In-line Skating Research Articles

Orthopaedic Injury Patterns Related to Ice Skating, Inline Skating, and Roller Skating: A 20-Year Epidemiologic Analysis.

Ice skating, inline skating, and roller skating are popular sports in the United States (US). Although they are similar, injuries incurred may be distinct and may have evolved over time. To characterize injuries related to ice skating, inline skating, and roller skating and track injury patterns over a 20-year period. Descriptive epidemiology study. The current study utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a database reporting consumer product-related injuries seen at emergency departments in the US. All ice skating, inline skating, and roller skating injuries between 2002 and 2021 were identified, and patient demographics, types of injury, and year of injury were compared between skating types. A total of 1,656,746 skating-related injuries were estimated nationally: 24% (403,791) for ice skating, 24% (400,172) for inline skating, and 52% (852,783) for roller skating. While the incidence of ice-skating- and roller-skating-related injuries decreased by 34.4% (from 22,490 in 2002-2004 to 14,758 in 2019-2021) and 29.6% (from 42,452 in 2002-2004 to 31,980 in 2019-2021), respectively, injuries related to inline skating decreased comparatively more, by 75.8% over the study period (from 48,097 in 2002-2004 to 11,662 in 2019-2021). Injuries occurred predominantly to the head/face/neck for ice skating (n = 139,501; 34.5% of injuries), whereas injuries occurred predominantly in the shoulder/arm/elbow/wrist for inline skating (n = 212,088, 53.0% of injuries) and roller skating (n = 425,216, 49.9% of injuries). Fracture was the most common injury type for all 3 skating types (n = 614,853, 37.1% of injuries), and the majority of fractures occurred in the upper extremity (shoulder/arm/elbow/wrist) for all 3 skating types (n = 59,624, 60.0% [ice skating]; n = 69,197, 41.2% [inline skating], and n = 237,099, 68.2% [roller skating]). Lower extremity (leg/knee/ankle) fractures were more common among ice skating (n = 28,019, 28.2%) and roller skating (n = 82,094, 23.6%) injuries compared with inline skating (n = 21,391, 12.7%). In the current study, we found that fractures were the most common type of injury regardless of skating type but that the location of the injury/fracture varied by skating type.

Effect of Whole Body Vibration on Postural Balance and Gait Functions in Elite In-line Skaters

Effect of Whole Body Vibration on Postural Balance and Gait Functions in Elite In-line Skaters

Recreational Alpine Skiing An Introduction

Alpine skiing is the most common type of skiing performed on groomed and marked ski slopes. This review aims to help recreational skier improve their skiing ability by identifying conducive conditions for alpine skiing. Physically, strengthening balance, agility, and static leg strength via conditional training (ie. inline skating, roller blading, biking, running, sports stimulator) better prepares skiers for alpine skiing and reduces the chances of injury. Injury in knee and lower leg is the most common alpine skiing injury and the most severe are head injuries, highlighting the importance of wearing helmet, well-adjusted skis and suitable lane choice. Mentally, for beginners, increasing self-efficacy and decreasing fear and worry improves skiing performance. Whereas, for intermediate skiers, increasing worry or caution of the environment, increases performance. Technically, recreational skiers should attempt to perform symmetrical turns with greater range and speed of body movement. Lastly, the review presents recent technical and equipment advances in professional alpine skiing, reinforcing that the learning journey of alpine skiing is never ending. Hence, recreational skiers have a long and bright way to go, and researchers should try to expand their sample beyond adolescents and individuals in their early twenties, especially when investigating topics besides skiing injuries, to better generalize their impactful findings.

Verletzungen in der 1. Inline-Skaterhockey-Bundesliga

Inline skater hockey is a sport originating from ice hockey, which is practised in Germany by about 6000 athletes. There are some differences to ice hockey, which lead to a special risk profile of the athletes.All 315 active players of the First German Inline Skater Hockey League in the years 2018 and 2019 were contacted to participate in an online survey. The subjects of the study completed an anonymised 83-item multiple-choice questionnaire about injuries, training frequency, training content, and sports equipment. 178 athletes responded and 116 questionnaires could be analysed (100 men, 8 women, 8 without information/16 goalies, 55 forwards, 44 defenders).The overall injury incidence was 36.98 per 1000 hours. Minor injuries (wounds, bruises, and blunt muscle injuries) most frequently comprised leg injuries (9.4/1000 hours) and arm injuries (7.2/1000 hours). Relevant injuries (fractures, dislocations, and ligamentous injuries) were most common to the foot (2.4/1000 hours) (n=147) and to the head (1.9/1000 hours) (n=140) and knee (1.7/1000 hours) (n=126). Of 76 fractures, 48 (63.2%) resulted from direct or indirect body contact. Goalkeepers suffered more knee injuries compared with field players, while field players sustained more shoulder injuries. Head injuries (fractures, dental injuries, traumatic brain injuries) were significantly more frequent in players without face protection (3.0/1000h vs. 1.8/1000h). Players who did not perform additional fitness training had significantly more relevant injuries. In this group, knee injuries occurred more frequently as well (4.2/1000h vs. 1.3/1000h). The duration of stretching exercises showed a negative correlation with overall injury incidence (0 minutes: 53.5/1000 hours, 1-4 minutes: 55.8/1000 hours, 5-9 minutes: 23.5/1000 hours, ≥10 minutes: 21.5/1000 hours, p<0.05).In particular, mild injuries occurred with a highly significant reduction in frequency if the subjects performed stretching exercises. Inline skater hockey in the First German League is characterised by a high risk of injury, which can be compared with professional ice hockey. Serious injuries are mainly caused by physical contact. Relevant injuries are most common to the head and lower extremity. The implementation of fitness training had a positive influence on the frequency of injuries. In the context of further professionalisation of this sport, these findings can contribute to the prevention of injuries in inline skater hockey.

인라인스케이트 동호인 선수의 교정 인솔 착용과 발목 테이핑 처치가 동적 균형 능력 및 피로도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of orthodontic insole treatment and ankle Kinesio taping treatment on dynamic balance ability and fatigue of inline skaters. The subjects of the study were 20 male inline skaters (22.6±2.2 yrs) living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, classified into orthodontic insole treatment (OI treatment), ankle KT treatment (KT treatment), and general insole treatment (NI treatment) (cross-over design). Balance ability and physical fitness factors were measured according to the physical fitness measurement and evaluation manual of the Korea Institute of Sport Science (2007). Fatigue was measured by a wingate anaerobic test using a stationary bicycle (Ergomedic 894E, Sweden), and lactate was obtained by finger blood samples (10 μl) at rest, immediately after exercise, and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes after fatigue was induced. was analyzed. As a result of comparing dynamic balance ability, KT treatment (18.7±3.2 sec) and OI treatment (24.1±3.0 sec) were higher than NI treatment (12.9±3.1 sec), and OI treatment was higher than KT treatment (p＜.05). However, there was no difference in physical fitness factors and fatigue between the three treatments. In conclusion, it is considered that the wearing of corrective insoles for inline skaters can have a positive effect on dynamic balance ability within a short period of time as the effect of ankle Kinesio taping.

The Effect of Inline Skating Educational Institutions Servicescape on Perceived Value and Purchase Intention

The Effect of Inline Skating Educational Institutions Servicescape on Perceived Value and Purchase Intention

Non-motorised active mobility device use by children in Singapore: Injury patterns and risk factors for severe injury

Wheeled recreational devices (WRDs) include tricycles, bicycles, scooters, inline skates, skateboards, longboards and waveboards, and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology and nature of injuries sustained by children from WRD use, and risk factors for severe injury. We described injuries relating to WRD use in children <18 years who presented to the emergency department of an Asian tertiary hospital between 2016 and 2020. Demographic data, site and nature of the injury, and historical trends were analysed. Risk factors for severe injury (defined as fractures or dislocations), Injury Severity Score ≥9, and injuries resulting in hospitalisation, surgery or death were evaluated. A total of 5,002 patients with 5,507 WRD-related injuries were attended to over the 5-year study period. Median age was 4.7 years. Injuries related to bicycles (54.6%) and scooters (30.3%) were most frequent, followed by skateboards and waveboards (7.4%), inline skates (4.7%), and tricycles (3.0%). Injuries occurred most frequently in public spaces. Soft tissue injuries (49.3%) and fractures (18.7%) were the most common diagnoses. Upper limb (36.4%) and head and neck (29.0%) regions were the most common sites of injury. Among the patients, 1,910 (38%) had severe injuries with potential morbidity. On multivariate analysis, heavier children of the school-going age who use either scooters, skateboards or inline skates are more prone to severe injuries. Involvement in a vehicular collision was a negative predictor. WRD use in children can result in severe injuries. Wrist and elbow guards, as well as helmets are recommended, along with adequate parental supervision.

Inline Skating as an Additional Activity for Alpine Skiing: The Role of the Outside Leg in Short Turn Performance.

The complexity of skiing movements urges recreational alpine skiers and competitors to undertake many specific skill trainings not only during the season but also during the off-season using alternative sports. In AS, the role of the outside leg is crucial for successful turn performance. By measuring kinematic and kinetic parameters, we could define whether there is an objective similarity of the role and the movements of the outside leg while performing a turn in AS to those in the most used additional activity, IS. The sample consisted of ten female alpine ski instructors (age 31.6 ± 8.23, height 170.66 ± 7.32 cm, weight 60.16 ± 7.58 kg). Overall, 280 turns were analyzed (140 for AS and 140 for IS). For the purposes of this study, the variable sample consisted of 14 variables in total. For the detection of differences between short turn performance in AS and IS, MANOVA was used. The main findings of our study are defined similarities in pressure distribution during IS and AS and noticeable differences in the kinematic parameters of the outside leg between the mentioned activities. Based on the gathered results, recreational alpine skiers should be aware that IS cannot be used for the purpose of AS adoption, but rather as a dry-land additional activity for AS preparation.

EFFECTS OF WRIST GUARD AND ELBOW ARREST STRATEGY ON IMPACT FORCE IN FORWARD FALLS

Wrist guards are widely used for preventing distal radius fracture during in-line skating and snowboard-related activities. However, more than half of people wearing wrist guards nonetheless sustain a fracture of the wrist in forward falls. Accordingly, this study evaluates the effects of three factors, namely the wrist guard design, the fall height and the arrest strategy, on the impact force during a forward fall onto a single outstretched hand. Fifteen physically healthy male participants volunteered for the biomechanical investigation. None of the participants had a previous history of upper extremity injuries or disorders. A 1000[Formula: see text]Hz AMTI force plate was used to measure the ground reaction force (GRF) in forward falls performed using a self-built release system onto a single hand. The GRF and impact time were analyzed in terms of three factors, namely (1) the wrist guard design, including bare hand (BH), conventional wrist guard (WG), wrist guard pad on palm (WG+), and WG+ with no lower splint (WG[Formula: see text]; (2) the elbow arrest strategy, including elbow extended and elbow flexed; and (3) the fall height, including 4[Formula: see text]cm and 8[Formula: see text]cm. The impact force and loading rate significantly increased with an increasing fall height. However, the elbow flexed strategy attenuated the GRF peak force and delayed the point of peak impact force. The GRF in the WG, WG+ and WG− conditions was significantly lower than that in the BH condition. Overall, a lower fall height, a wrist guard with a compliant pad (WG+ or WG[Formula: see text], and an elbow flexed strategy reduced the impact force, delayed the peak impact force, and reduced the loading rate in forward falls.

Effect of a Skating Unit on Fitness in Fifth-Grade Students

This study investigated the effect of a skating unit on cardiovascular fitness, eyes-closed static balance, explosive power, and agility in fifth graders. During a 6-week skating unit (12 lessons), 71students (Mage = 10.34 years, range: 10–12 years) participated during regularly scheduled physical education classes. Three classes were involved, one serving as the control group and the other two as experimental groups (roller skating and in-line skating). The control group had no access to roller or in-line skates during class time, rather the curriculum consisted of soccer, dance, and softball. The experimental groups participated in a specifically designed skating curriculum adapted with permission from Skatetime and Skate in School. Results showed that the roller skating group had longer static balance times than the in-line skating group. Even though other factors reported nonsignificance, difference scores illustrated gains after intervention, suggesting that a skating unit could induce improvements. Further research examining significance between roller skating and in-line skating is warranted.

Skateboarding and In-line Skating (Care of the Young Athlete)

Skateboarding and In-line Skating (Care of the Young Athlete)

The Servicescape of the Inline Skating Club Impact on Service Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention

The Servicescape of the Inline Skating Club Impact on Service Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention

Injuries in inline skater hockey

In Germany, Inline Skater Hockey (ISH) is played by about 7500 active players on inline skates with equipment comparable to ice hockey using a hard-plastic ball. The aim of this retrospective epidemiological cross-sectional study is to record the frequency and types of injuries in this sport, for which there is a lack of medically adequate studies in the literature. A questionnaire comprising 112 items was used to collect demographic data, injuries in eight body regions and defined overuse injuries. 274 ISH players with an average age of 24.5 ± 6.2 years and an exposure time of 2787 ± 2063 hours were examined. 5701 injuries were recorded, 60.5 % of which were minor bruises, abrasions and wounds. The total injury rate per1000 hours was 9.6 ± 17.7, with an injury-related break of 12.8 ± 21.8 weeks per player. Field players with visors had highly significantly fewer head injuries (2.8 ± 6.1 vs. 8.9 ± 13.1; p < 0.001) with highly significantly (p < 0.001) fewer lacerations, nasal bone fractures, eye injuries and dental injuries. There was a weak negative correlation between facial protection and number of head injuries (r = -0.386, p < 0.001). In conclusion, frequency and types of injuries in ISH are comparable to ice hockey during training. In accordance with ice hockey, protective equipment in ISH can significantly reduce the occurrence of head injuries. Preventive attention should be paid to the wearing of a full visor and to education about the occurrence of concussions despite the use of a protective helmet.

Injury types and frequency in Spanish inline hockey players

ObjectiveTo describe injury types and frequencies in Spanish inline hockey players. DesignDescriptive epidemiological study. SettingAmateur inline hockey teams competing in Spanish leagues between 2010-2011 and 2016–2017 seasons. Participants154 inline hockey players (aged 10–42 years). Main outcome measurementsInjury incidence, body segment injured, injury mechanism and severity, type of injury, type of play at the time of injury, time of the season at time of injury, location on the rink at the time of injury, player position and use of protective equipment. Results80 injuries were reported. More than twice as many injuries occurred during games (67.5%) as practice (32.5%). The most common body site injured was the ankle (20%). Fractures (28.7%), and sprains (26.3%) were the most common type of injury. Non-contact skating (23.7%), falls (18.7%), and player contact (18.7%) were the most common mechanism of injury. Ankle sprain (10%) was the most common body site-type injury. Severe injuries (≥29 days’ time lost) occurred more often than mild to moderate injuries (<29 days’ time lost). ConclusionsThe risk of severe injury for inline hockey players is high. Non-contact injuries such as skating and falls had a high incidence. The characteristics of inline skating surface, mechanics of inline skating and fatigue may be the cause of a significant amount of the lower extremity sprain injuries. Continued surveillance is warranted to evaluate inline hockey injury trends over time.

The Demographics of Fractures and Dislocations Across the Entire United States due to Common Sports and Recreational Activities.

There exists little nationwide data regarding fracture and dislocation patterns across a wide variety of sporting activities for all ages and sexes. Participant demographics (age and sex) will vary with regard to fracture and joint dislocation sustained during sport-related activities. Descriptive epidemiology study. Level 3. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program data 2005 through 2013 were accessed; 18 common sports and recreational activities in the United States were selected. Statistical software was used to calculate the numbers of fractures and dislocations, and incidence was calculated using US Census Bureau data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the odds ratios (ORs) for the occurrence of a fracture or dislocation. A fracture occurred in 20.6% and a joint dislocation in 3.6% of the emergency department visits for sports-related injuries; annual emergency department visit incidence was 1.51 for fractures and 0.27 for dislocations (per 1000 people). Most of the fractures occurred in football (22.5%). The OR for fracture was highest for inline skating (OR, 6.03), males (OR, 1.21), Asians, whites, and Amerindians compared with blacks (OR, 1.46, 1.25, and 1.18, respectively), and those older than 84 years (OR, 4.77). Most of the dislocations occurred in basketball (25.7%). The OR for dislocation was highest in gymnastics (OR, 4.08), males (OR, 1.50), Asians (OR, 1.75), and in those aged 20 to 24 years (OR, 9.04). The most common fracture involved the finger, and the most common dislocation involved the shoulder. Inline skating had the greatest risk for fracture, and gymnastics had the greatest risk for joint dislocation. This comprehensive study of the risks of sustaining a fracture or dislocation from common sports activities across all age groups can aid sports health providers in a better understanding of those sports at high risk and be proactive in prevention mechanisms (protective gear, body training).

Effect of competition on stress salivary biomarkers in elite and amateur female adolescent inline skaters

Summary Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of competition on stress salivary biomarkers alpha-amylase (sAA), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in elite or amateur female adolescent inline skaters. Material and methods Eighteen female adolescent inline skaters (9 elites and 9 amateurs) who have competed in official skate competitions, participated in the present study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected during their rest day, 1 h and immediately before competition (pre-competition), as well as immediately and 1 h after the competition (post-competition). Free cortisol, sAA, DHEA, and total protein concentrations were assessed. Results Cortisol concentrations of elite group significantly increased 1 h before and pre-competition compared to rest day (P 0.05). The sAA concentrations were significantly higher in the elite group at 1 h before and at pre-competition compared to the rest day (P 0.05). The ratio of DHEA to cortisol exhibited significant difference among the five measurement stages in the amateur group (P 0.05). The total protein concentrations of the elite group increased significantly during three stages, pre-competition, post-competition, and 1 h after competition compared to rest day (P Conclusion Our results confirmed that the optimum increase in adrenal activity occurs before a competition, which can improve athletic performance. However, a similar increase after a competition suggests the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, anticipatory stress indicates that athletes need to relax before a competition.

Helmet use in bicycles and non‐motorised wheeled recreational vehicles in children

Injuries involving non-motorised wheeled recreational vehicles (NMWRV) and bicycles are a common cause for hospitalisation in children. Studies show that helmet use whilst bicycle riding can decrease mortality and morbidity due to head injury. However, there remains an important proportion of children who are non-helmet users (NHU). This study aims to investigate helmet use and attitudes and injury patterns in children presenting with trauma after riding bicycles and other NMWRVs. A prospective cohort study was undertaken over 8 months of children aged 0-16 years, who presented with injury secondary to bicycle or NMWRV to the emergency department of two tertiary paediatric centres. Demographics, incident, injury severity and attitudes towards helmet use were compared between helmet users and NHU. A total of 342 children were included - 41% (n = 139) scooter riders, 39% (n = 133) bicyclists, 18% (n = 61) skateboarders and 2% (n = 9) in-line skaters. Of those interviewed (n = 161), 58% (n = 93) wore a helmet, with children riding bicycles significantly more likely to be helmeted than NMWRV (75 vs. 48%, P = 0.01). NHU were more likely to be admitted to hospital (P = 0.05) and to sustain a major head injury (P = 0.009). The main influence on helmet use was parental rules. The biggest factor influencing non-helmet use was perceived low levels of danger. Despite legislation mandating this, helmet use is not universal in cyclists, particularly younger riders. Even fewer NMWRV riders use them. To promote helmet use, a multifaceted approach aimed at altering community norms and individual behaviours and attitudes is required.

Physiological and technical commitment during a 300-m in-line skating trial in athletes of different age categories.

This study investigated the differences in strength, technique and time performance in in-line skaters of three age categories during a 300-meter trial. Possible correlations among these variables were also assessed. Thirty-six elite in-line skaters (Cadets, Juniors and Seniors, N.=12 each; 14±1, 16±1, and 24±6 years of age, respectively) performed a 300-m trial on an outdoor oval track. Total time (Ttot), 100-m fractions and duration of each skating technique (initial acceleration phase, straight push and cross-over) were recorded. A squat jump (SJ) was performed before and after the trial. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration ([La-]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected before, during and at the end of the trial. Ttot was longer and SJ lower in Cadets compared to the other groups. Seniors employed the cross-over technique for a longer period than the straight push technique, compared to Juniors and Cadets. Ttot correlated negatively with SJ in Seniors. The number of significant correlations between skating techniques' duration and both Ttot and SJ increased with age category. No differences among groups were found for heart rate, [La-] and RPE. With increasing age category, leg strength appeared to be the more related aspect to skating performance. To improve 300-m in-line skating performance, trainers should pay particular attention to the enhancement of leg strength and cross-over skating technique.

Towards Hybrid Urban Mobility: Kick Scooter as a Means of Individual Transport in the City

The characteristic feature of a contemporary city is its inconvenience and oppressiveness caused by the hitherto dominant paradigm of urban planning based on car mobility. As a result, the inhabitants have to cope with air pollution, noise, spatial barriers, sedentary lifestyle and other factors which worsen their health and quality of life. Ecological and physically activating urban mobility thus plays an increasingly important role in the process of creating a friendly and healthy city. For many years, a steadily increasing share of bicycles in urban traffic has been observed. There are also other trending forms of non-motorized transport, such as in-line skates, skateboards, kick scooters, etc. Riding each of them can be regarded as a form of recreation or sport, but also as an ecological, physically activating means of urban mobility. The paper discusses the different forms of recreational mobility in the context of the possibility of combining it with city public transport, with particular emphasis on kick scooters. Kick scooters are becoming more and more popular, not only among children and youth, but also among adults, who use it mainly as a means of the non-motorised urban transport. Numerous publications from different parts of the world show a dynamic growth of this phenomenon. The aim of the article is also to answer the question in what extent the design of public space takes into consideration the use of these new forms of transport and recreation and, consequently, what aspects and requirements should be taken into account in the planning and design process. The paper presents the conclusions of a field study carried out with a group of students in Szczecin and Berlin. The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibilities of using kick scooters in big cities as a means of hybrid mobility combined with public transport by exploring the spectrum of public spaces (streets, squares, traffic nodes and hubs, public buildings, etc.) and testing the existing urban infrastructure. The experiment and research results seem to confirm the vast possibilities granted by kick scooters in this regard.

Transformation of Marketing at the Ohio Art Company (a)

This case is intended to be part of a first-year MBA marketing course or a second-year elective in advertising, integrated marketing communications, market research, or marketing analytics. It provides students with two real advertising experiments and the challenges involved in executing them. It allows for discussion of the need for advertising experiments, and, at a more general level, the need to measure the return on marketing. Biases surrounding the field experiments provide an opportunity for discussion about the problems with establishing a causal relationship between advertising and sales. Excerpt UVA-M-0833 Rev. May 27, 2014 Transformation of Marketing at the Ohio Art Company (A) Ohio Art Company History The Ohio Art Company—among America's oldest toymakers—was headquartered in Bryan, Ohio, a small town in the northwest part of the state. Although Ohio Art made over 50 toy varieties including dolls and water toys, its flagship product was a drawing toy it had been selling for more than 52 years: the Etch A Sketch (EAS®). In that time, over 100 million units had been sold to consumers in dozens of countries. Ohio Art's slogan, “Making Creativity Fun,” demonstrated the company's commitment to arts and crafts products. Although most of its sales came from its toy business, Ohio Art also produced and sold custom metal lithography, which contributed one-third of the company's revenues and a disproportionate share of profits. In recent years, Ohio Art's toy business had experienced a bumpy ride, alternating between profits and losses throughout the 1990s and up through 2011. Product placement of EAS in the hit animated movie Toy Story was a shot in the arm for Ohio Art in 1995. In 1998, the company introduced a new doll called Betty Spaghetty, which was an initial hit with consumers, but its popularity and sales had waned over time. “Aimed at girls ages four and up, the small doll featured interchangeable limbs, spaghetti-like hair, and a variety of accessories, such as a cell phone, a laptop computer, and in-line skates.” Toy Supply Chain and Seasonality . . .