Inmates In Correctional Facilities Research Articles

Bars of Suffocation: A Critical Review of the Covid-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Correctional Facilities in South Africa

The study’s objective was to give a critical analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic, while also assessing the influence of Covid-19 on correctional facilities in South Africa. The correctional society was not immune to the detrimental impacts of COVID-19, and its arrival forced all South African correctional facilities to take several measures, including limitations on correctional facility visitation and the early release of some offenders. Therefore, the study ought to review the impact measures devised to address this global scourge. A literature review analysis was adopted by the authors. The study critically analysed existing papers, which included; government documents/reports and scholarly papers. Thus, a qualitative content analysis was adopted for the data analysis. The study discovered that the measures that were implemented in correctional centres to address the spread of COVID-19 resulted in some incarcerated persons being released while not fully rehabilitated. The release of some of the inmates was based on the urge to reduce the overpopulation within the correctional centres. The study also discovered that the South African Correctional facilities had challenges with physical social distancing due to overcrowding. The study recommends that the administration and functions of prisons be objectively measured by the number of stakeholders and the gradation of specialist bodies to maximise the culture of efficient governance that is human rights oriented. This study adds to the existing literature on ensuring the safety of inmates of correctional facilities in South Africa. Keywords: COVID-19, Correctional Facilities, Prisoner, Incarcerated Person, South Africa

SANKSI PIDANA TERHADAP PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA, GOL.1 DALAM BENTUK BUKAN TANAMAN UNTUK DIRI SENDIRI (PUT.NO.103/PID.SUS/2021/PN.JKT.SEL)

According to the National Narcotics Agency, drug abuse increased from 1.80% to 1.95% in 2021-2022. This has resulted in overcrowding in prisons. The majority of inmates in correctional facilities are drug offenders, estimated at 145,413 out of 151,303 individuals. This study discusses the case of Rahmat Handoyo, also known as Doyok, who committed the crime of "Misuse of Narcotics Group I, Non-Plant-Based" and was sentenced to prison. In this case, the perpetrator should have received rehabilitation as an alternative form of punishment as stipulated by the laws and regulations. The main issue revolves around the judge's failure to impose rehabilitative measures on drug offenders. The findings of this study indicate that the judge erred in considering the decision based on applicable laws and wrongly assessed drug addicts as sick individuals, where punishment is not the appropriate answer morally and legally, taking into account the expert opinion assessment in accordance with Article 55. This research adopts a descriptive analytical approach, gathering both primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through interviews and were qualitatively analyzed using deductive logic, supported by secondary data from literature studies.

THE URGENCY OF DERADICALIZATION MEASURES FOR TERRORISM INMATES IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

<p><em>Terrorism crimes pose a threat to the state ideology, national security, state sovereignty, human values, and various aspects of societal, national, and state life, and they often have a transnational nature. These terrorism crimes require deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in Indonesia, taking into account the individual conditions of each perpetrator, their families, and their social environment. The problem addressed in this paper pertains to the urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities. This paper adopts an empirical juridical approach, conducting field research that examines legal regulations combined with data and behavior prevalent in society. The research findings indicate that: (1) The implementation of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not yet effective due to internal factors, which involve the lack of integration in handling terrorism inmates. Additionally, external factors, such as insufficient socialization, lack of training for officers, inadequate support facilities, budget constraints, and limited facilities in correctional facilities, contribute to the inefficiency. (2) The regulation of deradicalization for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is based on Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Correctional Institutions. The deradicalization regulation for terrorism inmates is stipulated in Article 54 paragraph (4), which outlines the stages: identification and assessment, rehabilitation, reeducation, and social reintegration. (3) The urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not specific, as it is still treated similarly to other cases involving inmates. The deradicalization measures are carried out through social reintegration programs, education programs, skills training, and entrepreneurship programs for terrorism inmates, which aims to improve their well-being after their release and facilitate their reintegration into society to support their families. The independence and self-confidence of terrorism inmates in returning to society will prevent them from returning to their terrorist groups.</em></p>

Nursing services as perceived by inmates in correctional facilities in Jakarta, Indonesia: A qualitative study.

Nursing services play a crucial role in addressing the healthcare needs of inmates in correctional facilities while upholding their human rights. However, delivering nursing services in this context is challenging. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of research on this topic in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the experiences of inmates in receiving nursing services in order to provide insights into professional nursing services in the correctional context in Indonesia. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used in this study. Twenty inmates were selected purposively from four prisons, three jails, and one child penitentiary in Jakarta, Indonesia. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted from August to October 2021, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Five themes were generated: (1) conditions requiring nursing services, (2) types of nursing services received, (3) nurse competence, (4) barriers to receiving nursing services, and (5) expectations for nursing services in the future. This study highlights the importance of nursing services in correctional facilities and the unique challenges that correctional nurses face in providing services professionally and ethically. Strategies to enhance nursing services, advance nurse competence, and reduce barriers to accessing care are needed to improve inmates' health outcomes.

A Sociological Inquiry on Training and Treatment of the Wellbeing of Female Inmates in Correctional Facilities in Ogun and Lagos States, Nigeria

All over the world, the UNODC policy of 2011 agitates for needs to train, treat and promote the wellbeing of female inmates so as to reduce and control rate of recidivism in the country. Women are considered as care givers whose duty includes socialisation; domestication and procreation of offspring for societal continuity. In Nigeria, once women are convicted or apprehended by law, they faces lot of challenges ranging from stigmatization, poor health treatment, isolation, psychological trauma, unequal treatment among others Relevance publications to include local and international journals, magazines, newspaper, textbooks and articles were reviewed and double deviance feminist theory was adopted for justification of the inquiry. A mixed method was adopted with cross sectional survey method. Total population for the study in the three selected correctional facilities in Lagos and Ogun states was estimated to 348 inmates but 250 was found useful for the quantitative analysis while 15 female inmates were selected for the qualitative analysis. The result indicated that there are many factors that increase female involvement in criminal acts ranging from greed, poverty, unemployment. The second result shows that the treatment available for female inmates has insignificant negative effect on their wellbeing while the last indicated that training have significant relationship with female wellbeing in the facilities. The government, non-governmental organisation and the philanthropists should collective support the promotion of the wellbeing of female inmates and adequate cares and supervision should be ensure through the use of CCTV cameras in the facilities

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among participants of the national LTBI screening program in South Korea - A problem of low coverage rate with current LTBI strategy.

The Government of South Korea launched a national preemptive latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening program in 2016, including more than 1. 6 million population in congregate settings. The objective of this study was to analyze LTBI prevalence and its risk factors in each setting. Additionally, the proportion of LTBI pool covered by the current national LTBI strategy was investigated. Database for results of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), X-ray, and baseline demographic information was linked with National Health Information Database, national tuberculosis (TB) surveillance database, and national contact investigation database. Participants were categorized into three groups: Group A, workers of postpartum care centers, social welfare facilities and educational institutions; Group B, first year students in high school and out-of-school youths; and Group C, inmates of correctional facilities. Relative risks of LTBI by sex, age, place of living, income level, and comorbidities were calculated. A total of 444,394 participants in Group A, 272,224 participants in Group B, and 11,511 participants in Group C who participated in the national LTBI screening program between 2017 and 2018 were included, with LTBI prevalence of 20.7, 2.0, and 33.2%, respectively. Age was the single most important risk factor in Group A and Group C. Low-income level was another risk factor commonly identified in all groups. Among participants with positive IGRA results, 2.7, 4.4, and 3.3% in Groups A, B and C, respectively, had past TB exposure history since 2013. Current LTBI guideline targeting high or moderate TB risk disease covered 6.5, 0.6, and 1.1% of participants with positive IGRA results in Groups A, B and C, respectively. Only a small proportion of participants with positive IGRA results could be covered by the current LTBI strategy. Expansion of LTBI strategy by identifying further high-TB risk group in the general population is required.

Attitudes toward elderly inmates in correctional facilities

Objective: Psychological well-being and mental health of elderly inmates are investigated by international organization, committees and researchers. One of the main factors that influence their quality of life, daily mood and well-being is interpersonal relationship. Numerous empirical data confirm the importance of interpersonal relationship and attitudes toward aging. An attitude can be defined as an evaluation of a stimulus as reflected in our cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses to the problem (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). In the field of geriatric psychology, research has focused on the problem of interpersonal relationship between elderly people and workers in prison environment. Prison officers are responsible for the safety and security of the prison facility (Bezerra et al., 2016), for supporting offender rehabilitation efforts and for managing organizational demands (Schaufeli & Peeters, 2000). Despite their importance to the running of the prison system, the health and wellbeing of prison officers remains poor. Hypotheses: H0: There isn’t any correlation between the social support inmates have, and their quality of life H1: The more social support correlate the higher level of inmates’ quality of life Methods: The systematic review of research and policy papers, articles that published on interpersonal relationship between elderly inmates and officers in correctional facilities, also effective programs outcomes were conducted. The main symptoms of the problem were measured with special checklist and questionnaires. Results: The elderly inmates experience emotional instability; tendency to self-accusations; anxiety-depressive response; low tolerance for frustration; mistrust and heightened criticism of others; intra and interpersonal conflict. A systematic approach in psychological work with elderly prisoners, also officers allows for the transition from a symptomatic to a personality-oriented level of psychological impact. Psychological emotional support can renew their hope on life, influence positive outcomes of the support program. According to the results of repeated psychological research, the patient's condition was characterized by positive dynamics: the level of psychological distress and the intensity of psychological distress significantly decreased, the general internality of the personality increased, as well as the subjective assessment of personal well-being. Conclusion: It is necessary to focus the attention of specialists on the advisability of using psycho-educational programs in a prison environment, providing information about the aging dynamically. Such programs, used at the initial stages of work with patients, contribute to the creation of motivation for personal psychotherapy and significantly increase its effectiveness.

Attitudes toward elderly inmates in correctional facilities

Objective: Psychological well-being and mental health of elderly inmates are investigated by international organization, committees and researchers. One of the main factors that influence their quality of life, daily mood and well-being is interpersonal relationship. Numerous empirical data confirm the importance of interpersonal relationship and attitudes toward aging. An attitude can be defined as an evaluation of a stimulus as reflected in our cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses to the problem (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). In the field of geriatric psychology, research has focused on the problem of interpersonal relationship between elderly people and workers in prison environment. Prison officers are responsible for the safety and security of the prison facility (Bezerra et al., 2016), for supporting offender rehabilitation efforts and for managing organizational demands (Schaufeli & Peeters, 2000). Despite their importance to the running of the prison system, the health and wellbeing of prison officers remains poor. Hypotheses: H0: There isn’t any correlation between the social support inmates have, and their quality of life H1: The more social support correlate the higher level of inmates’ quality of life Methods: The systematic review of research and policy papers, articles that published on interpersonal relationship between elderly inmates and officers in correctional facilities, also effective programs outcomes were conducted. The main symptoms of the problem were measured with special checklist and questionnaires. Results: The elderly inmates experience emotional instability; tendency to self-accusations; anxiety-depressive response; low tolerance for frustration; mistrust and heightened criticism of others; intra and interpersonal conflict. A systematic approach in psychological work with elderly prisoners, also officers allows for the transition from a symptomatic to a personality-oriented level of psychological impact. Psychological emotional support can renew their hope on life, influence positive outcomes of the support program. According to the results of repeated psychological research, the patient's condition was characterized by positive dynamics: the level of psychological distress and the intensity of psychological distress significantly decreased, the general internality of the personality increased, as well as the subjective assessment of personal well-being. Conclusion: It is necessary to focus the attention of specialists on the advisability of using psycho-educational programs in a prison environment, providing information about the aging dynamically. Such programs, used at the initial stages of work with patients, contribute to the creation of motivation for personal psychotherapy and significantly increase its effectiveness.

Attitudes Toward Elderly Inmates in Correctional Facilities

Psychological well-being and mental health of elderly inmates are investigated by the international organizations, committees, and researchers. One of the main factors that influence their quality of life, daily mood, and well-being is interpersonal relationship. Numerous empirical data confirm the importance of interpersonal relationship, and attitudes toward aging. A definition of attitude item can be explained as an evaluation of a stimulus as reflected in our cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses to the problem (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). In the field of geriatric psychology, research has focused on the problem of interpersonal relationship between elderly people and workers in prison environments. Prison officers are in interpersonal relationship with inmates and have responsibility for the safety, and security of the prison facility, and also for managing organizational demands (Schaufeli & Peeters, 2000). Some researchers have shown that the health, and wellbeing of prison officers remain poor, and risk of being affected by different mental health problems, as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (Viotti, 2016). A systematic review of research and policy papers, articles that published on interpersonal relationship between elderly inmates and officers in correctional facilities, also effective programs outcomes were conducted. The main symptoms of the problem were measured with a special checklist and questionnaires. The quality of life was measured QOL survey that was made based on WHO (World Health Organization) QOL questionnaire. 200 elderly prisoners have been involved in the research from different prison regimes of Azerbaijan correctional facilities between 2019-2020. A systematic approach in psychological work with elderly prisoners, also officers allows for the transition from a symptomatic to a personality-oriented level of psychological impact. Psychological emotional support can renew their hope on life, influence positive outcomes of the support program. According to the results of repeated psychological research, the patient's condition was characterized by positive dynamics: the level of psychological distress and the intensity of psychological distress significantly decreased, the general internality of the personality increased, as well as the subjective assessment of personal well-being. It is necessary to focus the attention of specialists on the advisability of using psycho-educational programs in a prison environment, providing information about the aging dynamically. Such programs, used at the initial stages of work with patients, contribute to the creation of motivation for personal psychotherapy and significantly increase its effectiveness.

Release of Prisoners During the Covid-19 Pandemic In Perspective of Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 10 of 2020

This study aims to determine and examine the juridical basis and the process of implementing assimilation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method used by the author is normative juridical using a statutory approach or better known as a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The conclusion of this study explains that the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 10 of 2020 is a lex specialist or special rule of Law Number 12 of 1995 which is a lex generalis or general rule where the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 10 of 2020 as lex specialists or special rules only apply to the emergency situation of the covid-19 pandemic on the basis of tackling the prevention of the spread of the covid-19 virus. Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 10 of 2020 is a special policy that has positive and negative impacts. The positive impact of this decision is that it can reduce the number of inmates in correctional facilities as a form of preventing the spread of the covid-19 virus, while the negative impact of this decision is that the process of assimilation carried out at home results in the repetition of criminal acts by inmates who received an assimilation program during the COVID-19 pandemic. so that the role of supervisors is expected to work well and maximally to minimize the occurrence of criminal acts again committed by prisoners who receive an assimilation program during the covid 19 pandemic.

High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Inmates in Korean Correctional Facilities.

BackgroundEpidemiological data are crucial in designing policies for the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. There is a lack of data on the epidemiology of HIV in Korean correctional facilities such as jails and prisons.MethodsClinical characteristics of the study population were collected through a medical record review.ResultsThe number of people with HIV infection were 83 and the HIV infection prevalence in correctional facilities of Korea was 0.15%. Among them, 10 (12.0%) were diagnosed with the infection when they were incarcerated. The number of drug users was 38 (45.8%). Syphilis-HIV coinfection was observed in 21 (25.3%) patients. Individuals from the group comprising the drug users were more likely to belong to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) community, and had a higher incidence of psychological disorders (31.6% vs. 11.1%, P = 0.029; 50.0% vs. 28.9%, P = 0.049, respectively).ConclusionInmates of correctional facilities showed a five times higher prevalence of HIV infection in Korea, nearly half of whom were drug users.

The ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AS A MODERATOR BETWEEN SELECTED INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS AND CHANGE OF BEHAVIOR OF INMATES. A STUDY OF CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN KENYA

This Research focused on organizational culture as a moderator variable between selected institutional reforms and change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The objective was to assess the moderating influence of organizational culture on the relationship of selected institutional reforms and change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The study tested one alternate hypothesis on whether the relationship among the study variable was significant. The target population was 10,111 individuals spread as 2,953 prison officers and 7,158 inmates. From this population a sample was drawn using a formula totaling to 385 individuals who were picked for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select officers’ in-charge and their deputies. With r=0.747, t=8.558, at p=0.000, 0.05, HI was concluded that the relationship between institutional reforms and change of behavior of inmates is moderated by organizational culture. Findings of the study are expected to clearly demonstrate how continuous quality improvement should be undertaken within correctional facilities.

Cannabis use among a sample of adult male Jordanian inmates: use, consequences and associated factors

ABSTRACT Cannabis is considered the most commonly used illicit substance worldwide. Reports indicate an increase in its spread and use in developing countries such as Jordan. However, no studies report cannabis use in Jordan and its effects on the health of users. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the prevalence of cannabis ever use and the problematic consequences of cannabis use. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 1,000 participants who were inmates in correctional facilities in Jordan. Data were collected using a self-report tool that included questions about participants’ demographics, cannabis use history, and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). Results A 36% prevalence of cannabis ever use was reported, with 17.9% showing problematic consequences of cannabis use. Being a smoker and having a history of alcohol and other drugs ever use was significantly associated with demonstrated problematic consequences of cannabis use. Conclusion The current study reports the prevalence of cannabis ever use among a sample of Jordanian adults, problematic consequences, and smoking, alcohol, and other drug use as factors associated with cannabis use. Our findings indicate the need for health prevention programs to target youth and adults to emphasize the harmful effects of cannabis use.

Selected Institutional Reforms and Change of Behavior of Inmates in Correctional Facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya

The study focused on selected institutional reform and change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study tested hypothesis; target population was 10,111 individuals. Sample of385was drawn. Participants were picked, data gathered. Descriptive statistics were computed and inferential statistics done were person's product moment correlation(r)T –tests were used to test hypotheses in the study and the results With r=0.725,t=36.234, at p=0.000,0.05, HI1 was found that selected institutional reforms had a statistically significant influence on change of behavior of inmates Findings are crucial to policy makers regarding formulation and implementation of the prison reforms.

Parallel and Overlapping Infection of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Plasmodium Falciparum among Prison Inmates in Correctional Facilities in Keffi, Nigeria

Parallel and Overlapping Infection of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Plasmodium Falciparum among Prison Inmates in Correctional Facilities in Keffi, Nigeria

Educational Programmes as Key Variable Towards Change of Behavior Among Inmates in Correctional Facilities in Kenya

This study focused on influence of educational programmes on change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The study was based on the following objective; to examine how educational programmes reforms influences change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The study tested an alternate hypothesis on whether the relationship among the study variable was significant. The target population was 10,111 individuals spread as 2,953 prison officers and 7,158 inmates. From this population a sample was drawn using a formula totaling to 385 individuals who were picked for the study. The sample was spread accordingly as 112 prison officers and 273 inmates. Purposive sampling was used to select officers’ in-charge and their deputies. Twelve prison officers on duty were picked randomly from duty roster using prime numbers for focus group discussion from each prison. A separate list of long term prisoners was compiled from the records of capital offence and other offences who have served jail term of over ten years or have been in remand for ten years and then the sample size was picked in proportionate to the population in each prison institution from the list. Primary data was gathered by a semi-structured questionnaire, an interview schedule and focus group discussion from the target population. Secondary data was gathered through analyzing relevant documents. The study incorporated quantitative and qualitative approaches to process, analyze, and interpret the data. The SPSS was applied to run analyses for percentages, frequency distributions, and measures of central tendency. Descriptive statistics were computed for variable using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Statistical tools used for inferential statistic were person’ s product moment correlation(r), simple regression, multiple regression and step wise regression (R 2). T –tests were used to test hypothesis in the study the results revealed that r=0.425,t=7.129, at p=0.000 <0.05,H 1 was confirmed and concluded that educational programmes reforms, had a statistically significant influence on change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. Findings of the study are expected to be crucial to government policy makers regarding formulation and implementation of the prison reforms. The serving inmates may benefit from the improved prison environment which will be aligned with market preference and whose content may benefit the community. Keywords: Educational programmes, change of behavior, inmates, correctional facilities. DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/9-11-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Health Related Reforms as a Predictor of Change of Behavior Among Inmates. A Study of Correctional Facilities in Kenya

This study focused on health related reforms on change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The study was based on the following objective; to examine how health related reforms influences change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. The study tested one alternate hypothesis on whether the relationship among the study variable was significant. The target population was 10,111 individuals spread as 2,953 prison officers and 7,158 inmates. From this population a sample was drawn using a formula totaling to 385 individuals who were picked for the study. The sample was spread accordingly as 112 prison officers and 273 inmates. Purposive sampling was used to select officers’ in-charge and their deputies. Twelve prison officers on duty were picked randomly from duty roster using prime numbers for focus group discussion from each prison. A separate list of long term prisoners was compiled from the records of capital offence and other offences who have served jail term of over ten years or have been in remand for ten years and then the sample size was picked in proportionate to the population in each prison institution from the list. Primary data was gathered by a semi-structured questionnaire, an interview schedule and focus group discussion from the target population. Secondary data was gathered through analyzing relevant documents. The study incorporated quantitative and qualitative approaches to process, analyze, and interpret the data. The SPSS was applied to run analyses for percentages, frequency distributions, and measures of central tendency, where applicable. Descriptive statistics were computed for variable using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Statistical tools used for inferential statistic were person’ s product moment correlation(r), simple regression, multiple regression and step wise regression (R 2). T-tests were used to test hypothesis in the study the results revealed that r=0.429,t=5.189, at p=0.000<0.05. H 1 was confirmed and concluded that health reforms had a statistically significant influence on change of behavior of inmates in correctional facilities in Kenya. Findings of the study are expected to assist government policy makers regarding formulation and implementation of the prison reforms. The serving inmates may benefit from the improved prison environment which will be aligned with market preference and whose content may benefit the community. Keys terms : Health related reforms, change of behavior, inmates, correctional facilities DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/91-13 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of peginterferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C treatment and direct-acting antiviral agents among HIV-infected patients in the prison and community settings.

In Taiwan, the majority of chronic hepatitis C carriers with HIV co-infection are intravenous drug users and inmates in correctional facilities. Peginterferon and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) have been the standard-of-care for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection more than decades. We evaluated the estimated cost-effectiveness of PegIFN/RBV from the National Health Insurance Research Database, covering the population of Taiwan from 1998 to 2013. This is an observational study, and study during was 2010-2016 and a total of 239 patients were treated with PegIFN/RBV. Of them, 156 patients were treated in the correctional facilities of Taipei, Taoyuan, Taichung and Taitung prisons, and 83 patients were treated in communities. The cost-effectiveness was analyzed in regimens of PegIFN/RBV and direct-acting antiviral agents. By multivariate analysis, the patients completed PegIFN/RBV in prison (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-13.12, p=0.005), HCV RNA level <800,000IU/mL (aOR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.27-12.66, p=0.02) at baseline, and the presence of early virologic response (EVR) (aOR: 7.67, 95% CI: 1.89-31.06, p=0.004) were independent predictors for sustained virologic response (SVR). For the subgroups of prisoners, HIV-infected prisoners and HIV-infected patients in communities, the SVR rate was 73.8%, 72.0% and 36.8%, and the average medical-care cost was US$7,701, $7,893, and $15,443 per SVR achieved, respectively. Also, the estimated medical-care cost for genotype 6 was US$9211. Chronic HCV/HIV co-infected patients with genotype 1 and 6 in the community setting could benefit from DAAs in Taiwan.

The selective correctional healthcare system and stigma

본 연구는 교정의료처우에 대한 보건학 중심의 접근이 환자로서 치료받을 권리를 적극 주장하기 어려운 교정시설 수용자들의 상황을 구체화하지 못하였다는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 이에 본 연구는 교정시설에 수용되어 있는 기간 중 의료 처우를 경험한 수용자 8명의 구술을 Goffman(1963)의 스티그마 논의를 연결지어선별적으로 작동하고 있는 교정의료처우 체계와 크게 낙인, 고정관념, 구분, 지위상실, 차별의 다섯 가지 유형으로 나타나는 수용자들의 스티그마 경험을 드러내 고자 했다. ‘환자’와 ‘수용자’에 대한 고정관념에 기반하여 의료과 직원은 ‘치료할 가치 있는 수용자’를 구분하게 되는데, 이는 감시하는 ‘우리’와 감시하는 ‘그들’간의 위계적 역학관계 및 구별짓기와도 깊이 연결되어 있다. ‘치료할 가치 있는 수용자’에 대한 감독자들의 고정관념은 수용자들에게 전이되어 수용자들 간에도 한정된 의료자원 배분을 둘러싸고 아픔의 경중을 구분하는 ‘걸러내기’가 이루어지고 있다. 수용자들에게 외부진료로 발생한 비용을 전액 또는 일부 부담토록 하는 현 교정의료처우 체계는 이러한 걸러내기를 정당화하고 합리화하며, 그 결과 수용자들에게 교정시설 내 의료과는 아픔과 고통을 치유하는 공간이라기보다는 원하는 진 료를 받기 위해 거쳐야 하는 ‘창구’로 인식되고 있다. 교정의료처우 체계가 사회적 자원이 제한된 구금 환경의 수용자에게 건강을 회복하고 존엄성을 유지하는 마지막 수단으로 재인식되기 위해서는 교정의료처우와 관련하여 스티그마를 경 험한 수용자들의 목소리에 귀 기울이고 이를 공유하는 작업의 지속과 확산이 전제되어야 할 것이다.The study starts with the critical review on the perspectives of public health regarding healthcare in correctional settings that fail to describe situations of inmates in correctional facilities who have difficulty in claiming actively their rights to healthcare. In respond to the criticism, the study links Goffman (1963)’s discourse on stigma to the verbal presentations of 8 inmates for interpreting a selective character of correctional healthcare system and their stigma experiences that can be largely defined by 5 components &#8212;labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination. Based on the stereotype on ‘patient’ and ‘inmate’, the personnel of healthcare department in the facilities sort ‘inmates worthy of care’ out, which is deeply related to the hierarchical dynamics and the distinction between us/the watcher and them/the watched. The stereotype of the personnel on ‘inmates worthy of care’ shifts to the inmates, resulting in ‘filtering’ among inmates to win limited medical resources in the facilities and weigh the relative seriousness of an illness. The current healthcare system in correctional facilities that makes inmates to bear all/some expenses of outpatient healthcare justifies and rationalizes this filtering. The healthcare department in the facilities, as a result, is regarded to the inmates as a ‘counter’ to pass over for a desired healthcare service, rather than a place for healing illness and pain. A continuance and proliferation of the research that focuses on the ‘voice’ of stigmatized inmates is a prerequisite to reappraise the correctional healthcare system as a last resort that maintain health and dignity for incarcerated inmates.

Coping with stress and the sense of quality of life in inmates of correctional facilities.

The aim of the study was to examine the differences between groups of prison inmates distinguished according to the sense of quality of life in terms of their ways of coping with stress. In order to verify the research hypotheses, the following instruments were used: (1) The sense of quality of life Questionnaire (SQLQ) by M. Straś-Romanowska (2007) and (2) the COPE Inventory by Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989). The results of the presented research have confirmed that the ways of coping with stress used by prison inmates are related to the sense of quality of life. This conclusion applies not only to overall sense of quality of life but also to all of its dimensions: psychophysical, psychosocial, personal, and metaphysical one. According to the assumed hypothesis, people with a high level of overall quality of life significantly more often than people with a low level of quality of life prefer active coping strategies, including strategies such as: Active coping, Planning, Searching for instrumental support, Searching for emotional support, Positive revaluation and development. Asimilar conclusion with minor modifications also applies to other dimensions of quality of life. Thus, the use of constructive ways of coping with stress - based on seeking support, personal activity in coping with problems and drawing conclusions from wrong life decisions - is related to higher level of quality of life.