Ink Dye Research Articles

Paint It Black: Staining of the Yeast Cryptococcus Neoformans with India Ink

Aims: To rectify the application of negative staining using India Ink dye in order to visualize the opportunistic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans and its capsule. Discussion: The yeast C. neoformans is generally considered an opportunistic fungal pathogen due to its propensity to infect immunocompromised hosts, particularly those with HIV (+). This yeast responsible for causing severe disseminated Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis (CM) in humans. The type of clinical sample commonly sent for laboratory analysis of suspected patients is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that usually obtained from spinal tap or lumbar puncture procedure. laboratory analysis to confirm CM initially by direct visualization of Cryptococci via light microscopy. Visualization of capsule, as the hallmark of C. neoformans is easy when appropriate number of yeasts are available in the clinical sample. India Ink is the dye of choice to stain C. neoformans and its capsule. The pathognomonic resemblance of its capsule is that of a halo appearance, whether thin or thick, surrounding the cell made visible by suspending the yeast in India ink preparations. Conclusion: India ink stain is still widely used for the detection of cryptococci in CSF, particularly in resource-limited laboratory/health service. Its sensitivity can be improved.

Utilization of Jengkol Leather as the Main Material of Written Batik in Lampung Province

The abundance of jengkol skin waste becomes useless waste, so creative ideas emerge for the community to use jengkol skin as a source of public finance by making natural dyes as a basic ingredient for written batik dyes and distributed to Batik entrepreneurs such As Syafa Lampung. By exploiting this local potential, it can improve the family economy and even make the environment clean. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach that refers to information related to the research topic. Data were obtained from observation and interviews. The results of the study show that the craftsmen of Batik Tulis As Syafa Lampung do not need to use purchased ink dyes but their waste. With the uniqueness/characteristics that exist, it has an impact on people’s welfare by increasing the community’s economy and increasing the results of the batik business.
 Keywords: community empowerment, Jengkol Skin, utilization, Written Batik

Advances and prospects for adsorption-driven valorization of newspapers using activated carbon: a short review

Abstract The valorization of newspaper waste through adsorption-driven processes using activated carbon presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management. This comprehensive review explores the advances and prospects of using activated carbon to enhance the value of newspapers. The fundamental properties of activated carbon, its unique adsorption mechanisms, and its interaction with contaminants commonly found in newspapers, such as ink dyes, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, are also discussed. Applications of activated carbon-treated newspapers span across air and water purification, soil enrichment, and odour control. The paper critically evaluates the environmental benefits of this approach, comparing it with conventional disposal methods. Furthermore, challenges associated with implementing activated carbon-assisted valorization and potential strategies for overcoming them are discussed. Real-world case studies highlight successful projects, shedding light on this innovative waste management solution’s economic viability and technological feasibility. This review concludes by emphasizing the role of adsorption-driven valorization in transforming newspaper waste into a valuable resource, addressing environmental concerns, and shaping future research directions.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ROOT CANAL IRRIGATION QUALITY WITH EXPERIMENTAL INTRA-ROOT RESORPTION IN VITRO

Introduction. To date, intra-root resorption of teeth is poorly understood, although it is often encountered in dental clinics. This study aimed on assess and comparison of different methods of irrigation and antiseptic solutions activation used for root canal treatment, and focus on cleaning the area of simulated intra-root resorption. Methods. 24 extracted teeth were used, which the simulation of internal resorption was reproduced by dissection the inside of the root canal under the control of an electron microscope (Karl Kaps, Germany) in. Distilled water, sodium hypochlorite 5.25 %, sodium hypochlorite 3 %, chlorhexidine 2 % were used for comparative assessment of irrigation quality by staining with Indian Ink dye. Results. When using an endodontic needle and passive irrigation with the studied irrigation solutions, the dye remained on the inner surfaces of the root canal walls, which indicated their insufficient cleaning. The use of auxiliary cleaning methods - sound and ultrasonic irrigation nozzles - showed better cleaning of the root canal resorption zone. When using the sound activation of the irrigator with the EndoActivator device, the dye partially remained in the simulated resorption zone, while a significant part of the root canal system was cleaned. The use of ultrasonic activation of the irrigator with the P5 XS device showed that all dye-stained root canals of the samples were cleaned. Zones of simulated root resorption did not show any dye residues visually and under electron microscope control. Conclusions. The quality of root canal cleaning in case of intra-root resorption in terms of visual assessment of their transparency and under the control of an electron microscope was more pronounced when using methods of activating irrigation solutions with sound and ultrasonic activators.

Shedding light on the composition and degradation mechanism of dyes in historical ink's collection (19th-20th century)

Man has always used writing to be able to communicate, express, and disseminate his thoughts. In time, many different coloured extracts of plant and animal origin have been used to produce inks; after the development of synthetic chemistry, artificial and synthetic dyes started to be widely exploited. The end of the 19th century marked great technological and industrial innovations in commercial production of artists' materials. To reveal ink formulations and build a database of red inks by different producers, we developed a multi-analytical approach and investigated a collection of writing inks produced in France in the late 19th – early 20th century. The materials used as binders, additives, dyes, and pigments have been investigated by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS2), in situ derivatisation pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py(HMDS)-GC/MS), surface enhanced Raman (SERS, TLC-SERS) and X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopies. Several dyes and pigments were detected, showing that the French ink's formulations of the early days of synthetic dye industry were based on rhodamine B and 6G, eosin Y, rose Bengal and methyl or crystal violet. Instead, as binder and additives only gum Arabic and shellac resin have been identified, respectively. Mass spectrometry also allowed us to detect possible by-products of the synthesis of ink's dyes and even early degradation products, that can be used for ink identification in historical writings and drawings. Our studies can pave the way to investigate inks in historical samples by introducing ultra-sensitive chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods in the array of analytical tools available to the chemist.

Alleviating Luminescence and Quenching toward Discrimination of Ballpoint Pen Inks Using Spectroscopy and Chromatography Techniques

The phenomenon of luminescence and quenching is widely applied in the forensic examination of various ink materials. Here, we introduce a hybrid spectroscopic and chromatography approach to gain insights into the underlying cause of infrared luminescence (IRL) in blue ballpoint (BP) pen inks. A total of thirty BP pen ink samples from the Egyptian market were employed in this study. Insights into the origin of luminescence and quenching in the studied samples were gained based on video spectral comparator (VSC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Results showed that some of the studied inks possessed IRL due to the presence of crystal violet and some other triaryl methane dyes. Nevertheless, some ink samples did not possess IRL, despite the presence of the dyes responsible for IRL in their matrix. Interestingly, the inclusion of phthalocyanine dye in those non-luminescent ink matrices resulted in luminescence quenching, mainly due to the overlap between the absorption of phthalocyanine dye and the luminescence of the triarylmethane dyes. The IRL behavior of the ink sample under the first illumination wave band (400–485 nm) exerted control over the IRL activity across subsequent illumination wavebands, and the most effective differentiation was achieved by utilizing the first and second preset filters in VSC. The results revealed the luminescent components present in studied inks and unraveled their distinct luminescence behavior present within the ink matrix. The combination of optical spectroscopy and chromatography techniques could provide a distinctive tool to reveal the luminescence and quenching behaviors of ink dyes for the successful forensic discrimination of several BP writing pens.

Comparative Evaluation of Kedo- ‘S’square Files with Manual Instrumentation in Primary Molars: An Invitro Study

The pulpectomy procedure includes the complete removal of the pulpal tissue, debridement, and preparation of the canal space, followed by obturation. The standard method of cleaning and shaping the canals in primary teeth uses hand files, which can lead to iatrogenic errors. Kedo S files are exclusive pediatric rotary file systems of which the Kedo S Square file system (IV generation) have various advantages. The study aims to evaluate and compare the cleaning efficacy of Kedo S Square files and manual K files in root canals of primary teeth: An In-vitro comparative study was conducted, which included 56 root canals from 25 primary molars. 2-3ml of India ink dye was injected into canals and were randomly divided into two groups in which instrumentation was done using Kedo S Square files and Manual K files, respectively. The teeth were subjected to decalcification and dehydration and observed under a stereomicroscope for traces of Indian ink in the canals. Results were recorded and statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Kedo S Square files had statistically better cleaning efficacy compared to the K file in the coronal(P=0.001), middle(P=0.000), and apical third(P=0.001) of the root canal. The cleaning efficacy of both Kedo S Square and K files varied in different thirds of the canals, but it was not statistically significant. Pediatric rotary Kedo S Square files were effective compared to Manual K Files concerning cleaning efficacy.

Direct mass spectrometric imaging of document handwriting with laser desorption ionization and post ultraviolet photodissociation

Handwriting represents personal education and physical or psychological states. This work describes a chemical imaging technique for document evaluation that combines laser desorption ionization with post ultraviolet photo-induced dissociation (LDI-UVPD) in mass spectrometry. Taken the advantages of chromophores in ink dyes, handwriting papers were subjected to direct laser desorption ionization without additional matrix materials. It is a surface-sensitive analytical method that uses a low intensity pulsed laser at 355 nm to remove chemical components from very outermost surfaces of overlapped handwritings. Meanwhile, the transfer of photoelectrons to those compounds leads to the ionization and the formation of radical anions. The gentle evaporation and ionization property enable the dissection of chronological orders. Paper documents maintain intact without extensive damages after laser irradiation. The evolving plume resulting from the irradiation of the 355 nm laser is fired by the second ultraviolet laser at 266 nm that is in parallel to the sample surface. In contrast to collision activated dissociation in tandem MS/MS, such post ultraviolet photodissociation generates much more different fragment ions through electron-directed specific cleavages of chemical bonds. LDI-UVPD can not only provide graphic representation of chemical components but also reveal hidden dynamic features such as alterations, pressures and aging.

Comparative assessment of cleaning efficacy of Kedo-SH manual and Kedo-S rotary endodontic files in deciduous molars - an in-vitro study

Introduction: Preparation of root canals in deciduous molars can be challenging due to their inherent anatomy. Endodontic files were introduced recently for exclusive use in deciduous dentition. Hence, the aim of the present comparative study was to assess the cleaning efficacy of manual and rotary endodontic files in deciduous molars. Methods and materials: Sixty canals of recently extracted deciduous molars were selected which did not have more than one-third of their root length resorbed. Following working length determination, India ink dye was injected into all the canals. They were arbitrarily allocated into two groups; Group I: Kedo-SH manual files (n=30) and Group II: Kedo-S rotary files (n=30), for the purpose of instrumentation. The root canals were cleared of debris and sections prepared. The sections were examined under a stereomicroscope under 40X magnification for removal of India ink at different thirds and given scores. Data was subjected to statistical analysis using Student t test and ANOVA. Level of significance was 5%. Results: Both file systems resulted in superior cleaning of the coronal and apical section of the canals. The average scores for coronal and middle sections of the root canals with Kedo-SH manual files (9.5 ± 8.062; 10.75 ± 10.31, respectively) were significantly higher than that of Kedo-S rotary files (5± 6.63; 6.05 ±7.5, respectively) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Root canals prepared with Kedo-S rotary files showed significant superiorly clean root canals than those prepared using Kedo-SH manual files. Keywords: Kedo-S, Kedo-SH files, deciduous molars, pulpectomy, root canal instrumentation.

Evaluation of the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate repair HP, biodentine and white mineral trioxide aggregate as furcation repair materials

This study aims to evaluate the sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Repair HP, Biodentine and White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate(WMTA) as furcation repair materials by using Ultraviolet- Spectrophotometric analysis. A total of 80 freshly extracted human permanent mandibular first and second molar teeth were included. Teeth were decoronated 3mm above the cemento-enamel junction and roots were amputated 3mm below the furcation. Endodontic access cavity opening was done and root canal orifices were sealed with sticky wax. Artificial perforations were made in furcation areas of teeth using round bur.80 specimens were divided into 3 Experimental groups with 20 specimens per group; Group A (MTA Repair HP), Group B (Biodentine), Group C (WMTA) used as furcation repair materials and the remaining 20 specimens were equally divided between Positive control and Negative control groups. Specimens were immersed in Indian ink dye for 48hours and were then subjected to dye extraction method by completely dissolving the teeth in 65% nitric acid and the obtained solutions were analysed using Ultraviolet-Spectrophotometer and readings were recorded as absorbance units. Obtained data was statistically analysed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s-Post hoc tests.

Evaluation of Coronal Micro-Leakage of Fiber Post with Different Luting Cements (In Vitro Study)

Evaluation of Coronal Micro-Leakage of Fiber Post with Different Luting Cements (In Vitro Study)

Analisis Kadar Senyawa Rhodamin B Pada Sediaan Lipstik Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Rhodamine B is a syntheticdye use in paper, textile, and ink dyes. This compound can irritate the respiratory tract and cause cancer with liver damage. The present study aimed to find out the levels of rhodamine B contained in lipstick. It relied on qualitative and quantitative testing. The qualitative testing applied the thin-layer chromatography method with ethyl acetat eluent: n-buthanol : ammonia with the best ratio of 20:55:25. Meanwhile quantitative testing used the UV-Vis Specrophotometry method. It was shown from the quantitative test using thin-layer chromatography that three samples of lipstick contained rhodamine B. Further, the quantitative test with the UV-Vis spectrophotometry indicated that the levels of rhodamine B were measured at 6.62 µg/mL with 0.662%

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE WITH WATER PAPER SLUDGE ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

The sludge waste of paper is the main unused product that obtained during the manufacturing process of paper from the paper manufactured industries. From the statistics of world water pollution around 1.2 crore tonnes of waste sludge is disposing every year around the world . The paper sludge is also known as Hypo Sludge which contain useful fibers and chemicals composition which can perform as binding material, in this particular thesis to obtain sound results I incorporated addition material like ferrous oxide to this paper sludge in order to improve the mechanical properties like strength and durability and performance of the concrete mixture. In the process of Paper making it produces vast amount of waste in the solid form which contains fibrous material but which cannot be recycled to prepare the good quality of paper so for this reason the manufactures dump this material in nearby water sources or in dumping yards. So that material can be collected or the waste paper from the institutions which are unable to recycle can be collected and made a basic processing like removing of stables and ink dye can be washed out. Most of the companies adopt the incineration process to tackle the land filling area problem to dispose the waste sludge, the closed incineration may not impact highly on environment but the open incineration process in developed countries causes the major air pollution sources problem. Soto prevent those kind of adverse effects of sludge waste on the environment and society it is better to utilize the sludge in other industries in the profitable ways.Keeping this in the mind the as a part of my thesis I adopted the same paper waste sludge as an experimental study to utilize in construction material In this thesis the feasibility of paper sludge using in concrete production as the partial replacement by cement weight .the product that formed by partial replacement of cement in concrete was proved as the another key material for conventional cement concrete . The mix proportions that has been prepared by replacing the cement by paper sludge in the following percentage replacements accordingly in the assortment of 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % by weightiness of cement for M-40 mix.The Concrete blends that were formed and tested for different properties and compared those properties in terms of strength comparison, durability of material subjected to environment conditions & span of life and its performance with respect to conventional concrete. These discussed tests were performed out to estimate the mechanical properties. The test results are observed up to 56 days due to involvement of durability and performance. This experimental investigation on strength of concrete and finest percentage of the partial replacement by fixing a mix M40 grade was designed as per Indian Standard method and the same was used to prepare the test samples. The design mix proportion used were Conventional Concrete, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% replacement of cement by industrial waste like fly ash and paper sludge. In the test performed, the optimum compressive stress obtained by utilizing paper waste was at 30% replacement. At the place where strength is not of more importance or rather structure is for temporary basis then design mix proportion up to 40% replacement can also be utilized. Test also point towards developing low cost concrete by varying design mix proportion from 10%replacement to 40%replacement. The compared values of cost show gradual decrement in total cost of per cubic meter concrete.

Developing a Machine Vision Inspection System for Electronics Failure Analysis

Ball grid array (BGA) package components are widely used in various electronic products, as they shorten the conductive path and greatly reduce the interference during current transmission. The BGA component solder ball has little flexibility for distortion, which may cause stress concentration and solder joint cracking. Red ink dye stain analysis testing can visually analyze the cracking area and the interface of the solder joint. At present, most companies use failure analysis (FA) specialists to observe the components and circuit board end images with a microscope. As component packaging technology becomes more complex and the number of input–output (I/O) signals of the chip increases sharply, FA operations require a long time and may be misjudged due to personnel fatigue and subjective determination. This paper aims to develop a machine vision image recognition system for intelligent decision analysis to judge the severity of solder ball cracking and the cracking interface type. This system uses charge-coupled devices (CCDs) to obtain the image. First, this paper uses affine transformation compensation to perform horizontal correction, which recognizes the actual position coordinates of each solder joint, estimates the solder ball according to the Hough Circle to obtain the center and the radius of the solder ball, and then a 2-D vector map (Gerber) file is used to establish the mask, and the region of interest (ROI) in the image feature is obtained through the iterator of the pixel access program. Second, the color space is converted from red, green, and blue (RGB) to hue, saturation, and value (HSV) to reduce the effects of light variations during image capture. This paper develops the range analysis model (uses the multiple-threshold method to judge whether a particular pixel in an image has the cracking (color) feature, as well as its cracking interface), and uses a morphology filter to filter image noise (filter pixels of overlapping features). The verification results show that the system developed in this paper and FA specialists have a consistency of more than 85% in the judgment of the severity of the cracking, and the false alarm ratio and the escape ratio of the system are about 9% and 16%, respectively. Regarding the judgment result of the solder ball cracking interface type, the consistency reaches 98%, which shows that the automatic failure identification system for solder joints, as developed in this paper, can effectively assist red ink solder joint FA.

Document ink dye age estimation by direct injection-mass spectrometry and correlation analysis

Unsupervised Linkage Threshold (ULT) method was applied for the analysis of ballpoint pen inks with the purpose of estimating the date on which manuscripts were launched on documents. In order to verify ink degradation patterns over time, manuscript samples were removed from forensic expert reports produced along the years ranging from 1962 to 2014, and which had been stored in the archives of the National Institute of Criminalistics (NIC) of the Brazilian Federal Police. A total of 505 ink samples were analyzed by Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, and these showed a significant variation in the ink formulation over time. From the normalized mass spectrometry peak areas, the ULT method was employed in the correlation analysis of ink manuscripts using the cosine squared function as a similarity measure. The method allowed a simple, fast and reliable determination of threshold correlation values as well as ink dating confidence intervals for each kind of formulation studied. It has been observed that dye stability may change drastically depending upon the chemical group (methyl or ethyl) lost in the degradation process. Due to its statistical nature, the developed method does not rely upon prior knowledge of factors such as storage conditions or initial dye formulation. This feature can be an advantage in real forensic applications since this type of information is not usually available to forensic experts.

The supra-iliac anterior quadratus lumborum block: a cadaveric study and case series.

The local anesthetic injectate spread with fascial plane blocks and corresponding clinical outcomes may vary depending on the site of injection. We developed and evaluated a supra-iliac approach to the anterior quadratus lumborum (QL) block and hypothesized that this single injection might successfully block the lumbar and sacral plexus in cadavers and provide analgesia for patients undergoing hip surgery. Ultrasound-guided bilateral supra-iliac anterior QL blocks were performed with 30 mL of India ink dye in six fresh adult cadavers. Cadavers were subsequently dissected to determine distribution of the dye. In five patients undergoing hip surgery, a unilateral supra-iliac anterior QL block with 25 mL ropivacaine 0.5% followed by a continuous catheter infusion was performed. Patients were clinically assessed daily for block efficacy. The cadaveric injections showed consistent dye involvement of the majority of the branches of the lumbar plexus, including the femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, and iliohypogastric nerve. The majority of cadaveric specimens (83%) also exhibited thoracic paravertebral spread of dye to the T10 level. No specimens showed L5 or sacral nerve root staining or caudal spread below L5. All patients had effective analgesia for total hip surgery and a T11-L3 sensory level following the initial bolus of local anesthetic as well as during the period of continuous catheter infusion. This cadaveric study and case series show that a supra-iliac approach to the anterior QL block involved T10--L3 nerve territories and dermatomal coverage with no sacral plexus spread. This technique may have clinical utility for analgesia in hip surgery.

Kinetics comparison for the different variants of artificial aging of handwritten strokes by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection

In the judicial practice, the problem of documents falsification by artificial aging is encountered quite often. Artificial aging can be accomplished by the prolonged exposure of the documents to the elevated temperatures from the household heating devices (e.g. oven, iron), microwave radiation from a household microwave oven, or ultraviolet radiation from an ultraviolet lamp for manicure purposes. Therefore, it is relevant to develop approaches for recognizing the acts of falsification using the modern physical and chemical methods. The purpose of the current research was to identify the changes that occur with the ink dyes of blue color ballpoint pens over time under the influence of elevated temperatures, as well as to compare the obtained results with the data attained by the exposure to the UV radiation. As an outcome of this work, the possibilities of chromatography-mass-spectrometric detection of changes in the composition of ballpoint pen inks of BIC Original, Corvina 51 and Pilot brands after their exposure to the elevated temperatures and UV radiation were estimated. The curves of the dyes for the artificial aging for the three different ballpoint pen inks were obtained from the time of exposure to UV radiation at 365 nm and heating at 100, 130 and 150˚C respectively. A comparison of the processes of the dyes degradation when exposed to UV-radiation and thermal action on handwritten strokes was carried out. It was shown that for the established intensity of UV radiation, the gentlest type of documents aging was holding the stroke samples at a temperature of 100˚C for 36 hours. Keywords : handwritten stroke, ballpoint pen ink, aging of strokes, artificial aging, liquid chromatography, mass-spectrometry. (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.1.003 D.I. Baygildieva, T.M. Baygildiev, О . А . Shpigun, I. А . Rodin Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

Synthesis and optical properties of 2-functionally substituted 4,5-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]quinolines

N-Protected 4-(anilinomethyl)thiophene-2-carbaldehydes were prepared by the reaction of easily available 4-chloromethylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde with N-(2-halogenophenyl) substituted acetamides, 4-methylbenzenesulfonamides and carbamates in the presence of K2CO3 or Cs2CO3. The compounds obtained were converted to 4,5-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]quinoline-2-carbaldehydes by palladium catalyzed intramolecular cyclization in homogenous or heterogenous (Pd/C) conditions with good yields and subsequently used for preparing of 2-functionally substituted thieno [3,2-c]quinoline derivatives (nitriles, carboxamides, carboxylic acids, esters). The optical properties of 2-functionally substituted thieno[3,2-c]quinolines and 4H-thieno[3,2-c]chromenes have been studied. Moderate to high fluorescence quantum yields are observed for these compounds ranging from 0.15 to 0.87. Structure - optical properties relationships have been established for the compounds synthesized, and their prospective application as invisible ink dyes was practically demonstrated.

Evaluation the effect of different instrumentation and obturation techniques on apical microleakage . (In vitro comparative study)

This in vitro study evaluated and compared the apical sealing ability of twoobturation techniques and two type of instrumentation. A total of 120 teeth werecollected randomly divided into two groups 60 roots prepared using hand protaper,other 60 roots prepared using rotary protaper .Each group was subdivided randomlyinto two obturation groups of 30 roots for each; in group A- obtura II was used ,andin group B-thermafill (TF) was used. Then the samples in all groups left for a week atroom temperature. After coronal sealing, all surfaces of the root covered with threelayer of nail polish except the apical 2mm, then each sample immersed in 10% blackIndian ink dye for 72 hours .After that the samples rinsed and nail polish removed.then samples cleared & decalcified.Data had been collected from independentexaminers and statistically analyzed using student t-test. The stereomicroscopicresults showed that there was highly significant difference between hand and rotaryinstrumentation, with in favor of rotary instrumentation technique. Concerning theobturation techniques, Thermafill showed best apical sealing followed by Obtura II;however, the differences were not significant.

A simple extraction of blue fountain ink dye (Acid blue 93) from water solutions using Magnetic Textile Solid‐Phase Extraction

AbstractA recently developed preconcentration procedure “magnetic textile solid‐phase extraction”, based on the use of a magnetically modified textile impregnated with chitosan, was successfully employed for the preconcentration of blue fountain ink dye Acid blue 93 from extremely diluted solutions. This procedure enabled to detect ink dye released from ink written documents immersed in water. The developed procedure can be easily adapted for the detection of large variety of analytes important for environmental, biochemical and forensic analysis.