Innovation Systems In Countries Research Articles

Improving the System of Indicators for Assessing the Effectiveness of Modern Regional Innovation Systems

In the post-pandemic social and economic conditions, the proper assessment of the effectiveness of regional innovation systems (RISs) becomes a key endeavor. In our paper, we highlight the necessity to enhance the set of indicators used to evaluate the performance of regional innovation systems in countries with varying innovation capabilities. Specifically, we concentrate on examining case studies from the United States, Japan, China, and the Czech Republic, comparing their experiences with the current situation to innovations and innovation systems in Russia and drawing lessons for this country. Utilizing the Global Innovation Index (GII) rankings, we conduct an analysis of the characteristics of innovative progress and propose specific groups of indicators that can enhance the effectiveness of evaluating the innovative advancement of different regions. Moreover, we determine the need for uniqueness, flexibility, and adaptability of these based on the state’s strategic guidelines in the field of innovation and the innovative potential of the territory as well as the factors of external and internal influence. In addition, we conduct and present the results of the bibliometric network analysis of the research publications retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database using VOSViewer software and covering the role of regional innovation systems (RISs) in shaping up the national innovation systems (NISs) both in general terms and specifically applied to the case of Russia. Our results might be relevant for the stakeholders and policymakers who are engaged in promoting innovation, regional development, and sustainable economic growth, as well as for the academics working on the topics of innovation and economic development.

Islamic Scholar Thought on Intrapreneurial Leadership Characteristic Framework for Islamic Education Institutions

There is a growing expectation for universities to contribute to the country's innovation system, especially bringing students to become entrepreneurs and job creators. This research is aimed at developing a model of Islamic scholar thought on intrapreneurial leadership characteristic framework for Islamic Education Institutions. This study employs the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method in three steps, first problem decomposition via in-depth interviews with expert respondents, second, quantifying the model via a pair-wise comparison questionnaire, and third, synthesis and analysis to derive the most priority criteria and strategies. The model was developed with valuable input from three Indonesian religious leaders with experience in Islamic education. The findings indicate that the most important criterion for having the character of an intrapreneurial leader in an Islamic Education Institution along with its sub-criteria is leadership (trustworthy and responsible), followed by behavior (self-confidence and self-motivation), religiosity (worship and tawakkal), good governance (entrepreneurial culture and learning and teaching), and the last priority is skills (leadership skills and networking). This paper also discovered that, within Islamic educational institutions, a focus on constant innovation and a clear human resource vision and mission is a top priority for shaping the personalities of future leaders. This strategy emphasizes the significance of fostering an innovative culture within the institution and providing a clear vision and mission to guide the development of human resources. At the end of the paper's structure, this study offers policy implications and recommendations for how Islamic schools can incorporate intrapreneurial leadership practices into their educational system.

PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

The accelerated development of economies is not possible without the introduction of innovation and the development of the country's scientific and research potential. The scientific and innovative system, represented by the subjects of the relationship, which directly affect the development of the scientific and innovative potential of the country. The end product of the system is the commercialization of research and development activities. The process of technology commercialization itself is a specific project, nevertheless, project management tools are applicable for it, but taking into account the specifics of innovation and with a high risk of failure. The article examines the main problems and barriers to the commercialization of technologies by conducting a sociological survey of participants in the innovation system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the survey was to obtain a holistic picture of the modern situations of the innovation system of Kazakhstan with an attempt to identify the main problems, both in the system as a whole, and in the process in particular. The respondents were direct participants in technology commercialization projects. Also, the article considered the problem of ensuring the educational approach of direct participants in innovative activities. The problem of the low level of education and the degradation of the education system is rising, which directly affects the country's innovation system. On the basis of the work done, recommendations were received on improving the innovation system and the corresponding project approach to the commercialization of technologies.

AI Efficiency Index: Identifying Regulatory and Policy Constraints for Resilient National AI Ecosystems

We develop efficiency estimates for the production, implementation and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) services. We use a variety of data measuring factors relating to AI input and output. We start by constructing a set of nine different AI efficiency measures using non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis (DAE). We then proceed to analyse the cross-country time variation of these estimates and compare these with different policy measures and institutional indicators. In particular, we link our AI efficiency measures to general characteristics of a country's innovation system including indicators reflecting product market regulation, tax subsidies for R\&D investment and institutional factors linked to starting a business and (intellectual) property rights. We find that policy measures differ in their impact on our AI efficiency scores: Tax subsidies are important to enhance start-up investment activity, especially in countries with high barriers to entry and weak property rights. Product market frictions such as public ownership --- especially in the telecommunications industry --- is pernicious to patenting efficiency in the field of AI. Our results highlight the importance of differentiated policy interventions at different stages (and attributes) of the AI production chain.

ІННОВАЦІЇ ЯК ЗАСІБ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДЕРЖАВИ ТА ЇХНІЙ ВПЛИВ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ СВІТОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА

The article examines innovations as a means of economic development of the state and their impact on the formation of the world economy. It is analyzed that constant innovation in the production of goods and services is a prerequisite for the development or even survival of the enterprise in conditions of fierce competition. It is investigated that the intensification of innovation belongs to the systemic issues of macroeconomic development, the solution of which should be carried out primarily at the state level. It is determined that the study of theoretical and practical issues of state innovation policy is an important problem in modern science. It is characterized that the economically and technologically developed countries of the world have moved to a fundamentally new nature of economic development – innovation, the features of which are large-scale introduction of scientific and technical developments and transfer of high-performance technologies to commercialize them. It is determined that innovations have caused progressive technological changes in the real sector of the economy, the structure of consumption and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy as a whole. It is recognized that in the field of innovation the world's leading countries use a system of state planning and financial support; legal protection of intellectual property; state guarantees for the development of innovation infrastructure; stimulating private investment in innovation. It is characterized that the modern concept of formation of the financial mechanism of maintenance of innovative development is characterized by target orientation on a combination of direct state budgetary financing of innovative programs and projects with financial support of separate organizations. In the field of improving the innovative development of the world economy, the goal of uniting the national innovation systems of countries is to build a dynamic economy based on knowledge and should provide countries with world leadership.

Collaborative innovation in emerging innovation systems: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe

Firms often lack competences and capabilities for creation and commercialization of innovations. The solution to this problem lies in sharing or acquisition of relevant resources through collaboration. The success of collaborative relationships depends on the type and the quality of partners involved and proximity between them. This is particularly true in emerging innovation systems of countries in transition from middle to high income levels. The objective of this paper is to explore whether collaboration with suppliers, customers, universities and research institutes and intra-group collaboration with partners of different origin in nine emerging innovation systems of Central and Eastern Europe facilitates commercialization of existing marginally modified, incrementally novel and radically novel products. Results of treatment analysis on a sample of over 10.000 firms from the Eurostat’s Community Innovation Survey reveal that domestic innovation competences and capabilities mostly fuel commercialization of existing products and that firms rely on a diverse network of collaborators. We find evidence of positive impact of collaboration on commercialization of existing products and to a lesser extent on incremental and radical innovations. Relevance of individual collaboration channels differs over countries. Among foreign partners, collaboration with entities from other European Union member states facilitates commercialization of existing products while partners from United States, China and India have positive effects on commercialization of incremental and radical innovations suggesting that cognitive proximity is more important than geographical, social, organizational and institutional proximities. Recommendations for formulation of innovation policies in emerging innovation systems are provided.

Data structures, logical-probabilistic models and digital management of the safety and quality of systems in the economics

In this paper we are considering data structures in economic systems. These structures can be used to construct logical-probabilistic risk models intended for digital management of safety and quality of systems. Transformation of any database into a system of logical equations is described, which is the basis for constructing logical-probabilistic models of safety or quality. We give examples how the database is used to construct models of the credit risk in banks and the risk and efficiency of restaurants. Also we present examples of using complex structure data to construct a model for management of a country's innovation system quality and simple structure data for construction of a model for assessment of the failure risk for one innovation. The special software 'Arbiter' and 'Expa' for management in economics are described. The term 'digital management' is defined and computer network components for digital management of systems in economics are given.

El sistema nacional de innovación de México. Una comparación con España y Estados Unidos de América

En este artículo se presenta un análisis de los sistemas nacionales de innovación de México, España y Estados Unidos de América, empleando la metodología de análisis de entorno y de sistemas nacionales de innovación de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico a efecto de estudiar las diferencias y similitudes de los tres países e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. El propósito es identificar los distintos niveles de maduración de los sistemas nacionales de innovación de países con diferentes niveles de desarrollo económico, que puedan servir de experiencia al caso mexicano para corregir o impulsar las actuales políticas públicas de innovación. Un sistema nacional de innovación articulado, equilibrado y con empresas con capacidad de absorción tecnológica promueve el crecimiento económico de un país, aunque es necesario un enfoque de inclusión social para reflejar sus resultados en desarrollo.

Attracting foreign R&D through international centres of excellence: early experiences from Chile

International centres of excellence (ICE) in which foreign research organizations are attracted to developing and emerging countries via dedicated funding schemes to support technological catching-up and strengthening of innovation systems, can have benefits for both host countries and their international research partners through knowledge spill-overs and business opportunities. As analysis of the process of setting up such ICEs is limited, the contribution of this study is assessing the enactment of such innovation policies aimed at inducing cross-border collaboration for R&D and innovation. This is done by investigating stakeholders’ perceptions on the establishment and early functioning of Chile’s ICE programme. The principal finding is that setting up and operating an ICE requires absorptive capacity of different kinds: not only to embed research and innovations ensuing from an ICE in the host country innovation system, but also to build capacities for operationalizing cross-border collaboration in an ICE and dealing with the dual embeddedness of ICE in both the host country and the home countries of the foreign research organizations. The latter type of absorptive capacity needs to be built both in the research organizations involved, and in the funding agencies enacting the innovation policy instruments that induce ICEs. Dedicated brokers facilitating such cross-border collaboration by bridging institutional and cultural gaps and supporting learning between partners, could be useful in this regard.

The rise of the BRICS and resource nationalism: challenge and opportunity for Africa's innovation systems

A new ‘scramble for Africa’ is presently underway. Unlike that of the late 19th century, this second scramble does not rely upon the capture of assets through extra-territorial force. This time around the capture is not overtly violent, being advanced in the person of multinational corporations, both private and state-owned. The new scramble is intimately linked to the emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Inevitably, African states face difficult choices in their engagement with the state and non-state actors of the BRICS countries. Many African states have weak institutions – administrative, health, education and communications included. In the attempt to advance development, some states have adopted resource nationalism, which has emerged as a response to the new modes of exploitation. There is also evidence of a return to the promotion of the developmental state, an idea that was pushed aside during the triumphal phase of neo-liberalism of the last decades of the twentieth century. These dynamics hold the possibility that resource rents could be deployed generally to energise institutions, and particularly to grow country innovation systems. At present only two African countries, Tunisia and South Africa, display strongly diversified economies that host functioning and reasonably well-articulated innovation systems. Elsewhere, African economies are highly dependent on the primary sector and their innovation systems are emergent or disarticulated. Botswana stands out as an example of a state that has successfully played the resource nationalism card. This paper sets out to explore the politico-economic implications of the BRICS vis-á-vis Africa; the phenomenon of resource nationalism in the context of the developmental state; the nature of African innovation systems; and the possibilities of leveraging financial resources toward economic diversification and innovation system development and consolidation. There is a dearth of studies that locate innovation policy within larger social, political and economic structures. This paper seeks thereby to break this new ground.

Measuring systemic problems in National Innovation Systems. An application to Thailand

The paper contributes to research on innovation systems in general and, in particular, to the current debate on rationales for innovation policy by providing a framework to identify systemic problems in a given system of innovation and test the framework empirically. The data were drawn from the Thai Community Innovation Survey in the period after which a major change in the country's innovation system policy had been initiated. By hierarchical factor analysis, systemic problems are identified and grouped into four components: institution, network, Science and Technology infrastructure and other support services. The analysis allows researchers to investigate the mismatch between policies and problems and identify policy gaps.

Charles Edquist and Leif Hommen, Small Country Innovation Systems—Globalization, Change and Policy in Asia and Europe, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, US: Edward Elgar, 2008, 544 pages

Charles Edquist and Leif Hommen, <i>Small Country Innovation Systems—Globalization, Change and Policy in Asia and Europe</i>, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, US: Edward Elgar, 2008, 544 pages

O papel estratégico da Fiocruz no contexto da Política Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde

Health is both an essential dimension of conditions for citizenship and a central part of an extremely limited set of production and innovation systems that define the future possibilities for countries to achieve development and overcome the heavy inequalities characterizing the global context. In contemporary world history, only countries that have succeeded in establishing endogenous innovation bases have managed to overcome the barriers of backwardness and position themselves as sovereign nations to set the course for their own development. The area of science, technology, and innovation in health shows a deep and growing asymmetry in the generation of health knowledge. Of the total world research and development effort in health, 96% of expenditures are concentrated in the developed nations, with only 4% in medium and low-income countries like Brazil. The health goods and services industry accounts for the majority of these R&D activities in the developed countries, following a logic that is invariably disconnected from social needs and national health innovation systems in countries like Brazil. The utilization of health research conducted inside Brazil is extremely weak, raising a huge challenge for transforming our productive sector in order for it to become significantly involved in high-intensity activities in terms of knowledge and innovation, meanwhile linked to the country’s social needs. We have just witnessed the strong dynamism of Brazil’s scientific output, with a 56% increase from 2007 to 2008 and the country moving from 15 th to 13th place in the international ranking of scientific articles. This science output represents 2.12% of world production (http://www.sciencewatch.com), or nearly double Brazil’s proportional share of the global GDP, with health as one of the country’s principal research areas. Brazil’s main dilemma is that it has qualified researchers and a consolidated science and technology base in health, in addition to a broad and diversified base for the production of goods and services in health (unparalleled in Latin America), but relatively little productive advantage is taken of the knowledge generated thereby in order to meet the population’s needs. In dealing with this situation, the country also has a state structure that was weakened by the prevailing view during the neo-liberal period. Innovation and development cannot exist without breaking the shackles of a backward structure. Innovation requires an innovative state, and we are offering Fiocruz to society as an advanced field for experimentation with new forms of state action, as an institution that is both democratic, flexible, networked, and devoted to transformation. In this context, Fiocruz submits its proposal to Brazilian society to serve as a strategic state institution that follows the example set by Oswaldo Cruz in order to allow harmonizing Brazilian health science with the Brazilian population’s needs and establishing an endogenous base for innovation. Fiocruz thus embraces its mission as anchor in the national health development process, in partnership with other Brazilian institutions, helping form a technical, scientific, productive, and political network at the national and international levels. The ultimate goal of a strategy for science, technology, and innovation in health is to contribute to the objectives of Health Reform in Brazil. The challenge is huge and requires profound changes in the relationship between research, innovation, and production, but we are confident that the current context presents an opportunity for Brazil’s inclusion in a new development standard that combines competitiveness, innovation, equity, and the guarantee of the population’s universal access to strategic goods, services, and knowledge in health.

Role of University–Industry–Government Linkages in the Innovation Processes of a Small Catching-up Economy

During the transformation process from a command economy, the extraordinary statist university–industry–government (UIG) linkages model was replaced by an extreme version of laissez-faire relationships. A more modern interaction-based UIG model could be implemented only by changing the whole national innovation system of catching-up economies. The national innovation systems of countries with a command economy past share common problems that prevent them from developing the UIG linkages. The still-dominating linear innovation model should be replaced with the interactive and learning-based approach as these countries need to improve their levels of innovation diffusion management and networking. In addition, a symbiotic approach to the balance of high-tech and low-tech industries is needed. Managerial and organizational competence should be improved and treated at the same level of importance as technological competence.

The system of innovation in Greece: structural asymmetries and policy failure

This paper attempts to shed light on the Greek innovation system which is characterised by a number of asymmetries that have been prevalent over time. This paper is structured as follows: Following a brief presentation of the analysis framework (Section 2), we examine the Greek innovation system and identify four important asymmetries prevalent in the system which affect its operation (Section 3). We then turn to the government technology and innovation policies adopted over the last 15 years to examine their apparent failure to address the low performance of the Greek innovation system in an effective way, pointing out weaknesses in the design and the implementation stages (Section 4). The last part (Section 5) attempts to bring the two elements together (innovation system versus policies) and outline some directions for future innovation policy that would better fit the characteristics of the country's innovation system, taking into account its asymmetries, strengths and weaknesses.

The applicability of the concept of national innovation systems to transition economies

SummaryThis article aims at gaining a deeper insight into the structure of National Innovation Systems (NIS) in transition economies, which may allow for developing policy recommendations that help to stimulate more systemic and effective NIS in these countries. A great part of the existing studies focusing on NIS in less developed and transition countries argue that the specific nature of the NIS and related problems in less successful countries in terms of technological development and economic performance are different from developed countries. Therefore, we have to identify approaches on analyzing innovation systems that do work in transition economies. The following questions will be answered: Why is the NIS important for the economic development of a country? What are the approaches of NIS that are applicable to the specific situation of transition countries? Refering to the fact that a process-based approach is appropriate to describe and analyze the innovation systems of countries in transition: What are the most important types of knowledge and learning processes for these countries?

South Africa: A rising star? assessing the X-effectiveness of South Africa's national system of innovation

This paper assesses the X-effectiveness of South Africa's national system of innovation. It focuses on problems that occur in innovation projects, assuming that those problems are indicators of the effectiveness of flows of different institutions into South African innovators. An analysis of some macro-economic trends shows that the South African economy is a “two-world economy”, a characterization that sets the stage for the performance of the country's innovation system. Our findings on a whole suggest that relatively inefficient functioning institutions hamper South African innovators. As a result, compared to some European countries, some vital ingredients of innovation are not adequately provided.

Role of home and host country innovation systems in r&d internationalisation: a patent citation analysis

This paper has three novelties. First, we argue that any given R&D facility’s capacity to exploit and/or augment technological competences is a function not just of its own resources, but the efficiency with which it can utilise complementary resources associated with the relevant local innovation system. Just as asset-augmenting activities require proximity to the economic units (and thus the innovation system) from which they seek to learn, asset-exploiting activities draw from the parent’s technological resources as well as from the other assets of the home location’s innovation system. Furthermore, we argue that most firms tend to undertake both asset exploiting and augmenting activities simultaneously. Second, we use patent citation data from the European Patent Office to quantify the relative asset augmenting vs. exploiting character of foreign-located R&D. Third, we do so for European MNEs located in the US, as well as US MNEs located in Europe. Our results indicate that both EU (US) affiliates in the US (EU) rely extensively on home region knowledge sources, although they appear to exploit the host country knowledge base as well.

Research and Technology Institutes (RTIs) in a latecomer innovation system: evidence from the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry in Brazil

This article seeks to add new empirical evidence, from a late-industrialising standpoint, to the literature related to the way in which Research and Technology Institutes (RTIs) contribute to building up a National System of Innovation (NSI). This study is based on a sample of 11 RTIs in Brazil that are dedicated to the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry. The framework for capabilities identifies three dimensions: technical, organisational and human resources. Links between RTIs and other organisations of the innovation system (e.g., universities, technical centres, laboratories and firms) are examined here as key sources to build up such capabilities. Over the past few years, the capabilities of the sampled RTIs have not been confined to basic levels. Several RTIs have progressively upgraded their capabilities to carry out innovative activities. This contributes to building up an NSI in Brazil. Links between RTIs and other innovation system organisations vary from informal, human resource based and formal (e.g., joint research). Our findings contradict some current arguments that point to a pervasive deterioration of innovation systems in countries like Brazil, following the policy changes from the 1990s and the intensification of globalisation.