Innovative Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Rg3-lipo biomimetic delivery of paclitaxel enhances targeting of tumors and myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Liposomal drug delivery systems have revolutionized traditional cytotoxic drugs. However, the relative instability and toxicity of the existing liposomal drug delivery systems compromised their efficacy. Herein, we present Rg3-lipo, an innovative drug delivery system using a glycosyl moiety-enriched ginsenoside (Rg3). This system is distinguished by its glycosyl moieties exposed on the liposomal surface. These moieties imitate human cell membranes to stabilize and evade phagocytic clearance. The Rg3-lipo system loaded with paclitaxel (PTX-Rg3-lipo) demonstrated favorable bioavailability and safety in Sprague-Dawley rats, beagle dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. With its glycosyl moieties recognizing tumor cells via the glucose transporter Glut1, PTX-Rg3-lipo inhibited gastric, breast, and esophageal cancers in human cancer cell lines, tumor-bearing mice, and patient-derived xenograft models. These glycosyl moieties selectively targeted myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) through the glucose transporter Glut3 to attenuate their immunosuppressive effect. The mechanism study revealed that Rg3-lipo suppressed glycolysis and downregulated the transcription factors c-Maf and Mafb overcoming the MDSC-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhancing PTX-Rg3-lipo's antitumor effect. Taken together, we supply substantial evidence for its advantageous bioavailability and safety in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, and Rg3-lipo's dual targeting of cancer cells and MDSCs. Further investigation regarding Rg3-lipo's druggability will be conducted in clinical trials.

Unlocking the Potential of Oxymatrine: A Comprehensive Review of Its Neuroprotective Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects in Neurological Disorders.

Sophora flavescens, the source of oxymatrine, is gaining popularity due to its potential in neuroprotection and treatment of various neurological conditions like epilepsy, depression, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. Its natural occurrence and promising preliminary research highlight its ability to reduce nerve cell damage and inflammation, attributed to its antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, challenges like solubility, potential adverse effects and limited bioavailability hinder its full therapeutic utilization. Current strategies, including formulation optimization and innovative drug delivery systems, aim to enhance its efficacy and safety. Despite its potential, further research is necessary to overcome these obstacles and maximize its clinical effectiveness. Conclusively, oxymatrine demonstrates distinct neuroprotective properties, offering unique advantages over other agents currently being studied or used in clinical practice for neurological disorders. nevertheless, additional study is necessary to surmount current obstacles and maximize its effectiveness for clinical settings. This study provides a comprehensive overview of oxymatrine's neuroprotective mechanisms and therapeutic potential while emphasizing the need for continued investigation and development for practical clinical application.

Systematic Review of Plant-Based Excipients in Topical Drug Delivery

AbstractThis review explores the use of plant-based excipients in topical drug delivery. The review examines the advantages and challenges of using plant-based excipients, as well as case studies that demonstrate their effectiveness in delivering drugs through the skin. The review also discusses future perspectives on the use of plant-based excipients, including the potential for developing new formulations and improving drug delivery efficiency. The findings of this review suggest that plant-based excipients have significant potential in topical drug delivery and could offer a more sustainable and natural alternative to synthetic excipients. Overall, this review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the pharmaceutical industry who are interested in developing new and innovative drug delivery systems.

Stem Cell Membrane-Camouflaged Biomimetic Nanoparticles Inhibiting Leptin Pathway for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Therapy.

Leptin, a kind of adipokine, with its receptor in which the long isoform plays a crucial role in signal transduction, has been identified in intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues, especially showing an increased expression in degenerated discs. Initially identified as a metabolic sensor, leptin has recently been found able to regulate inflammation into imbalance, which favors catabolic degradative processes, thus contributing to progressive intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Therefore, efficiently inhibiting the leptin pathway may provide a new strategy to treat IDD. In this study, we introduced an innovative drug delivery system (DDS) that employs stem cell membranes (SCM) to encapsulate (Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8) ZIF-8 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are used to transport a plasmid containing shRNA targeting the leptin receptor (LEPR), with the aim of facilitating repair in IDD. The regenerative performances of this DDS in IDD were verified through a combination of the in vitro western blot and immunofluorescence with the in vivo radiologic examination and histological staining. The DDS demonstrated excellent cell adhesion properties and gene transfection efficiency in vitro, along with impressive treatment outcomes in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the DDS effectively reduced leptin receptor expression and alleviated the inflammatory environment, thereby promoting regeneration in degenerated IVDs. We propose that the DDS represents a promising novel approach for treating IDD and may also be beneficial for other degenerative diseases linked to leptin pathway dysfunction.

Nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel-based carriers as advanced delivery tools for the treatment of oral diseases.

Oral diseases rank among the most widespread ailments worldwide posing significant global health and economic challenges affecting around 3.5billion people, impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. Dental caries, periodontal disease, bacterial and fungal infections, tooth loss and oral malignancies are among the most prevalent global clinical disorders contributing to oral health burden. Traditional treatments for oral diseases often face challenges such as poor drug bioavailability, breakdown of medication in saliva, inconsistent antibiotic levels at the site of periodontal infection as well as higher side effects. However, the emergence of nanoemulgel (NEG) as an innovative drug delivery system offers promising solutions where NEG combines the advantages of both nanoemulsions (NEs) and hydrogels providing improved drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. Due to their minuscule size and ability to control drug release, NEGs hold promise for improving treatment of oral diseases, where versatility of these delivery systems makes them suitable for various applications, including topical delivery in dentistry. This review concisely outlines the anatomy of the oral environment and investigates the therapeutic potential of NE-based gels in oral disorder treatment. It thoroughly examines the challenges of drug delivery in the oral cavity and proposes strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy, drawing attention to previous research reports for comparison. Through comprehensive analysis, the review highlights the promising role of NEGs as a novel therapeutic approach for oral health management via research advancements and their clinical translation. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into future research directions and development opportunities in this area.

A Programmable Oral Nanomotor Microcapsule for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

AbstractGiven the unique anatomy and location of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), oral pharmacological treatment is the mainstay for managing IBD because of its convenience and direct accessibility to the gastrointestinal tract. However, efficient delivery systems must be designed to navigate the harsh gastrointestinal environment during application. Here, an innovative oral drug delivery system was proposed using nanomotor (NM)‐loaded soluble microcapsules for treating IBD. MnO2‐Au‐mSiO2 NMs incorporate partially encapsulated MnO2 antennas that convert reactive oxygen species into oxygen, autonomously propelling the NMs. Astaxanthin (AST), known for its anti‐inflammatory properties, is loaded into the mesoporous silica (mSiO2) of NMs (AST@NMs). AST effectively reduces inflammation and shifts macrophages from a proinflammatory (M1) phenotype to an anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotype. To protect the nanomotors from harsh digestive conditions and achieve intestinal‐responsive release, using photocurable 3D printing, we fabricated enteric‐coated oral microcapsules (MCs). Additionally, to prevent leakage of AST@NMs, a calcium alginate shell was cured in situ on the surface of the microcapsules (AST@NMs@MCs). In vitro and in vivo, AST@NMs@MCs effectively reduced inflammation, repaired the intestinal barrier, and modulated the gut microbiota. These findings underscore the protective effects of the microcapsules on AST@NM, highlighting their potential as a promising strategy for treating colitis.

Circular RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Advances, and Innovations

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets due to their unique covalently closed-loop structures and their regulatory roles in gene expression. Despite their potential, challenges in circRNA-based therapies include ensuring stability, tissue specificity, and efficient intracellular delivery. This review explores the implications of circRNAs in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), providing an overview of their biogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and roles in disease pathology. In addition to discussing molecular features, this review highlights therapeutic advances, including small-molecule drugs targeting circRNAs, synthetic circRNA sponges, and innovations in drug delivery systems that enhance the effectiveness of these therapies. Finally, current challenges and future directions are addressed, emphasizing the need for continued research to fully unlock the therapeutic potential of circRNA-based strategies in cardiovascular medicine.

Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films for the sustained release of diclofenac sodium: An innovative approach for pain management

The research explores the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films for the sustained release of diclofenac sodium, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for pain relief. Mucoadhesive buccal films are an innovative drug delivery system designed to adhere to the mucous membrane in the oral cavity, enabling the controlled release of drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing first-pass metabolism and improving therapeutic outcomes. These films provide sustained release, localized action, and improved compliance, making them more convenient for patients. Mucus membranes, which are moist surfaces lining body cavities, are the main components of mucus gels. The wetting theory applies to mucoadhesion, which involves the release of mucus from the mucosal surface into the bloodstream. The study aims to develop a more efficient and effective method for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium, a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.

Nanomaterial-Enhanced Microneedles: Emerging Therapies for Diabetes and Obesity.

Drug delivery systems (DDS) have improved therapeutic agent administration by enhancing efficacy and patient compliance while minimizing side effects. They enable targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer non-invasive medication administration and have evolved to include methods such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, microneedles (MN), and nanocarriers. MN technology provides innovative solutions for chronic metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity using various MN types. For diabetes management, MNs enable continuous glucose monitoring, diabetic wound healing, and painless insulin delivery. For obesity treatment, MNs provide sustained transdermal delivery of anti-obesity drugs or nanoparticles (NPs). Hybrid systems integrating wearable sensors and smart materials enhance treatment effectiveness and patient management. Nanotechnology has advanced drug delivery by integrating nano-scaled materials like liposomes and polymeric NPs with MNs. In diabetes management, glucose-responsive NPs facilitate smart insulin delivery. At the same time, lipid nanocarriers in dissolving MNs enable extended release for obesity treatment, enhancing drug stability and absorption for improved metabolic disorder therapies. DDS for obesity and diabetes are advancing toward personalized treatments using smart MN enhanced with nanomaterials. These innovative approaches can enhance patient outcomes through precise drug administration and real-time monitoring. However, widespread implementation faces challenges in ensuring biocompatibility, improving technologies, scaling production, and obtaining regulatory approval. This review will present recent advances in developing and applying nanomaterial-enhanced MNs for diabetes and obesity management while also discussing the challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of these innovative DDS.

A Polyurethane Electrospun Membrane Loaded with Bismuth Lipophilic Nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs): Proliferation, Bactericidal, and Antitumor Properties, and Effects on MRSA and Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Electrospun membranes (EMs) have a wide range of applications, including use as local delivery systems. In this study, we manufactured a polyurethane Tecoflex™ EM loaded with bismuth-based lipophilic nanoparticles (Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs). The physicochemical and mechanical characteristics, along with the antitumor and bactericidal effects, were evaluated using a breast cancer cell line and methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs and Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs had similar fiber diameters of 4.65 ± 1.42 µm and 3.95 ± 1.32 µm, respectively. Drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs did not negatively impact a human fibroblast culture, indicating that the vehicle is biocompatible. Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs increased 94% more in size than drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs, indicating that the BisBAL NPs enhanced hydration capacity. Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs were highly bactericidal against both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA clinical isolates, inhibiting their growth by 93.11% and 61.70%, respectively. Additionally, Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs decreased the viability of MCF-7 tumor cells by 86% after 24 h exposure and 70.1% within 15 min. Regarding the mechanism of action of Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs, it appears to disrupt the tumor cell membrane. In conclusion, Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs constitute an innovative low-cost drug delivery system for human breast cancer and postoperative wound infections.

Innovative Oral Nano/Gene Delivery System Based on Engineered Modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Colorectal Cancer Therapy.

The efficient delivery of RNA-based drugs to solid tumors remains a formidable obstacle. We aim to develop a safe and efficient oral drug delivery system compatible with RNA-based drugs that is urgently needed to overcome challenges such as enzymatic degradation and gastrointestinal barriers to facilitate effective treatment for treating colorectal cancer (CRC). To address these challenges, we utilized engineered modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate the delivery efficacy of miR21-antagomir for treating CRC in preclinical mouse models, including adenomatosis polyposis coli mutant transgenic mice ApcMin/+ and in situ tumor-bearing mice. An orally deliverable gene delivery system, YS@NPs21, was designed. This gene delivery system demonstrated effectively suppressed tumor growth in both ApcMin/+ and in situ tumor-bearing mice models. This system exhibited tumor-targeting capability, effective inhibition of tumor growth, and low toxicity toward nontumor cells. Successful implementation of this innovative oral drug delivery system could offer a straightforward, safe, and RNA drug-compatible approach to CRC treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing medical costs.

Multifunctional Nanoemulsified Clinacanthus nutans Extract: Synergistic Anti-Pathogenic, Anti-Biofilm, Anti-Inflammatory, and Metabolic Modulation Effects against Periodontitis.

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Clinacanthus nutans extracts, focusing on the 95% ethanol (95E) extract and its nanoemulsified form, against oral pathogens and their bioactive effects. The findings demonstrate potent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, essential for combating periodontal diseases, and significant anti-biofilm properties crucial for plaque management. Additionally, the extracts exhibit promising inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase enzymes, indicating potential for diabetes management through glucose metabolism regulation. Their anti-inflammatory properties, evidenced by reduced nitric oxide production, underscore their potential for treating oral infections and inflammation. Notably, the nanoemulsified 95E extract shows higher efficiency than the conventional extract, suggesting a multifunctional treatment approach for periodontal issues and metabolic disorders. These results highlight the enhanced efficacy of the nanoemulsified extract, proposing it as an effective treatment modality for periodontal disease in diabetic patients. This research offers valuable insights into the development of innovative drug delivery systems using natural remedies for improved periodontal care in diabetic populations.

Preparing a Phytosome for Promoting Delivery Efficiency and Biological Activities of Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Dendropanax morbifera Adventitious Root Extract (DMARE).

(1) Background: Methyl jasmonate-treated D. morbifera adventitious root extract (MeJA-DMARE), enriched with phenolics, has enhanced bioactivities. However, phenolics possess low stability and bioavailability. Substantial evidence indicates that plant extract-phospholipid complex assemblies, known as phytosomes, represent an innovative drug delivery system. (2) Methods: The phytosome complex was created by combining MeJA-DMARE with Soy-L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) using three different ratios through two distinct methods (co-solvency method: A1, A2, and A3; thin-layer film method: B1, B2, and B3). (3) Results: Initial evaluation based on UV-Vis, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and loading content (LC%) indicated that B2 exhibited the highest EE% (79.98 ± 1.45) and LC% (69.17 ± 0.14). The phytosome displayed a spherical morphology with a particle size of 210 nm, a notably low polydispersity index of 0.16, and a superior zeta potential value at -25.19 mV. The synthesized phytosome exhibited superior anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting NO and ROS production (reduced to 8.9% and 55.1% at 250 μg/mL) in RAW cells and adjusting the expression of related inflammatory cytokines; they also slowed lung tumor cell migration (only 2.3% of A549 cells migrated after treatment with phytosomes at 250 μg/mL), promoting ROS generation in A549 cell lines (123.7% compared to control) and stimulating apoptosis of lung cancer-related genes. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, the MeJA-DMARE phytosome offers stable, economically efficient, and environmentally friendly nanoparticles with superior inflammation and lung tumor inhibition properties. Thus, the MeJA-DMARE phytosome holds promise as an applicable and favorable creation for drug delivery and lung cancer treatment.

Quantum Insights into Partially Molecular Imprinted Microspheres for Anticancer Therapeutics: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.

Drug solubility is a determining factor for controlled release, and solubility-dependent release kinetics can be modified by changing the drug's state in the polymer matrix through partial molecular imprinting (PMI), although research in this area remains limited. This novel PMI approach creates nanocavities within the polymer by partially retaining the imprinting molecule and trapping the drug. Such a method holds promise for developing advanced biomaterial-based drug delivery systems for anticancer therapies. In this study, we developed microspheres designed for anticancer drug delivery utilizing PMI to enhance controlled release properties. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres were partially imprinted with aspirin (ASP) to create nanocavities for gemcitabine (GEM) molecules, inducing a polymorphic shift of GEM within the polymer matrix. This novel PMI approach enhanced drug release properties by enabling control over the drug crystallinity and release rate. The PVA-ASP-GEM complex showed zero-order release kinetics, releasing 21.6% of GEM over 48 h, maintaining steady state release profile. In contrast, nonimprinted PVA-GEM microspheres exhibited first-order kinetics with a faster release of 46.85% in the same period. Quantum insights from density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the superior stability of the PVA-ASP-GEM complex, with a binding free energy of -56.03 kcal/mol, compared to -29.07 kcal/mol for PVA-GEM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that ASP's presence created nanocavities that restricted GEM's movement, further contributing to the controlled release. Experimental validation through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the polymorphic transitions within the PVA-ASP-GEM complex. This PMI-based approach offers a promising method for modulating drug release kinetics and improving the stability of anticancer therapeutics, paving the way for innovative biomaterial-based drug delivery systems.

Ocular Drug Delivery Routes: Diseases Overview and Advanced Administration Methods

The eye is anatomically divided into two: the anterior segment and the posterior segment. The anterior segment comprises structures located at the front of the eye, including the cornea, iris, ciliary body, pupil, aqueous humor, and lens. In contrast, the posterior segment encompasses structures located at the back of the eye, such as the vitreous, retina, choroid, macula, and optic nerves. Numerous diseases arise due to anomalies occurring within these ocular tissues. When formulating drugs for ocular conditions, it is crucial to consider the specific segment of the eye affected by the disease. Various routes of drug administration and dosage forms are available for delivering medications to the eye. These include topical forms such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and gels. Additionally, drugs can be administered through routes such as intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intracorneal, or subconjunctival. Furthermore, novel methods of drug delivery to the eye have emerged, including inserts, films, contact lenses, and microneedles. The aim of this review is to discuss innovative drug delivery systems and explain in detail the different routes of drug administration to the eye with examples from the current literature.

Topical Application of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core-Multishell Nanocarriers Against Oral Mucosal Inflammation.

Topical treatment of oral inflammatory diseases is challenging due to the intrinsic physicochemical barriers of the mucosa and the continuous flow of saliva, which dilute drugs and limit their bioavailability. Nanocarrier technology can be an innovative approach to circumvent these problems and thus improve the efficacy of topical drug delivery to the mucosa. Core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers are putative delivery systems with high biocompatibility and the ability to adhere to and penetrate the oral mucosa. Ester-based CMS nanocarriers release the anti-inflammatory compound dexamethasone (Dx) more efficiently than a conventional cream. Mussel-inspired functionalization of a CMS nanocarrier with catechol further improves the adhesion of the nanocarrier and may enhance the efficacy of the loaded drugs. In the present study, the properties of the ester-based CMS 10-E-15-350 nanocarrier (CMS-NC) are further evaluated in comparison to the catechol-functionalized variant (CMS-C0.08). While the mucoadhesion of CMS-NC is inhibited by saliva, CMS-C0.08 exhibits better mucoadhesion in the presence of saliva. Due to the improved adhesion properties, CMS-C0.08 loaded with dexamethasone (Dx-CMS-C0.08) shows a better anti-inflammatory effect than Dx-CMS-NC when applied dynamically. These results highlight the superiority of CMS-C0.08 over CMS-NC as an innovative drug delivery system (DDS) for the treatment of oral mucosal diseases.

Biofilm Formation in Chronic Infections: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Implications, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches.

Biofilms are intricate microbial communities on various surfaces, including medical devices and biological tissues, encased within a protective matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Their formation and persistence are significant factors in the pathogenesis of chronic infections, contributing to the complexity of treatment and increased resistance to antimicrobial agents. This review explores the multifaceted nature of biofilms, focusing on their formation, structure, and the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to their resilience. Biofilms are particularly problematic in chronic infections, such as those associated with medical implants and persistent wounds, due to their ability to evade both the host immune response and conventional therapeutic strategies. The review also discusses the current challenges in diagnosing biofilm-associated infections and the limitations of existing treatment options. Emerging therapeutic approaches, including novel antibiofilm agents, physical disruption techniques, and biological therapies such as phage therapy, are examined for their potential to improve treatment outcomes. Innovations in drug delivery systems and preventive measures, such as biofilm-resistant materials, are also highlighted as promising developments. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights into the mechanisms of biofilm-related infections and to guide future research and clinical practice. This review contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance patient care and combat the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance by addressing the critical need for effective strategies to manage and prevent biofilm-associated chronic infections.

Emerging strategies for treating medical device and wound-associated biofilm infections.

Bacterial infections represent a significant global threat to human health, leading to considerable economic losses through increased healthcare costs and reduced productivity. One major challenge in treating these infections is the presence of biofilms - structured bacterial communities that form protective barriers, making traditional treatments less effective. Additionally, the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has exacerbated treatment difficulties. To address these challenges, researchers are developing and exploring innovative approaches to combat biofilm-related infections. This mini-review highlights recent advancements in the following key areas: surface anti-adhesion technologies, electricity, photo/acoustic-active materials, endogenous mimicking agents, and innovative drug delivery systems. These strategies aim to prevent biofilm formation, disrupt existing biofilms, and enhance the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments. Currently, these approaches show great potential for applications in medical fields such as medical device and wound - associated biofilm infections. By summarizing these developments, this mini-review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers seeking to advance the management and treatment of biofilm-associated infections.

HYPERTENSION IN THE ELDERLY: CHALLENGES IN MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

Hypertension is a prevalent and significant health issue among the elderly, contributing to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and kidney failure. Managing hypertension in older adults poses unique challenges due to age-related physiological changes, comorbidities, and polypharmacy. This review explores the complex pathophysiology of hypertension in the elderly, including age-related changes in vascular function and the impact of comorbid conditions. It examines the difficulties in diagnosing hypertension, such as variability in blood pressure readings, white coat syndrome, and masked hypertension, highlighting the need for accurate monitoring through home and ambulatory techniques. The review discusses current management strategies, emphasizing the importance of setting appropriate treatment goals, implementing lifestyle modifications, and utilizing pharmacological treatments, including new antihypertensive drugs and combination therapies. It also addresses challenges such as adverse drug reactions, medication adherence, and the management of polypharmacy. Recent advances, including innovations in drug delivery systems and digital health technologies, offer promising solutions for improving hypertension management. Future research directions include exploring precision medicine, understanding the role of the gut microbiome, and addressing health disparities. Clinicians are advised to adopt personalized treatment approaches, integrate technological tools, and address socioeconomic barriers to optimize hypertension management in the elderly. This review underscores the need for ongoing research and tailored strategies to improve outcomes and quality of life for older patients with hypertension.

Using Hybrid MnO2-Au Nanoflowers to Accelerate ROS Scavenging and Wound Healing in Diabetes

Objectives: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic wounds are major contributors to chronic wounds and impaired healing, posing significant challenges in regenerative medicine. Developing innovative drug delivery systems is crucial to address these issues by modifying the adverse microenvironment and promoting effective wound healing. Methods: Herein, we designed a novel drug delivery platform using manganese dioxide nanoflower hybridized gold nanoparticle composites (MnO2-Au) synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction, and investigated the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflowers to relieve the high oxidative stress microenvironment and regulate diabetic wound tissue healing. Results: This hybrid material demonstrated superior catalytic activity compared to MnO2 alone, enabling the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and a substantial reduction in ROS levels within dermal fibroblasts. The MnO2-Au nanoflowers also facilitated enhanced dermal fibroblast migration and Col-I expression, which are critical for tissue regeneration. Additionally, a hydrogel-based wound dressing incorporating MnO2-Au nanoflowers was developed, showing its potential as an intelligent drug delivery system. This dressing significantly reduced oxidative stress, accelerated wound closure, and improved the quality of neonatal epithelial tissue regeneration in a diabetic rat skin defect model. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflower-based drug delivery systems as a promising therapeutic approach for chronic wound healing, particularly in regenerative medicine.