stations were representative of two regions: a tidal river dominated by fresh water and an estuary affected by salty or brackish waters. A high spatial variability of the settling velocity was observed along the fluvial‐estuarine system and vertically along the water column. Settling velocities ranged from 0.02 to 0.4 mm/s. This study confirms that in hyper‐turbid systems, the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is predominantly driving the settling dynamics of suspended sediment. Threshold concentrations have been defined for the flocculation and hindered regimes where the settling velocity may vary by one order of magnitude. Although in natural environments it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of SSC and turbulence (as they are correlated), in the Gironde‐Garonne system the turbulent shear G seems to affect the settling of suspended sediment to a lower extent. Settling velocity variations cannot be directly correlated to salinity or organic matter content. Despite differences in hydrodynamic and environmental conditions in fluvial and estuarine regions, a common prediction law has been found to estimate settling velocity of suspended sediment as a function of suspended sediment concentration.

Decarbonization Roadmaps and Community Transition Pathways: empowering Energy Citizenship in the EU

Abstract The European energy transition is currently emphasizing advancements in regulations and technologies, with a focus also on social justice. Citizens are perceived as key players in the energy systems, as their direct involvement can contribute to the wide spread of improved behaviours and clean energy production. This paper explores Community Transition Pathways (CTPs), an innovative instrument to support energy citizenship effectively. CTPs guide citizens through structured paths, addressing diverse communities. Grounded in energy citizenship theories, the concept integrates insights from literature and policy developments. CTPs have been created within the H2020 project GRETA and verified in six case studies across Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Portugal. This paper aims to present the instrument as a project result, embedding its creation in the current debate about energy citizenship and transition pathways and presenting the results on three GRETA case studies. The research’s originality lies in its empirical approach, emphasizing citizens’ active roles in transition processes. Successful development and testing of CTPs demonstrate their value in fostering collaboration in clean energy production and facilitating participatory transition paths. However, ongoing refinement and replicability are essential for sustained success. By positioning citizens as active participants and reshaping public decision-making, CTPs advance a more inclusive and impactful approach to energy transition.

Types of learning and varieties of innovation: how does policy learning enable policy innovation?

Policy innovation is considered important for addressing major challenges such as climate change and the sustainable energy transition. Although policy learning is likely to play a key role in enabling policy innovation, the link between them remains unclear despite much research on both topics. To address this gap, we move beyond a binary treatment of policy innovation and differentiate policy problem innovation from policy instrument innovation and policy process innovation. Subsequently, we synthesise the literature on policy learning with the research on the multiple streams framework (MSF), a well-known lens for explaining policy innovation. Like earlier policy learning studies, we distinguish several types of learning by posing the key questions of learning, but in the context of each stream of the MSF: who learns (actors), what (beliefs), how (modes), and to what effect (ripening). This new conceptualisation clarifies the relationship of each type of policy learning to the varieties of policy innovation. Further, it indicates that policy learning is likely to result in policy innovation if and only if it influences the coupling among the three streams during a window of opportunity – through policy entrepreneurship – and not otherwise. We conclude with the implications of this study for future research on policy innovation, policy learning, and the MSF.

Integrating policy incentives and risk management for effective green finance in emerging markets

Integrating policy incentives and risk management is pivotal for driving the growth of green finance in emerging markets. The transition to sustainable finance necessitates an alignment between government policies and financial institutions to mitigate the risks associated with green investments. This abstract explores how policy incentives, such as tax breaks, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks, can encourage financial institutions to channel investments into green projects while addressing market-specific challenges like underdeveloped financial infrastructure and regulatory gaps. In emerging markets, the perceived risks of green investments, such as uncertain returns and regulatory volatility, often deter private sector engagement. However, integrating robust risk management strategies—including diversification, public-private partnerships, and risk-sharing mechanisms—can significantly reduce these risks, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of green finance. Additionally, government-backed incentives can lower capital costs for green projects, enabling financial institutions to provide more favorable lending terms. Regulatory frameworks that standardize green finance criteria and reporting are also critical for fostering transparency and accountability, which in turn build investor confidence. The interplay between policy incentives and risk management is further highlighted through case studies from emerging markets that demonstrate successful implementation of green finance initiatives. These examples illustrate how policy-driven support mechanisms and comprehensive risk management frameworks can unlock significant investment potential in green infrastructure, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture. By fostering a supportive policy environment and addressing risk factors through innovative financial instruments, emerging markets can enhance green finance flows, promote sustainable development, and contribute to global climate goals. This integrated approach is essential for bridging the financing gap in green projects, ensuring that environmental sustainability is aligned with economic growth and risk mitigation.

Comparative Analysis of Financial Ratios of Selected Semiconductor Equipment Firms During 2020-2023

As a matter of fact, the semiconductor equipment industry has been developing rapidly. On this basis, this research provides a comparative analysis of the financial ratios of four selected semiconductor equipment firms, i.e., Axcelis Technologies (ACLS), ACM Research (ACMR), Onto Innovation (ONTO), and Veeco Instruments (VECO), over the period from 2020 to 2023. With this in mind, the study aims to evaluate the financial health, operational efficiency, as well as market performance of these firms in order to identify the optimal investment target for value investing. According to the analysis, a specific investing target is selected. Overall, this research is useful in comparing assets and liabilities, gross revenue, stocks, bonds, return on investment, and other specifications of each of these companies that bring out their strong and weak areas. Based on the analysis, ACLS emerges as the most promising candidate due to its robust financial performance and stable market valuation.

The Legacy of James Marion Sims: History Revisited.

The title "Father of Modern Gynecology" is often attributed to Dr James Marion Sims, a pioneering American physician whose contributions to gynecology have profoundly influenced modern medical practice. Born in 1813, Sims developed several innovative surgical techniques and instruments that revolutionized the treatment of gynecological conditions. Among his most notable contributions is the Sims speculum, which remains a fundamental tool in gynecological examinations today. Sims is also credited with pioneering surgical techniques for repairing VVFs, previously deemed untreatable. His work, primarily conducted in the mid-19th century, laid the foundation for modern gynecological surgery and significantly advanced women's healthcare.However, Sims' legacy is also marked by ethical controversy. His early research involved experimental surgeries on enslaved African-American women, conducted without the use of anesthesia. These practices have sparked critical discussions regarding medical ethics, informed consent, and the historical exploitation of marginalized groups under the guise of scientific progress. This review article explores the dual facets of James Marion Sims' legacy, acknowledging his crucial role in shaping modern gynecology while critically examining the ethical implications of his methods. Such a discussion is vital for understanding the evolution of medical practices and the ongoing need for stringent ethical standards in clinical research and patient care.

CROWDFUNDING AND FUNDRAISING AS INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL TOOLS IN PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

Objectives. Search and substantiation of directions for investing investment resources in alternative energy sources using crowdfunding and fundraising mechanisms. Method. Research methods in this scientific article are statistical, logical, historical, graphic, as well as general methods of scientific thinking: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. The results. The existence of the problem of insufficient financial instruments for building a system of alternative regenerative energy sources is substantiated. The necessity of an in-depth study and analysis of the financial tools of crowdfunding and fundraising for more effective provision of financial resources for the production of alternative renewable energy sources has been proven. Scientific novelty. The need for innovative financial instruments for "green" projects of renewable sources of energy resources has been identified. It is proposed and justified to use fundraising and crowdfunding start-up projects for the most optimal financing of social, so-called "green" investments in renewable energy sources at the current stage of the military crisis. Practical significance. The practical implementation of the proposed measures for the development of innovative projects based on fundraising and crowdfunding in the system of alternative renewable energy sources in the conditions of a crisis state of the economy will save financial resources and increase the profitability of domestic enterprises in the energy sector, which will have a positive effect on the general macroeconomic situation in the state.

The Discursive Evolution of Human Rights Law: Empirical Insights from a Computational Analysis of 180,000 UN Recommendations

Abstract Building on an independent database of 180,000 UN recommendations and a novel computational method, we present the most comprehensive study of human rights (HR) debates to date. We develop a unique empirical model that measures topical density of discourse. This innovative instrument measures the discursive activity of UN HR bodies through a machine-learning textual analysis of their outputs, offering a dynamic map of evolving trends in human rights, both over time (diachronically) and across different mechanisms (synchronically) within the UN HR ecosystem. Leveraging this comprehensive dataset and sophisticated computational methodologies, we identify which protected groups are central to different mechanisms’ attention and highlight the major human rights issues that have witnessed significant changes in attention. Our research presents significant findings on the density of UN HR discourse and its implications for two major debates in the field of HR law—HR proliferation and the structural critique of UN HR bodies.

STABILIZATION MECHANISMS OF EU MONETARY POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERACTION WITH THE FINANCIAL SPHERE OF UKRAINE

Existing classic methods of analysing the monetary policy of the central bank, such as the aggregate response function, explain the behavior of the ECB in a rather simplified way. This is the result of the fact that classical methods do not consider the regional features of the members of the European Monetary Un ion and the structure of the system of central banks. The study of monetary policy with the involvement of macroeconomic theories of organization, theories of teams and coalition behavior, which are new for a macroeconomic subject, can make a significant contribution to the research process of European monetary integration. Since European integration is declared as a strategic direction of Ukraine’s economic development, the analysis and generalization of the problem of the modern European economy in the context of the impact of Russia’s war against Ukraine from 2022 is relevant. Therefore, in order to understand the problems and prospects of modernization of the functioning of the monetary and credit system in the EU, it is important to research and scientifically substantiate the stabilization mechanisms for Ukraine. The article investigates some stabilization mechanisms that are Ukraine Facility and Multi-Agency Donor Coordination Platform. Funding by Ukraine Facility is analysed through its pillars, components and implementation of main conditions for receiving benefits on the way of Ukrainian economy recovery. MultiAgency Donor Coordination Platform for Ukraine, as innovative instrument for coordinating activities of its members, is researched on the base of its existing funding mechanisms: the G7 Finance Track, the G7+ Coordination Group on energy infrastructure and the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) Coordination Group.

Globalisation and Regulatory Strategies: Adapting to Changes in International Business

This article examines the interrelations between globalisation, economic development, and ecological sustainability. It analyses the role of financial innovations in promoting sustainable development and focuses on strategies that help companies adapt and thrive in the face of globalisation, turning challenges into opportunities. Given the complexity of the global business environment, success on the international level depends not only on the speed of changes but also on compliance with various regulatory standards. Regulatory strategies are crucial for mitigating risks and leveraging new opportunities. Therefore, companies must have a thorough understanding of their internal processes and the external regulatory and political environment. The research suggests that the integration of advanced financial instruments and effective political strategies can optimise the impact of globalisation, fostering economic growth and ecological sustainability. It is important to maintain a balanced and objective tone when presenting research findings. The importance of further analysing mechanisms for regulating globalisation processes and developing innovative financial instruments to stimulate environmentally sustainable investments is underscored, emphasising the need for international cooperation and adaptation to climate change. The study concludes that achieving harmony between economic progress and environmental protection requires economic measures, such as carbon taxes and emission quota systems, that embody the principle of pollution responsibility. Legislative initiatives that set limits on emissions and regulate resource use, as well as voluntary initiatives such as corporate social responsibility programs and eco-production criteria, are also necessary. The range of approaches reflects different methods of implementation, levels of compulsion, and stakeholder involvement. The implementation of a particular strategy depends on the economic context, political climate, level of public awareness, and technical readiness of a given country or region.

Использование финансовой информации в сотрудничестве государств по выявлению и пресечению преступлений

The use of financial information in investigations plays the key role in crime combating. Efficient application of data on financial transactions facilitates identification and prevention of activities of transnational and organized criminal networks. However, limited opportunities of law enforcement authorities and the absence of access to centralized bank account registers can hinder such investigations. Enhancement of international cooperation and information exchange between law enforcement authorities and financial intelligence units (FIUs) can substantially increase the efficiency of investigations. Such cooperation includes training and professional development of employees (it is critically important to teach them contemporary financial data analysis methods and how to use cutting-edge technologies), development of new technologies. Innovative instruments of analysis of financial information are required for timely and accurate identification of criminal acts. Creation of flexible mechanisms of access to information requires development of international data exchange systems, which will enable law enforcement authorities to receive information on bank accounts without delay.