Inmates In Correctional Institutions Research Articles

Intellectual and Ideological Dimensions as Predictors of Inmates' Private Practice Religiosity

Religiosity is critical in improving a person's self-control ability and preventing a person from committing a crime. However, studies of the dimensions of religiosity that can play a role in private religious practice are still limited. This study aims to find the relationship between the dimensions of intellectual and ideology with private practice in religiosity. This study involved three hundred samples of prisoners with measurements of intellectual dimensions, ideology, and private practices using the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). The correlation test concluded that intellectual and ideology are significantly associated with private practice. The intellectual dimension shows a more potent effect size on private practice than the ideology dimension. This study recommends the need for intellectual and ideological religious guidance programs for inmates in correctional institutions as an effort to increase self-control and prevent the residivisme

Criminal Legal Policies Toward The Release of Conpriants During The Covid 19 Pandemic in The Ius Constituendum

Criminal law policy on the release of convicts during the Covid 19 pandemic in the ius constititum , namely carrying out criminal law policies through spending for convicts and children through assimilation . As well as release for convicts and children through integration in the form of parole, parole and leave before being free) . This policy is carried out by applying certain conditions so that it does not maximally reduce the number of inmates in correctional institutions to reduce the risk of spreading Covid-19. Whereas the criminal law policy regarding the release of convicts during the Covid 19 pandemic in the ius constituendum, namely in the Corrections Bill, there is the concept of restorative justice as a means of social integration, but the formulation of this concept has not been clearly implemented, so it is necessary to use the concept of restorative justice at the post-adjudication stage as a means to reduce correctional inmates as well as recovery of victims and their original condition. As well as in the RKUHP implicitly there is a concept of conversion of the sanction system but it has not been clearly formulated, so there is a need for the concept of conversion of the sanction system as an alternative in an effort to reduce correctional inmates to prevent prison overcapacity.

A Comparative Analysis of the Social Well-Being of a Person in the Conditions of Freedom and Isolation

The authors examine a complex of methods for identifying the emotional-evaluative attitude of individuals to the social reality and their place in it in the conditions of freedom and isolation. Using the research results and the analysis of practical experience, they describe psychological-pedagogical means and methods that improve the reserve resources of the human body, which leads to positive changes in forming a favorable social well-being and correction of inmates in the conditions of isolation. Special attention is paid to the interactions of employees of the departments of social educational work and psychological labs with inmates in correctional institutions. The authors single out the following methods leading to favorable results in the work of the abovementioned departments: individual and group discussions, doll therapy, use of metaphor (association) cards, psychocorrection, Rokic’s methodology, constitutive method in the form of testing for suicidal tendencies. An important component in the work with the suspects, the accused, and the convicted persons is changing their moral orientations, development of a law-abiding mindset and orientation towards correction (rehabilitation). Criminals can be broken into three groups. The first group is comprised of those who can be successfully rehabilitated, it includes persons with views and convictions which agree with the norms of social community who committed crimes though negligence. The second group includes those who can be rehabilitated, these are individuals with essentially unstable views and convictions. The third group is made up of inmates whose rehabilitation is hardly possible. In this case, the main task of the social education worker consists in using the positive qualities of the convict’s personality to provoke a conflict between the positive and the negative, and the task of the psychologists is to provide psychological support for the person.

خدمات مکتبات السجون ودورها في تثقيف وإعادة تأهيل نزلاء المؤسسات الإصلاحية

هدفت الدراسة النظرية إلى التعرف على الخدمات المکتبية التي توفرها مکتبات السجون، ودورها في إعادة تأهيل نزلاء المؤسسات الإصلاحية. واعتمدت الدراسة اعتمادا رئيسيا على المنهج الوثائقي للتنظير في المصادر العربية والأجنبية المتوافرة في هذا المجال، لتحقيق هدف الدراسة في إطار منهجي نظري عن مکتبات السجون حول العالم والتعرف على أهم الخدمات والمصادر التي يجب توافرها لتثقيف وإعادة تأهيل رواد هذا النوع من المکتبات. تناقش الدراسة مدى المساهمة الفعالة لخدمات مکتبات السجون في تثقيف وتأهيل السجناء، وما المصادر التي يجب توافرها في مکتبات السجون لخدمة المستفيدين من نزلاء المؤسسات الإصلاحية. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى عدد من المقترحات والتوصيات التي يمکن للمسؤولين عن مکتبات السجون في دولة الکويت والدول العربية المجاورة والتي تسمح سياساتها الحکومية بوجود مکتبات في السجون، مع الأخذ بالمعايير الدولية واعتماد خدمات فعالة في تثقيف وإعادة تأهيل نزلاء المؤسسات الإصلاحية. The theoretical study aimed at identifying the services provided by prison libraries and their role in the rehabilitation of the inmates of correctional institutions. The study relies mainly on the documentary approach to theorization in Arabic and foreign sources available in this field in order to achieve the objective of the study within a theoretical framework about prison libraries around the world and identify the most important services and rsources that should be made available to educate and rehabilitate the people who frequent this type of libraries. The study discusses the effective contribution of the services provided by prison libraries to the education and rehabilitation of prisoners, and the sources that should be made available at prison libraries to serve the inmates of correctional institutions. The study camne up with some suggestions and recommendations that will be benefitional to the officials in charge of prison libraries in the State of Kuwait and neighboring Arab countries whose governmental policies sanction the presence of libraries in prisons, taking international standards into account, and putting in place effective services to educate and rehabilitate the inmates of correctional institutions.

Burden of HIV, Tuberculosis Infection and Risk Factors amongst Inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria

Aims: Burden of infectious diseases in correctional institutions constitutes a public health concern due to the confined nature and congestion of the prisons. This study aimed at surveying Burden of HIV, Tuberculosis Infection and Risk factors amongst inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria
 Study Design: The study was descriptive, comprising both males and females. A total of 178 inmates constituted the study population
 Place and Duration of Study: Port Harcourt Maximum Prisons, Creek Road and the Juvenile Remand Home, Borokiri, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between the months of May to December 2019.
 Methodology: Two millilitres of blood was collected from each participant after receiving their informed consent. The blood was dispensed into EDTA anti-coagulant bottles and used for serological investigations of HIV 1&2, and TB. Samples positive for TB was confirmed using the GeneXpert Molecular technique while HIV 1&2 were confirmed using Real-Time PCR and their Viral Loads determined.
 Results: The overall prevalence of HIV and MTB in the study population were: HIV 1 & 2 (3.9%) and Tuberculosis (0.6%) The Mean Viral Loads of positive samples were HIV 1&2 (479.3 copies/ml); and High MTB was detected. The most significant risk factors identified are as follows:, inmates with tattoos on their bodies (c2=83.6, p<0.0001), took part in blood initiation ceremonies (c2=110.1, p<0.0001), have exchanged needles/sharp objects (c2=2.2, p>0.0001), have tribal marks (c2=58.4, p<0.0001), received blood (c2=151.1, p<0.0001). Majority of the inmates have had sex before, 159(89.3%) [89(56.0%) had multiple sex partners up to 3 and above, 32(20.1%) had 2 partners while 38(23.9%) said they were single sex partners (c2=37.1, p<0.0001)]. On condom use, 90(50.6%) of the inmates do not use condom while 88(49.4%) admitted they use condoms. 7(3.9%) of the inmates have indulged in anal sex (c2=151.1, p<0.0001). 6(3.4%) had history of family drug use while 23(12.9%) have used drugs prior to imprisonment
 Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV among inmates in this study is quite high and remains a public health problem while that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) though appearing relatively low still remains a public health risk. The risk factors amongst inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria have been identified in this study. The high HIV 1 & 2 prevalence with MTB prevalence with high viral load results indicates poor health conditions which if not contained can spread to other inmates. This requires prompt interventions and treatment among the correctional inmates.

Haematological Indices as a Measure of Quality of Life Amongst Inmates of Port Harcourt Correctional Institutions

Restriction to health care and poor medical attention to inmates in correctional institutions in Port Harcourt has provided a gap in knowledge about their general health as well as their haematological indices status. Haematological indices are derivatives of complete blood count (CBC) used in the evaluation of overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, measure several components and features in the blood. This cross sectional study was aimed at determining haematological indices as a measure of quality of life amongst inmates of Port Harcourt Correctional Institution. One hundred and fifty (150) adults and twenty-eight (28) juveniles making a total of one hundred and seventy eight (178) adults and juveniles of both sexes participated in this study. Two milliliters (2mls) of blood was collected from each participant and dispensed into an EDTA anticoagulant bottle and used for the haematological investigations. Results obtained shows Mean±SEM of Hb (12.87±0.10 g/dl; 95% CI, 12.69-13.06), WBC (6.63±0.16x109/L; 95% CI, 6.32 - 6.93), Neutrophils (43.99±0.77%; 95% CI of 42.47-4.51%) while the Mean±SEM of Lymphocytes was 44.75±0.79% at 95% CI of 43.19-46.31 and CMX was 10.55±0.30%, at 95% Cl of 9.95-11.15). Haematological parameters of the inmates showed a significant Hb level among the males and between age 25–34 years at a significant level of P < 0.0001 respectively. The percentage of the lymphocyte, the CMX within these age group was also very significant at P < 0.0001 respectively. The reduced blood level, with the raise lymphocyte and CMX is a clear indication of poor health status and the presence of underlying infection although the findings cannot be adequately substantiated.

MEDIASI PENAL DALAM PENANGANAN PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMINIMALISIR KELEBIHAN HUNIAN DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN

The excess housing in the Indonesian Correctional Institution does not abate. This condition is faced with criminal efforts which should be a final diversion related to the effort to include convicted persons in Corrections Institutions. The aim is to analyze whether the mediation of penal as the application of Restorative Justice can be an alternative effort to minimize excess occupancy inmates in correctional institutions. The use of this research as a recommendation for law enforcement officials in the handling of criminal acts by promoting penal mediation. The research uses normative legal research methods with literature studies. Mediation Penal is considered able to be an intermediary process of mediation or peace between perpetrators of criminal acts with victims of criminal acts as minimizing the excess occupancy that starts from handling the police and prosecutors stage.

Психологические механизмы развития социального интеллекта несовершеннолетних осужденных

The solution of the problem of preventing recidivism of juvenile convicts is associated with psychological interaction with inmates of correctional institution with an emphasis on the formation of their ability to foresee the results of their actions. In modern psychological science, the problem of cognition of social phenomena from the point of view of predicting their consequences is carried out in the framework of the study of social intelligence of a person and the mechanisms of its functioning. The works of J. Gilford, G. Allport, R. Selman, R. Sternberg, V. N. Kunitsyna, E. S. Mikhailova, A. I. Savenkova, D. V. Ushakov and others are devoted to the issues of social intelligence, they consider this phenomenon as the ability to cognize social phenomena, an additional feature that ensures the successful functioning of a person in society. Building a system of psychological support for the development of social intelligence by juvenile convicts is based on identifying the mechanisms of its functioning. The analysis of works devoted to the description of the mechanisms of development of social intelligence (M. I. Bobneva, O. Yu. Masyagina, V. S. Mukhina, D. V. Ushakov), correlated with applied tasks and the positive potential of personal development of juvenile convicts, allows to present a multilevel structure of psychological mechanisms of development of social intelligence in this category of offenders, which includes the following processes: identification and isolation, recognition of motives of behavior of all participants of communication, reflection. To confirm the assumptions about the significant influence of reflexive processes on the level of social intelligence of juvenile convicts, we conducted an empirical study, including ascertaining and forming experiments. The basis of the forming experiment was a training, including a system of exercises, among which a special role was given to the dilemma. Due to reflection in the course of solving dilemmas, the minor’s selfanalysis and awareness of social norms take place, which are transformed into his social experience. The role of the psychologist in this case consists in the formation of the wards of a positive “Self-conception”, encouraging them to imitate a positive image, creating a favorable atmosphere of communication. The effectiveness of dilemmas increases when its substantive basis is relevant, causes an emotional response; at the same time, the gradual adoption of moral choices is accompanied by a psychologist. The dynamics of the development of social intelligence of juvenile convicts was determined by comparing the results of diagnosing social intelligence before and after the forming experiment using the test “Diagnosis of social intelligence” by J. p. Gilford and M. Sullivan as adapted by E. S. Mikhailova. In the course of verification, the position was confirmed that the stimulation of reflexive processes has a significant impact on the development of social intelligence. Prospects for further research on the psychological mechanisms of social intelligence of juvenile convicts are associated with the integration of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, continuity in the psychological and pedagogical support of the process under study at the penitentiary and post-penitentiary stages.

How to Work with Shoplifting Behavior of Eating Disordered Inmates in Correctional Institutions

How to Work with Shoplifting Behavior of Eating Disordered Inmates in Correctional Institutions

The prospect of tuberculosis case management for inmates in correctional institutions

The prospect of tuberculosis case management for inmates in correctional institutions

Prison reform and work programs in India: a case study

Assigning work to prison inmates in correctional institutions is considered today a key component of prison reforms. An imprisonment of an individual not only undermines the family cohesion and security, it also destroys the income prospects of his family Hence, work programs are necessary not only for keeping inmates engaged by assigning them hard labour, but also for enabling them to earn and support economically to their families while being in jail. This further facilitates their re-integration in the community on their release. In the present paper, authors have conducted a comprehensive study on the prison work program in Model Jail Burail in Union Territory Chandigarh and lessons drawn from the study may act as a stimulus for more such initiatives in Indian prisons.

LEGAL DUALISM AND INCONSISTENCY REGARDING INMATES’S RIGHTS: A REVIEW TOWARD IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 99 OF 2012

In 1999, the Government of Indonesia established Government Regulation (GR) 32/1999 on the Procedures for the Implementation of the Rights of Inmates which has been most recently amended by GR 99/2012. However, the establishment of GR 99/2012 creates complication and unfairly discriminates against inmates committing extraordinary crimes (terrorism, drug abuse, corruption, crimes against the security of the state, crimes against humanity and other transnational organized crimes) impeding such inmates to file for remission and parole. This paper examines the consistency between the implementation of GR 99/2012 and the concept of criminal punishment in Indonesia. It is a summary of empirical juridical research that reports on the influences of GR 99/2012 on inmates in correctional institutions. Data used for this research was obtained from interviews, observation, desk reviews and focus group discussion with government officials. Based on the findings, it can be inferred that GR 99/2012 has impeded the fulfillment of inmates’ rights to file for parole and remission due to complicated procedures, additional fines, and multi interpretation of the regulation. Furthermore, it affects the aggravation of overcrowding, violations against inmates’ rights, and illegal practices within the process. Based on the analysis discussed in this paper, GR 99/2012 is inconsistent with the concept of criminal punishment in Indonesia because it impedes inmates’ reintegration into society. This paper proposes that GR 99/2012 should be revoked and revised in accordance with the spirit of Corrections Act and to create synergy among law enforcers in fulfilling inmates’ rights.

The establishment and prospect of health indicators for inmates in correctional institutions.

The establishment and prospect of health indicators for inmates in correctional institutions.

The Current State of Correctional Health Care and the Prisoner’s Right to Healthcare in South Korea

There is increased recognition of prisoners’ rights to healthcare and the right to be protectedagainst inhumane and degrading treatment. A prisoner has a right to the healthcare equivalent of any person in their community. This trend has encouraged many correctionalpolicymakers to engage in efforts to improve the levels of correctional healthcare in thecontext of human rights and to establish international standards of correctional healthcare,such as those cited in ‘Making Standard Work’ and ‘Health in Prisons’. This study compressed the issues of the right to healthcare into four parts and applied to the correctional healthcare system in Korea. In Korea, according to the results of the study,the right to healthcare of inmates in correctional institutions is guaranteed to some extent, but the gap between the normative frame and the reality is prominent. First, in the living conditions at correctional institutions, the problem of overcrowding is remarkably noticeable. With respect to ensuring correctional medical resources, a shortage of medicalpersonnel and the inferior state of the sickrooms that do not meet the criteria were found.Particularly, focusing on outside medical care, the issue of correctional medical expenditurehas been highlighted, due to the continuous increase in medical costs. Finally, the efforts for health promotion and treatment of mental health care are merely formalities. In orderto reduce the gap between international standards and actual conditions of correctionalinstitutions and to promote these rights effectively, close cooperation between the responsiblebodies is required.

Solitary Confinement and Risk of Self-Harm Among Jail Inmates

We sought to better understand acts of self-harm among inmates in correctional institutions. We analyzed data from medical records on 244 699 incarcerations in the New York City jail system from January 1, 2010, through January 31, 2013. In 1303 (0.05%) of these incarcerations, 2182 acts of self-harm were committed, (103 potentially fatal and 7 fatal). Although only 7.3% of admissions included any solitary confinement, 53.3% of acts of self-harm and 45.0% of acts of potentially fatal self-harm occurred within this group. After we controlled for gender, age, race/ethnicity, serious mental illness, and length of stay, we found self-harm to be associated significantly with being in solitary confinement at least once, serious mental illness, being aged 18 years or younger, and being Latino or White, regardless of gender. These self-harm predictors are consistent with our clinical impressions as jail health service managers. Because of this concern, the New York City jail system has modified its practices to direct inmates with mental illness who violate jail rules to more clinical settings and eliminate solitary confinement for those with serious mental illness.

Re‐infection of hepatitis C virus infection in HIV/HCV co‐infected inmates of correctional institutions, Canada

Hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV are commonly acquired through intravenous drug use (IDU). Treatment of HCV is beneficial in reducing hepatic complications and likely decelerating the rate of progression of HIV. HCV therapy in HCV/HIV co‐infected individuals is increasingly being reported to be feasible. However, re‐infection is emerging as an important concern, especially in the prison population where likely related to surreptitious IDU. In this study, we report the re‐infection rate of inmates in the Pacific region of Canada who have HCV/HIV and were successfully treated for HCV. Retrospective medical chart reviews of 57 co‐infected inmates with a history of IDU who received HCV therapy between April 2003 and June 2012. All received standard doses of pegylated interferon alpha 2a or 2b and weight‐base ribavirin for durations of 24–48 weeks depending on genotypes. After successfully attaining SVR, inmates are routinely monitored for re‐infection every 6–12 months with HCV RNA qualitative analysis. Of the 57 inmates with HCV/HIV, 48 (82.8%) were Caucasians and 10 (17.2%) were First Nations. 94.7% (54) of the study population were males. The mean age at the start of treatment was 39.6±7.5 years. 100% (inclusion criteria) admitted to IDU before treatment and 7 (12.1%) admitted IDU after treatment. Genotype 1 made up 56.1% (32), followed by genotype 3 at 35.1% (20) and genotype 2 at 8.8% (5). Treatment was discontinued due to adverse side effects in 4 (6.9%) and discontinued due to no response in 9 (15.5%) inmates. 2 (3.7%) were lost to follow up due to discharge to community. SVR was attained in 33 (56.9%) inmates and of those 30.3% (10) were re‐infected. These re‐infected cases were noted mainly in genotype 3 (60%) and genotype 1 (40%). Six had viral relapsed. SVR results are pending for three. Achieving a SVR is encouraging in HCV/HIV co‐infected. Our study revealed that 30.3 % of the inmate population became re‐infected after treatment. Of note, these numbers are relatively small. However, it is important that counseling regarding harm reduction and strategies should be provided before, during and after treatment to help reduce the rate of re‐infection.

Molecular genotyping and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from inmates of correctional institutions of Campinas, Southeast Brazil

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible transmission of tuberculosis among 39 inmates with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis smears in four correctional institutions located in Campinas City, SP, Brazil over a 19-month period. Fifty-one M. tuberculosis isolates from these inmates were characterized according to the number of IS6110 insertion elements present in their genomic DNA. The number of insertion elements in M. tuberculosis isolates varied from two to twelve. The dendrogram of similarity resulted in the grouping the isolates in six main clusters. These results, associated to epidemiological data, suggested the transmission of tuberculosis among inmates of the same and different institutions inmates. Univariate analysis of epidemiological data (total delay for beginning of treatment, previous treatment, and HIV status) and clustering occurrence showed that only 'previous treatment' (OR = 7.65, p = 0.032) was associated with the possible transmission of tuberculosis in the studied prisons.

Factors Predicting Unmet Health Services Needs Among Incarcerated Substance Users

Negative health consequences of illicit drug use, such as cardiovascular complications and infectious diseases, increase the likelihood of the need for health care. However, evidence suggests that, with the exception of emergency services, drug users generally are medically underserved. Furthermore, the effect of illicit drug use on health care utilization is becoming an especially important issue for the criminal justice system, because an increasing proportion of inmates in correctional institutions have a history of drug use. This 1998–1999 study of 661 incarcerated men in the Kentucky prison system focused on predictors of unmet physical, behavioral, and overall health care needs among chronic substance users. Analyses revealed that White incarcerated drug users were more likely to report unmet physical and overall health care needs than non-Whites and those with high school education or above were more likely to report unmet physical, behavioral, and overall health care needs. In addition, more episodes of serious illness, more mental health problems, and poorer self-rated health were predictive of all three types of unmet health care needs. A longer career of drug use emerged as a significant predictor of unmet behavioral health care needs, whereas more frequent drug use in the year before incarceration predicted unmet physical health care needs. Further research directions and implications for in-prison health care planning are discussed.

The criminal justice system and its impact on Latinas(OS) in the United States*

Hispanics are disproportionately represented in numbers of arrests, numbers of convictions and by numbers of inmates in correctional institutions. They fail to receive appropriate support services while incarcerated and as a result have one of the highest recidivism rates among any ethnic groups. Homer F. Broome Jr., National Hispanic Conference on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.

Invariance in the MMPI's component structure.

Bernstein and Garbin (1985b) suggested that the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's major clinical scales (excluding Scales ? and 5) can be approximated by an oblique three-component structure: (a) Profile Elevation, (b) Test-taking Attitudes, and (c) Optimism-Pessimism, collectively termed the salient weight model. In this study, we found that both this model and the MMPI's principal component structure remain invariant across race, sex, and, as previously noted, context of testing (job applicants vs. inmates in correctional institutions). We further noted that several alternative definitions of Profile Elevation provide equally satisfactory representation of the relations among the scales. This factor invariance is necessary, but not sufficient, for the MMPI to be viewed as unbiased.