Injuries In Road Traffic Accidents Research Articles

Maxillofacial defects following road traffic accidents should be included in the disability spectrum

In India, 21.20% of annual road traffic accidents (RTA) result in maxillofacial injuries, with most victims being young adults aged 18-45 years. Such RTAs cause personal losses to individuals and families and adversely impact the country’s health system facilities. These losses result from the expenses for medical care, lost wages for individuals who are rendered unable to work, and lost productivity for family members who must miss work or school in order to care for the injured. Most nations lose 3% of their gross domestic product to road accidents. RTA injuries, often associated with severe morbidity, cause functional impairments and have immense psychological impact. Rehabilitating these patients and their future treatment needs constitute an economic burden to themselves and their families, more so in a developing country like India, where a majority of the population cannot afford the treatment costs and lack health insurance coverage. These injuries therefore, as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health 2001, fall within the ambit of impairment and disability. However, Indian law does not identify maxillofacial injuries and the ensuing trauma as disabilities. Addressing this could be an important step towards improvement in the care and compensation provided to survivors of such life changing accidents.

Pattern of Head Injury in Fatal Road Traffic Accident: Retrospective Study

Road traffic Accident have been reported to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Due to increasing modernization, road traffic accidents have become exponentially more frequent and dangerous. Mortality rate from road traffic injuries accounts 29.2 per 100000 people5. This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Silchar Medical College, Silchar, from 1st November 2021 to 31st October 2022. The aim of the study is the pattern of head injuries in fatal road traffic accident. Out of the 981 autopsy cases were conducted during the above-mentioned period, a total of 200 cases were found deaths due to head injuries. Out of 200 cases, common age group involved was from 40-50 years, the deceased were more from rural areas. Maximum cases during winter season. Commonest injuries were scalp abrasion, linear fracture of skull and subdural haemorrhage. Head injury has become a common cause of death and disability among Road Traffic Accident cases. This further shows the need of strict implementations of traffic rules. Positive policy initiatives such as mandatory helmet legislation need reliable and consistent data to support ongoing monitoring and enforcement of such initiatives.

Classifying victim degree of injury in road traffic accidents: a novel stacked DCL-X approach

Classifying victim degree of injury in road traffic accidents: a novel stacked DCL-X approach

A Cross-sectional Study on the Pattern of Skull Fractures in Fatal Two-wheeler Road Traffic Accidents at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northeastern India

Introduction: Death due to Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in a developing country like India. As there is a paucity of literature on the nature and type of injuries in RTAs in the locality of Upper Assam, a retrospective study on postmortem cases of fatal two-wheeler accidents was conducted to address the magnitude of the problem. Aim: To analyse different types of skull fractures and causes of death among two-wheeler RTAs at tertiary care Hospital in Northeast India. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the mortuary of Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India, for a period of one year from August 2020 to July 2021. The records of all RTA cases involving twowheeler motorcycles brought for postmortem examination during this period were studied for parameters including age, gender distribution, cause of death, type of skull fracture, intracranial haemorrhage, and time of occurrence, and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: There were 532 fatal RTA cases recorded, out of which 292 involved two-wheelers (54.89%). Males (87.67%) outnumbered females (12.33%). The most affected age group was between 21-30 years with a total of 98 cases (33.56%), followed by 31-40 years with 68 cases (23.29%). Skull fracture was present in 103 cases (35.27%). Fissured fracture was the most common type seen in 64 cases (62.14%) followed by depressed fracture in 19 (18.45%). The most common single bone fracture was of the Temporal bone in 44 cases (42.72%), followed by frontal bone in 18 (17.48%). Coma was the most common cause of death, seen in 214 cases (73.29%), followed by haemorrhagic shock in 42 (14.38%). Subdural Haemorrhage (SDH) alone was the most common intracranial haemorrhage found in 159 cases (74.30%), followed by Extradural Haemorrhage (EDH) alone in 7 cases (3.27%). Conclusion: Injuries to the skull and brain are the leading cause of death in RTAs. Adequate measures should be taken to prevent mortality and morbidity, achievable through strict enforcement of road safety measures, awareness among the people, and improving road infrastructure along with emergency medical services.

A Review of Orthopaedic Theatre Radiography Services in Zambia

Orthopaedic theatre radiography plays a critical role in the treatment of bone injuries and joint diseases. Fluoroscopic imaging using a mobile image intensifier (C-arm) is required to aid in trauma orthopaedic surgery. Plain X-rays using a mobile X-ray machine are also required for non-trauma corrective orthopaedic surgery. In Zambia, there are an increase in the use of motor vehicles and associated road traffic accident (RTA) injuries. Assaults and falls are other common mechanisms of trauma injuries reported in Zambia. The growing number of trauma patients puts a strain on trauma and orthopaedic services, particularly theatre radiography. Most trauma patients require surgical treatment of their bone injuries. However, in terms of establishing a well-organised trauma and orthopaedic healthcare system in the country, less emphasis has been paid to this problem. As a result, theatre radiography is similarly underdeveloped. This review aimed to assess orthopaedic theatre radiography services and raise awareness among stakeholders on this important topic in Zambia. As the country's planned improved orthopaedic services evolve, the radiography profession must begin bolstering training and advocating for more theatre radiography equipment.

Health Promotion Interventions on Helmet Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pre-Test and Post-Test Studies.

We aimed to review the effectiveness of health promotion interventions in the use of helmet and to identify the types of effective health promotion strategies among the examined studies. A systematic search was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Embase databases up to 1 Aug 2022 to find the studies evaluated the effectiveness of health promotion interventions for helmet use among target population. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, interventions with pre- post-test design were included. The dependent variable of the study is the percentage of participants who responded positively toward helmet use in the baseline and after the interventions. Random-effects models were used to pool study results. Overall, 1,675 articles were found in the initial search and entered into the Endnote software. Of these, 917 duplicate articles were removed, leaving 758 articles were screened based on title and abstract. Finally, 12 eligible articles were included in the review and five with pre and post-test design were included in the meta-analysis. The overall random-effects pooled estimation of persons wearing helmets before and after interventions was 70% (95%CI 21 -119; P<0.001), without a heterogeneity (I2 =0%; P=0.94), which means that the average percentage of changing to helmet use is 70%. Community-based education program was the most commonly applied for interventional studies. The next most commonly used approaches were campaign designing. Wearing helmet approximately increased 70% among participant. Health promotion strategies may target helmet-wearing behavior to reduce head injuries in motorcyclist road traffic accidents.

75 Intraoperative Use of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera – a Clinical Aid for Pedicled Flaps in Hand Reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Venous insufficiency remains one of the commonest causes for flap failure. Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) thermography measures infrared emissions from dissipated heat and converts temperature values into an image. This has various advantages to the current use of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to assess flap perfusion. Case A man in his mid-30s was involved in a road traffic accident and sustained extensive injuries to his right hand. These included multiple metacarpal fractures, degloving of the proximal aspect of the entire thumb and significant skin loss on the volar distal forearm. After several washouts and tissue debridement, a pedicled chest wall flap was performed. Five weeks later the chest wall flap was divided using an infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR E5) intraoperatively as a clinical aid to assess perfusion. This detected a small area of venous congestion which was not detectable by clinical assessment. Discussion There are drawbacks to the current intraoperative use of ICG angiography to assess flap perfusion. These include hot flushes and skin rashes, and the technique requires an intraoperative injection, extensive equipment involving a screen and a specialised camera. In comparison FLIR cameras are handheld, easy to use and involves a one-off cost of purchasing the camera that is relatively inexpensive compared to ICG angiography. Conclusions Thermal imaging techniques such as FLIR provides an alternative intraoperative option for patients who are unable to have ICG, for centres that do not have access to ICG and for surgeons looking for more convenient alternatives.

Pattern and Outcome of Otolaryngological and Facial Injury in Road Traffic Accidents at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: Otolaryngological trauma is prevalent in road traffic accidents (RTA), with or without multiple organ injuries.&#x0D; Objective: The aim was to report the number and pattern of otolaryngological injuries in cases of road traffic accidents (RTA) and their outcome.&#x0D; Methodology: A prospective study over one year of cases of RTA was done. The pattern and outcome of the otolaryngological and facial injury was recorded.&#x0D; Result: Out of 90 cases, 69(76.66%) were male, 21 (23.33%) were female. The mean age was 32.33 ±13Yrs.The mean time of presentation to emergency was 16.24 ±19.61hrs. Motor vehicle accident was more common, 75 (83.33%). Multiple injury was found in 68(75.55%) cases. Among 89 cases with ear problem, common complaints were hearing loss, 20(22.47%), otalgia, 17(19.1%) and laceration of pinna 13(14.6%). Ear complications were seen in16 (17.97 %) cases . Among 55 cases of nose/face injury, common presentation were epistaxis, 20 (36.36%) and nasal bone fracture, 12 (21.81%). Nasal complications were found in 8 (14.54%) cases. In 32 cases of neck/throat trauma, laceration was found in 11 (34.37%) cases. 4(12.5%) cases had undergone tracheostomy. Complications (stenosis and hoarseness) were found in 6(18.75%) cases. Patients who required admission were 81(90%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Motor vehicle accidents were more common. It was commoner in male. Ear was most commonly affected by injury and complications. The complication of nose and neck/throat was associated with prolonged admission.

TO EVALUATE THE VARIOUS RISK FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN PUNJAB – A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Objective: Evidence from research suggests that human factors and the road environment are among the most frequent contributors to the occurrence of road traffic accidents (RTAs). Hence, traffic rule and various policies, alike have strengthened their efforts to cope with this public health burden. Yet, still little is known about the factors contributing to the high number of RTAs. In this study, we tried to find out the various risk factors responsible for road accidents in the Punjab region. Methods: The present study was conducted in Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar, involving 1425 patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department from January 1st, 2012, to December 31st, 2012, due to injuries in RTAs. Results: In our study, it seems that most of the cases were in the age group of 15–44 years. In all the age groups, males were the predominant victims with male-to-female ratio of 5.72:1. Majority of cases belonged to an upper–lower socioeconomic group, according to the Kuppuswamy scale and the major proportion of accidents occurred during the morning and evening busy hours of the day hours. Out of a total of 893 drivers, 858 (96.08%) had no knowledge about the speed limit prescribed for the road or speed. Conclusion: There appears to be a large number of behavioral issues and a lack of knowledge that contributes significantly to the road accident rates in the Indian states. Hence, there is a need for policy intervention. Most effective measures used to reduce the number of accidents, in descending order of magnitude, are how strictly the traffic police enforce the law, more levels of penalties, and more traffic police, including more speed measuring devices.

An Autopsy Based Retrospective Study on Pattern of Thoraco-Abdominal Injuries in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents of Kolar, South India

Background: India is experiencing increasing road traffic accidents (RTA) amidst increasing motorization andinfrastructure growth in recent years. Every day, nearly 400 road deaths occur on Indian roads and severalthousands are hospitalized due to road crashes. WHO estimates the incidence of road deaths to be 16.6 per 100000population in India1. With the aim of studying pattern and exploring various epidemiological characteristics ofRTAs, this retrospective study of medico-legal autopsies was conducted.Aims &amp; Objectives: 1 To study the pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries (TAI) in fatal road traffic accidents inKolar. 2. To describe demographic profile and create public awareness on road safety.Material &amp; Methods: A retrospective autopsy based study of pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries in victims offatal road traffic accidents was conducted in Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar (South India) from 1st January2014 to 31st December 2014. A total of 192 RTA victims were referred for autopsy during the period of which100 cases sustaining thoraco-abdominal injuries were studied.Results: A total of 192 medicolegal autopsies were conducted on victims of road traffic accidents (RTA) during thestudy period. Among them, 100 victims suffered thoraco-abdominal injuries, which accounted for 52.08% of thecases. The highest number of victims belonged to the age group of 20-40 years, accounting for 48% of the cases.In terms of gender distribution, males constituted 62.0% of the victims while females constituted 38.0%. The mostcommon injuries were to the liver, accounting for 37.75% of the total injuries. Other frequently affected body partsincluded the spleen, lungs, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and spine.Conclusion: The analyzed data provides clear evidence that road accidents are foreseeable and avoidable. Tomake substantial improvements in road safety throughout India, it is essential to establish a robust and effectivenational and state-level road safety authority, foster intersectoral coordination, and secure regular funding. Ouraim in sharing this article is to increase public awareness of the significance of road traffic injuries from a publichealth perspective and to alleviate the weight of fatalities and injuries on our communities.

Pattern of Limb Injuries in Road Traffic Accident: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in North East India

According to World Health Organization, road traffic accident claims 1.2 million deaths annually and causes up to 50 million non-fatal injuries. Alimb injury is any injury to a limb, either a leg or arm, or to the toes and fingers. Limb injuries include broken bones (cracked or fractured bones, eg. a broken arm), dislocations (when a bone has been moved or dislodged, eg. a dislocated shoulder), sprains (injuries to ligaments, eg. a sprained ankle), strains (injuries to muscles, eg. a strained thigh), nail injuries (injuries to toenails and fingernails, eg., a stubbed toe), and bruises (colored marks caused by bleeding under the skin due to an impact). Across-sectional study was conducted in the mortuary of a tertiary health care centre in North-East India. The study was done from September 2019 to August 2021. All road traffic accident cases which were brought for medico legal autopsy were included. From the present study, it was found that maximum number of victims was due to two-wheeler accidents and most of the fatalities occurred after reaching hospital, mostly due to lack of prompt aid for the victim and less trauma center in the region. Injuries mostly seen are abrasion and a few cases of fracture. The cause of death is injury to major vessels involved in the fracture causing shock and hemorrhage. It is also observed that multiple limb injuries and limb injuries associated with fracture could be fatal which is significant (p&lt; .001).

Abdominal injuries in road traffic accidents – an autopsy study

Background/Aim. Traffic accident injuries are a major public health problem worldwide, with millions of people dying every year. Although the improvement of traffic safety is based on preventive action, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of victims in traffic in order to prevent future traffic accidents with the help of such findings. The aim of the study was to determine the manner of occurrence of abdominal injuries (AIs), gender differences, and the sitting position in the vehicle that affects the severity of AIs, as well as which AIs lead more often to fatalities in traffic accidents. Methods. Materials for the present study were collected from the medico-legal autopsies, showing AIs that occurred in road traffic accidents. The total number of people who died from sustained injuries or complications of the injuries after road traffic accidents was 525. Results. In the study sample, 38.3% of subjects sustained abdominal trauma. Men were more likely to have AIs, and passengers in the front seat and motorcycle drivers were identified as the most vulnerable category of these types of injuries. The liver was the most commonly injured abdominal organ. Liver destructions, liver lacerations, spleen lacerations, intestinal injuries, the simultaneous occurrence of head, chest, and AIs, or the simultaneous occurrence of head and AIs in a higher percentage led to death at the scene. Conclusion. The results of this study represent the basis for creating educational content for all traffic participants as well as the legislation in the field of traffic safety.

P418 qPCR is a useful tool for management and surveillance of hospital contacts in the context of a Candida auris infection

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objectives Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for hospital outbreaks. It represents a serious threat due to its drug resistance profile and its potential spread within healthcare facilities. Since the global alert by the CDC in 2016, specific control measures are now available to prevent the further spread of the pathogen. These measures should be implemented immediately as soon as a case is identified to prevent patient-to-patient transmission. Until recently culture was the main technique used for the detection of C. auris from patient and environmental samples. Nevertheless, PCR protocols have been reported and commercial kits are now available. Our objectives were to compare culture and PCR in routine for the management of a case of C. auris infection in a hospital setting.MethodsWe report here the case of a patient infected by C. auris following injuries in a public road traffic accident in Dubai. Following the medical evacuation and transfer of the patient to our hospital in Paris, C. auris was isolated from several surgical specimens from the elbow. Identification of the species level was initially performed by MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry and confirmed by ITS sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by Etest and EUCAST. Surveillance of the index case included bi-weekly surveillance for 2 weeks and then once a week. Contacts were also screened for C. auris colonization once a week by swabbing axilla and groin. Samples were analyzed by standard mycological cultures and a specific C. auris qPCR kit (kit Fungiplex Candida auris®, Bruker).ResultsIn total 133 samples were analyzed for the patient and 52 contacts. For the index case, 14/22 samples were positive in culture for C. auris including elbow biopsies, urine, and axilla, groin, and rectal swabs. Other Candida species (C. albicans, C. krusei) were also recovered from the same samples for the patient. For the contacts, all 111 samples were negative for C. auris by culture, but retrieved several other yeast species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. paraspsilosis, C. tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichosporon inkin, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus). By using qPCR, all culture-positive samples were positive (Ct ranged from 29.7 to 38.0, with a median at 31.4). Two culture-negative samples (one biopsy and one axillary swab) were also qPCR-positive. All samples from contacts were negative by qPCR. The strain was resistant to fluconazole (>256 μg/ml) and susceptible to all other tested antifungals (amphotericin B, flucytosine, voriconazole, and caspofungin). Whole genome sequencing of the C. auris strain is in progress to determine the clade.DiscussionThe Fungiplex C. auris qPCR kit showed good sensitivity and specificity, even for the frequent situation of samples growing with two or three Candida species. These results highlight the usefulness of the PCR for surveillance of infected patients as well as for contacts.

Analysis of Thoracic Aorta Injury in 27 Road Traffic Accident Deaths.

To analyze the characteristics of thoracic aorta injury in road traffic accidents, to provide data reference for forensic identification. The data of 27 traffic accident death cases with thoracic aorta injury were analyzed according to relevant parameters including sex, age, mode of transportation, and thoracic aorta injury. Aortic injury in traffic accidents was significantly more in males than females, and 74.1% cases were in the age range of 31-70 years. The most common mode of transportation was the motorcycle, followed by electric bike, most of which crashed with trucks. Most cases were accompanied by rib fractures and lung injuries. Thoracic aorta injury was the most common in ascending aorta, followed by aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Ascending aorta injury was most likely to occur in the range of 0-<1.6 cm from the aortic valve, while it was rare over 2.6 cm. Taking the aortic valve as the reference, the most common locations of injury were the anterior semilunar valve, followed by the right posterior semilunar valve and the left posterior semilunar valve. Thoracic aortic rupture occurred in 63.0% cases, and intima and media lacerations only occurred in 37.0% cases. A few deceased had aortic diseases. The proximal part of the ascending aorta is prone to be injured because of the large external force of traffic accidents. The medical examiner should carefully examine the aortic injury in traffic accident deaths, and evaluate the relationship between the injury and the disease according to the condition and degree of aortic injury.

Head Injuries in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Northern Districts of Bangladesh

Objective: To analyze the autopsy findings in the cases of fatal head injuries due to road traffic accidents. Study Design : Retrospective study Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at the Rangpur Medical College morgue among victims of road traffic accidents (RTA) during the period of July 2014 to June 2016. It was conducted to ascertain the patterns of fatal head injuries due to road traffic accidents as documented during autopsies performed at Rangpur Medical College during (July 2014 to June 2016) the two years. Material &amp; Methods: Road traffic accident are the major causes of death worldwide. Head injuries is the single most common cause of mortality in road traffic accidents; head injuries being the most vulnerable part of the body. Total74 victims were taken from the road traffic accidents and died due to head injury. Aim of the study to find out the patterns of head injuries, their age and site distribution of different type of fractures. Results: The cases were seen more in the male victims (87.84%) as compared to female (12.16%). Present study showed that the place of occurrence of road traffic accident was more in the urban areas (77.03%) as compared to rural areas (22.97%). No one of the threewheeler riders was wearing helmets at the time of accidents. We observed subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in 63.83% followed by sub arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in 27.66% intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) 6.38% and least was extradural hemorrhage (EDH) 2.13% in twowheeler riders. while in three-wheeler riders SDH in 51.85% followed by SAH in 29.63% ICH in 11.11% and least was EDH in 7.41% in cases where skull fracture occurred. Most of the accident occurred at night. Conclusion: Head injury is one of the important causes of death in road traffic accidents. Most of the deaths occur on spot before any life support can be given to these subjects. The pattern of skull fractures observed in this study was quite comparable to other studies. It indicates that road traffic accidents lead to similar kinds of fatal head injuries throughout the world. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(1): 75-79

Comparison of mortality prediction models for road traffic accidents: an ensemble technique for imbalanced data

BackgroundInjuries caused by RTA are classified under the International Classification of Diseases-10 as ‘S00-T99’ and represent imbalanced samples with a mortality rate of only 1.2% among all RTA victims. To predict the characteristics of external causes of road traffic accident (RTA) injuries and mortality, we compared performances based on differences in the correction and classification techniques for imbalanced samples.MethodsThe present study extracted and utilized data spanning over a 5-year period (2013–2017) from the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (KNHDS), a national level survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, A total of eight variables were used in the prediction, including patient, accident, and injury/disease characteristics. As the data was imbalanced, a sample consisting of only severe injuries was constructed and compared against the total sample. Considering the characteristics of the samples, preprocessing was performed in the study. The samples were standardized first, considering that they contained many variables with different units. Among the ensemble techniques for classification, the present study utilized Random Forest, Extra-Trees, and XGBoost. Four different over- and under-sampling techniques were used to compare the performance of algorithms using “accuracy”, “precision”, “recall”, “F1”, and “MCC”.ResultsThe results showed that among the prediction techniques, XGBoost had the best performance. While the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), a type of over-sampling, also demonstrated a certain level of performance, under-sampling was the most superior. Overall, prediction by the XGBoost model with samples using SMOTE produced the best results.ConclusionThis study presented the results of an empirical comparison of the validity of sampling techniques and classification algorithms that affect the accuracy of imbalanced samples by combining two techniques. The findings could be used as reference data in classification analyses of imbalanced data in the medical field.

Forensic evaluation of cervical spine distortion injuries in non-fatal road traffic accidents: An observational study

Background. The study relevance is substantiated by the growing numbers of road vehicles and cervical spine traumas occurring among all spinal injuries. Currently, there is no common vision of the cervical trauma pathogenesis, diagnostic algorithm or treatment, which stipulates difficulties in the forensic evaluation of soft tissue injuries of the neck, especially combined with the head or spine traumas around neck, as well as certain diseases.Objectives. A study of the incidence of cervical spine distortion injuries and their clinical and forensic assessment for severity to human health.Methods. A retrospective selective single-stage trial and analysis of 32 forensic medical reports on road accident and physical injury administrative cases in 2017 (single year) have been conducted. Normally distributed data are presented as mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and percent shares. The significance of inter-share variation was estimated with Student’s t-test.Results. Cervical spine distortion injuries more frequently associated with traumas to drivers than passengers inside the salon (81.2%), especially in passenger vehicles, with front-seat travellers inflicted most often (60.0%). Cases of independent pathology were very rare. The most common were combinations with soft tissue injuries, combined blunt trauma to the head, torso and limbs, with craniocerebral or maxillofacial trauma. Cervical osteochondrosis was revealed in 18% cases. Primary diagnosis predominantly grounded on complaints and history (67%), with only 12% cases using a comprehensive neurological examination or instrumental methods. The severity was assessed in the context of concomitant injuries. Acute and moderate severity had equal rates of 6.2%, light severity — 37.5%, no damage — 9.3%. Non-qualified remained 39.8% cases due to a lack of full clinical and instrumental examination (66.7%) or the victim’s failure to appear (13.3%); 20% cases were expert-reported as uncertain for trauma circumstances and mechanism.Conclusion. Further research and systematisation of the data accumulated are necessary. The following clinical and forensic evaluation, as well as statistical analyses will facilitate common diagnostic and severity assessment algorithms to develop for mechanical soft tissue and ligament injuries of the cervical spine.

Study of pattern of injuries sustained in fatal road traffic accidents

Aim: This study was conducted to examine the pattern of injuries in road traffic accidents (RTA) amongst the victims. Methodology: A study was undertaken at Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior (M.P.), to find out the types of injury patterns occurred due to the road traffic accidents. All Case histories and records, reports pertaining to road traffic accident victims were collected and analyzed to see different types of injury patterns sustained in the accident and data was compiled based on the findings with SPSS 20 software . Results: The study population consisted of 500 patients. Majority of them were males (84.25%) and belonged to the age group of 21 to 30 years with 25.31%. Majority of the patients had injury to Head neck and face constituting 53.61% and least had injury to the abdominal region constituting 9.14%. Abrasion was seen in most of the cases around 64.89% and Lacerations was the least found in 14.46%. Majority of the patients around 42.81% had skull and maxillofacial fracture and the least type of fracture observed was Ribs fracture observed in 4.79% of the cases.

Head Injury is the most common cause of death due to Road Traffic Accident

In developing countries including Bangladesh injuries and deaths due to Road Traffic Accident (RTA) are appeared to be major and alarming problems and it requires noticeable measures and efforts for prevention of morbidity and mortality rate. The objective of present study was to investigate the pattern of injuries in RTA. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the victims who died of RTA from 2006 to 2012 and were autopsied at Dhaka Medical College Morgue. Among 1000 cases of death due to RTA, the numbers of deaths only due to head injuries are 472, the numbers of death due to head &amp; other injuries are 272 &amp; the numbers of deaths only due to other injuries are 256. According to this study head injury is the most common cause of death due to RTA &amp; which is about 47.2%. Mediscope 2022;9(1): 5-8

Pattern of Maxillofacial Injuries in Road traffic Accident During Covid-19

Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence and pattern of maxillofacial injuries presented at department of oral &amp; maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan during COVID- 19 pandemic. Determining patterns of occurrence of maxillofacial trauma and etiology can improve early diagnosis and treatment, thereby can decrease percentage of morbidity and mortality associated with these fractures. Place and duration; Sample data was collected from Department of OMFS, Mayo hospital, during January 2021 till December 2021. Methodology: (n=263) patients with confirmed diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma participated in this research. Record of all patients including sex, age, cause of road traffic accidents, radiograph, fracture site, vehicle type, use of seat belts/helmets, time to reach the hospital, and other safety devices were reviewed and evaluated. Results: There were (n=299, 57.27%) mandibular, (n=102, 19.50 %) zygomatic, (n=100, 19.10 %) maxillary, (n=12, 2.29 %) nasal, and (n=9, 1.70 %) frontal injuries. Maxillofacial trauma was more prevalent in males (87%) than in females (13%) and was commonly seen in young age groups (21-30 years). Two-wheelers (motorcycle) was the vehicle used in most of the cases reported (68.4 %) and major cause of RTA was inattentiveness to traffic rules (31.9 %). In road traffic accidents, mandible (57.27%) is the most common fractured bone, followed by Zygomatic Bone fracture. Conclusion: It is concluded that maxillofacial injuries in males (20 to 30 years) of age range were more prevalent and are observed mostly in mandibular bones. Although cases reported was less in number when compared to previous data, but pattern of fractured facial bones were more or less same.