Injury Accident Rates Research Articles

ANALISIS PENERAPAN TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTANANCE (TPM) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) DI PT XYZ

This study aims to analyze the application of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) in a pharmaceutical company in Bandung which is currently moving from an increasingly widespread industrial location, so that there are new products. TPM is a useful system in increasing productivity, increasing productivity on various production tools and equipment with only the necessary maintenance investment. Evaluation of the implementation of the TPM pillars is carried out through the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) analysis method, visual management, lost time injury (LTI) and time accident rate (TAR). Another result is that the implementation of the planned maintenance pillar has not reached the target according to the standard, both in terms of availability and performance rate parameters. The pillar that has not been implemented in this company is autonomous maintenance. The conclusion from this research is that PT XYZ has not effectively implemented TPM in its factory operations. The recommendation from this research is the need for the implementation of autonomous maintenance pillars and scheduled replacement of engine components to solve problems that exist in the factory and can be focused in particular on critical work areas

Stochastic simulated rents in Portuguese public-private partnerships

This paper aims to study the contracts of the Portuguese Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) of the motorway sector which represent an important part of the Annual Portuguese State Budget, as well as a crucial contribution to the Portuguese Public Debt. Once the formulae determining annual rents due to the private partners depend on stochastic variables, their simulation is binding. Otherwise, the Public Finances can suffer large losses. Our study is essential aiming to defend the Public interest and the political transparency as well as to present tools to prevent future excessive costs.In order to perform a simulation of the PP rents we started by describing the related contracts and analysing the mathematical formulae therein, following an insightful look and a descriptive analysis the historical data. Finally, a stochastic simulation study of the injury accident rates allowed us to calculate their rates as well as their renting implications.The simulated values are in accordance with our previous analysis, showing the existence of negative values for bonuses and penalties in the contracts. We discover the existence of an important trend: the bonuses increase and the penalties decrease when regarding symmetric variations in the fatal accident rates. This results in a strong and negative impact in the Portuguese Public Treasure.For the first time numerical flaws present in PPP contracts were systematically analysed by using a new statistical tool. This approach fills a gap when we are dealing with these issues allowing the partners to decide in a well informed manner.

Analysis of Severe Injury Accident Rates on Interstate Highways Using a Random Parameter Tobit Model

In this study, a random parameter Tobit regression model approach was used to account for the distinct censoring problem and unobserved heterogeneity in accident data. We used accident rate data (continuous data) instead of accident frequency data (discrete count data) to address the zero cell problems from data where roadway segments do not have any recorded accidents over the observed time period. The unobserved heterogeneity problem is also considered by using random parameters, which are parameter estimates that vary across observations instead of fixed parameters, which are parameter estimates that are fixed/constant over observations. Nine years (1999–2007) of panel data related to severe injury accidents in Washington State, USA, were used to develop the random parameter Tobit model. The results showed that the Tobit regression model with random parameters is a better approach to explore factors influencing severe injury accident rates on roadway segments under consideration of unobserved heterogeneity problems.

The Analysis of Factors affecting Expressway Accident Involving Human Injuries using Logit Model

Expresway traffic accident is fatal accident by high speed, especially human injury is a great social issue. This paper aims to identify characteristic differences of highway accidents that involve human injuries or not. To analysis the elements that affect the two types of accidents used the logistic regression model. The analysis showed that human injury accident rate is increased in case of straight road, flat, or cut-slope areas, barriers, male driver, and older driver. These results provide the ground for actions to counter the problems. By discovering factors for accidents leading to fatality, this study can provide important implications for authorities that establish highway safety measures and policies in preventing human injuries or deaths from car accidents.

On the identification of the effect of prohibiting hand-held cell phone use while driving: Comment

In a paper recently published in this journal (Nikolaev, A.G., Robbins, M.J., Jacobson, S.H., 2010. Evaluating the impact of legislation prohibiting hand-held cell phone use while driving. Transportation Research Part A 44, 182–193.), Nikolaev et al. (2010) provide evidences on the effect of hand-held cell phone bans on driving safety. More specifically, they analyze the impact of a state-wide ban on hand-held cell phone use while driving on the number of fatal automobile and personal injury accidents per 100,000 licensed drivers per year and conclude that the ban had a significant negative impact on both the mean fatal accident rate and the mean personal injury accident rate. In this paper I argue that they lack of a good identification strategy that enables them to correctly identify the causal effect of the ban. I also provide evidence that the effect they find is a combination of the ban effect and of unobservable variables not accounted for in their analysis. Finally, I provide a way where one can control for unobservables when estimating the causal effect of the ban and find that indeed that ban appears to have a negative effect on fatal automobile accidents.

The Status and Characteristics of Industrial Accidents for Migrant Workers in Korea Compared with Native Workers

Objectives: To analyze the status and characteristics of the industrial accidents of migrant workers with comparison to those of native workers. Methods: The industrial accident rate of migrant workers was estimated by the annual number of industrial accidents divided by the total number of annual labor population multiplied by the annual admission rate of industrial accident insurance. The characteristics of industrial accidents for total migrant workers were assessed and compared with those of total native workers (from 2004 to 2006). In addition, we compared the industrial accidental characteristics of the 7,210 native workers and the 458 migrant workers employed in the Incheon area who received compensation from the industrial accident insurance in 2006. Results: In 2004, 2005 and 2006, the total annual industrial accident rates of the migrant workers were 0.93%, 0.90%, and 1.06%, the injury accident rates were 0.90%, 0.86%, and 1.00%, the number of injury deaths per 10,000 persons were 2.29, 2.22, and 2.39, and the disease rates were 0.011%, 0.014%, and 0.027%, respectively. As for the cause of injury, rolled/jammed and cutting-type injuries were more prevalent in the migrant workers. With the standardization of job category, industry size and work tenure, the rolled/jammed-type injury was still significantly more prevalent in the migrant workers. Conclusions: Even considering the exclusion of the possible missing numbers of the submission of industrial accident cases, and the numbers of workplaces not registered for industrial accident insurance, the publicized statistics confirm the higher industrial accident rate of migrant workers compared to native workers. Especially, the injury death rate was 2.2 times higher for migrant workers than for native workers in 2006. In addition, the remarkably lower occupational disease rate of the migrant workers compared to that of the native workers, suggested that numerous cases of disease were not reported. Finally, the lack of communication and former education that usually lead to the most prevalent injury type, i.e., the rolled/jammed type, supported our conclusion that the migrant workers were in need of more education regarding workplace safety.

A Basic Study on Traffic Accident Data Analysis Using Support Vector Machine

In Japan, fatalities from traffic accidents are decreasing, but sacrifices of the traffic accidents are not negligible. So, traffic safety measures are still important. When considering the traffic safety measures, it is effective to extract dangerous locations with high fatality and injury accident rates and then analyze the details of the factors involved in such accidents. Due to numerous factors, however, it is difficult to effectively and efficiently process large quantities of traffic accident data. For this reason, previous traffic analyses are reviewed, and a Support Vector Machine (hereinafter referred to as SVM), which has become the focus of attention as a data mining method, is chosen. The SVM is applied to the traffic accident data analysis. The effectiveness of and problems surrounding a SVM are examined in this study. The classification rate of the SVM toward non-learning data was approximately 70%.

Evaluation of Traffic Safety Risk of Drivers Who Use Bioptic Telescopic Lenses

A study was performed to determine whether drivers who were required to wear a bioptic telescopic lens (BTL) device while driving posed a greater risk to traffic safety than drivers of similar ages and the same sex not wearing BTLs. Significance tests were performed to determine the differences between the BTL group and the comparison group on 2-year total accident, fatal or injury accident, and total citation rates. The results indicated that the BTL group had substantially higher total and fatal or injury accident rates than the comparison group both before and after statistical adjustment of these criterion measures for age and sex differences between the groups. However, an opposite result was found for total citations: the unadjusted and adjusted rates for the BTL group were significantly lower than those for the comparison group. The driving records of the subjects who use BTLs also showed that only 35% of them had been restricted from driving at night, as required under the department’s licensing policy.

Human element factors affecting reliability and safety

Many system reliability prediction methods are based solely on equipment failures, neglecting the human component of man-machine systems (MMS). These methods do not consider the identification of the root causes of human errors. The reliability and safety of industrial and commercial power systems and processes (i.e., MMS) are dependent upon human characteristics and many dependent and dynamic interactive factors. The consequences of human errors are very diverse and can range from damage to equipment and property, injury to personnel or fatalities, to disruption of scheduled system operation, all of which represent a significant cost to society. This paper focuses on accidents-injuries and the disruption of scheduled system operation caused by human element factors and shows that the human element is a very significant factor affecting the reliability and safety of electrical systems. The paper initially presents several case studies to reveal the frequency of human errors which disrupted scheduled computer and utility system operation. This paper also presents statistics on the injury accident rate in electric utilities and the number of days lost to injury accidents. It presents some of the factors that direct human behavior and discusses how these factors help identify the possible root causes of electrical accidents, using an accident-injury sequence model to determine the cause of human errors. Knowledge of human factors can be used to mitigate their impact on power system interruptions and injury accidents (e.g., increased productivity, increased reliability, decreased errors, increased safety, etc.).

Evaluation of Speed Limits in Kentucky

The objectives were to examine current criteria and procedures used for setting speed limits and to determine appropriate speed limits for various types of roads. The study involved a review of literature, collection and analysis of speed data, and collection and analysis of accident data. The speed data included moving speed data on various highway types and a comparison of speed data before and after speed limit changes. Accident data were collected at locations where speed limits were changed and also on sections of adjacent Interstates with different speed limits. The speed data indicate that a large percentage of vehicle speeds exceed posted speed limits, with the highest percentage being on urban Interstates and two-lane parkways. The speeds for trucks were slightly lower than for cars. A comparison of speed data at locations where speed limits were changed showed only slight differences. A comparison of accident rates at adjacent sections of Interstate where the speed limit was 88.6 km/hr (55 mph) and 104.7 km/hr (65 mph) did not find a substantial difference in the total, injury, or fatal accident rates. Except where legislatively mandated speed limits apply, the 85th-percentile speed should be used to establish speed limits. Maximum limits are given for various types of roadways. Different speed limits for cars and trucks are recommended for some roadways. An engineering study must be conducted before the speed limit should be changed for any specific section of roadway.

Joint effects of access and geometry on two-lane rural highway safety in British Columbia

This paper examines the safety impact of access type, access density, traffic volume, and road geometry on two-lane rural highways in British Columbia. Documented accident to access relationships were reviewed and found to be in poor agreement with observed accident experience within the Province. The nontransferability of accident to access relationships, the lack of studies of traffic and road geometry interaction effects, and the need for a tool to predict the impact of access on highway safety led to the development of the models described in this paper. A comprehensive and disaggregate data base was constructed for some 560 km of the provincial primary arterial highway network. Highway access was classified into four groups: public road intersection, business access, private access, and roadside pullout. Various geometric data, traffic volume, and posted speed limit were included in the data base. Different measures of accidents were chosen to develop the models, including accident rate, accident frequency, severe (fatal plus injury) accident rate, and severe accident frequency. The statistical analyses indicated that when viewed as a disaggregated set of multivariate elements, all access types were significantly correlated with accidents. The joint effects of access and geometry, such as the combination of private access and horizontal curvature, intensify the effect of access on accidents. As a result, relative weightings of all access types in terms of their impact on safety were empirically derived, with business access weighted as 0.5 and private access weighted as 0.10 of public road intersections. Key words: highway access, geometry, accidents, rural highways, two-lane highways, multivariate regression.

A time series evaluation of California's 1982 driving-under-the-influence legislative reforms

This study evaluated the impact of 1982 legislative reforms, including enhanced penalties, greater sentencing uniformity, and the introduction of an illegal per se standard, on California's driving-under-the-influence (DUI) countermeasure system. Intervention time series analysis was used to evaluate the general deterrent effects of these laws, as measured by alcohol-related fatal and injury accident rates, both statewide and in counties sharing similar demographic and enforcement patterns. In combination with the legislative effects, analyses also assessed the significance of prelegislative publicity associated with an emerging antidrunk driving sentiment largely popularized by the formation of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Both implementation of the DUI statutes and the publicity and societal dynamics surrounding the creation of MADD were found to be associated with reductions in subsequent alcohol-related fatal and injury accident rites, with evidence of more pronounced effects among injury accidents.

The effects of age and experience on accidents with injuries: Should the licensing age be raised?

In Canadian Provinces and in several states of the United States the minimal legal age to drive a motor vehicle is 16 years old and in some, it is 15. The excess mortality and morbidity registered by 15 to 24-year-old drivers is well known. Several studies have reported that accident rates decrease with experience, but the effect of the age of new drivers has not been well documented. The objective is to study injury accident rates in terms of the age and experience factors. The data sources are computer files of the Government Insurance Corporation (Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec), which covers all Quebec drivers. For each driver, the file contains birth date, sex, year and month of first license, involvement in accidents, and other parameters. The yearly rates (1970–1984) of new permits per age last birthday and sex show an increase over time, particularly for 16-year-old men. For the period 1979–1984, injury accident involvement rates were computed for all Quebec drivers by age, sex, and driving experience. An experienced driver has been defined as a person who has been licensed for at least one year. The results show, for experienced as well as inexperienced young men (16–18), a high injury accident rate that decreases with age. For women, the rates are much lower and decrease more gradually than for men. This study does not take into account the kilometers driven. Since young drivers (16–18) have the highest accident rates, the question of regulating access to first licensing for such drivers must be examined as a possible strategy for injury prevention.

A study of reported injury accidents among novice motorcycle riders in a Scottish region

A study is reported of the effect of sex, age, cubic capacity, and training on the rate of reported injury accidents in a cohort of 304 first time learner motorcycle riders resident in the Lothian and Borders of Scotland in 1983. Motorcycle in this paper includes all types of registerable two wheeled motor vehicle. Injury accidents as reported by the police were observed in this cohort over an average period of one year. The overall reported injury accident rate within the cohort was 8.2 per hundred riders. This rate does not seem to be markedly different to the Scottish rate for all riders. It was found that the cubic capacity of the motorcycle was the single most important risk factor of the four studied. The risk was disproportionately high in the 200 + cc category. Lower reported injury accident rates were observed for females and trained riders but these differences did not reach statistical significance mainly due to the low numbers of these two categories within the cohort. Contrary to popular assumption, younger riders within this cohort did not have higher injury accidents. A large proportion of the riders who had been involved in injury accidents within the cohort and who had registered 50 ce motorcycles were found to be riding higher capacity (mainly 200 + cc) motorcycles at the time of accident. There was a very low uptake of motorcycle training (7.3%) by the cohort. Approximately 15% of the cohort was female, a higher percentage than those reported by other studies.

Major and minor accidents at the Thames barrier construction site

This is the first of two papers analysing accident data from the Thames Barrier construction site for the years 1980–1982. During this period 5000 accidents were recorded. However, only 152 (3%) of these resulted in major injuries defined in this study as fatalities (two of the accidents) or injuries which resulted in an absence from work of more than three days and the major injury accident rate was below the national average. Major and minor accident rates tended to decline over time and were closely correlated. Two factors causing fluctuations in accident rates were identified through statistical analysis. Firstly, overall accident rates were relatively low during holiday periods, even after taking account of the reduced number of man-hours worked. Secondly the major injury accident rate tended to rise after new contractors and sub-contractors started work on the site. A discussion of the implications of these findings for safety management is included in the second paper which examines data on accident ratios at the Thames Barrier and compares these results with data from a small number of other civil engineering projects.

Highway accident rates and rural travel densities

Rural highway injury accident rates should theoretically increase with an increase in travel densities. Regression analyses of cross-sectional data on U.S. Primary and Secondary highways show a moderate positive association, but on the Interstate this association appears to be invariant. Fatal accident rates, on the other hand, are negatively associated with travel densities. Explanations for these results may be found in variables associated with travel densities, such as speed, speed variability, types of crash, and accessibility to emergency medical services. Changes in travel densities, between 1976 and 1979. on the major rural highway systems have been accommodated with no apparent effect on average accident rates.

Changing behaviour towards danger: The effect of first aid training

McKenna, S.P. and Hale, A.R., 1982. Changing behaviour towards danger: the effect of first aid training. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 4: 47–59. Four-hour courses in emergency first aid training attended by workers at two factories have been shown to produce an improvement in injury accident rates. Interviews conducted with experimental and control subjects before and after the training show that the improvement in safety was associated with an increase in trainees' perceived responsibility to take action to avoid injury and in their willingness to adopt safe behaviour, resulting from an increased awareness of the consequences of injury. The first aid training did not lead to a greater awareness of danger or risk-taking behaviour. It is concluded that the first aid training motivates trainees to adopt safer behaviour but that knowledge of how to avoid danger is also necessary to produce an improvement in safety.

The effect of emergency first aid training on the incidence of accidents in factories

Four hour courses in emergency first aid training were attended by groups of workers at two factories. Prior to training the experimental group had worse injury accident records than a group of workers matched by job, age, sex, job specific experience and nationality. Following the course experimental subjects' injury accident rates improved relative to the injury accident rates of the control subjects. Evidence from interviews held before and after the first aid courses suggested that this occurred despite the fact that the experimental subjects became more willing to report their minor injuries. These findings support those of studies carried out in Canada.