Injuries In Martial Arts Research Articles

Seeing through the strikes: a comprehensive study of ocular injuries in martial arts from 2012 to 2021

PurposeOver 6 million people in the United States participate in martial arts, and the focus on striking the face poses a significant risk of injury to the eye. The objective of this study is to characterize the nature and incidence of martial arts-related eye injuries in the United States. MethodsA retrospective analysis of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database served as the basis of the study. The NEISS database was queried for eye injuries related to martial arts from 2012 to 2021. The entries that resulted were coded for demographic information, mechanism of injury, martial arts discipline, and diagnosis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28 through descriptive and χ2 analyses. ResultsThere were 162 reported cases of martial arts-related eye injuries in 4- to 62-years-old patients with most injuries occurring in males (84%). The most represented martial arts discipline was boxing (30.5%), and the most frequently reported mechanism of injury was punching (30.2%). The most frequently reported diagnosis resulting from eye injury was corneal abrasion (40.5%), while sight-threatening diagnoses were reported, including retinal detachment (n = 4), vitreous hemorrhage (n = 2), and open globe (n = 2). ConclusionsDespite the significant risk of ocular injury from martial arts, corneal abrasion was the most commonly diagnosed with excellent prognosis. Sight-threatening diagnoses were also reported, indicating that martial arts athletes should be educated about the risks of eye injury and the importance of regular eye examination when practicing combat sports.

MASS-12: Evidence-based Martial Arts Striking Sports Injury Prevention Programme

Despite a focus on contact injuries in martial arts, many injuries are non-contact, from ligament tears to ankle sprains, and could be prevented with appropriate prehabilitation. With an emphasis on tradition, recreational martial arts clubs have not yet widely adopted modern prehabilitation exercises. We reviewed the literature to identify injury prevalence and mechanism in martial arts striking sports (MASS). Given the lack of data on female martial artists, we also reviewed common injuries in female athletes. We then identified sport-specific evidence-based interventions using a combination of literature review and Physiotec and filtered this through the constraints of recreational MASS environments to develop a cohesive, useable prehabilitation programme. We propose a programme of 12 exercises for injury prevention (MASS-12). We emphasise the importance of biomechanical retraining to prevent common injuries in martial arts. Hip-knee-ankle alignment is key to injury prevention in MASS, while improved injury surveillance is needed for future intervention.

A nationwide analysis of upper extremity injuries in martial arts.

Given the rise of martial arts within the fitness and recreational industry, it is important to study trends in injury and note that practicing martial arts comes with a risk of injury, particularly to the upper extremities. By studying consumer product-related injuries to the upper extremities and addressing the current gap in the literature, future martial arts equipment can come with increased safety features, better provide information to healthcare providers treating such injuries, and improve risk mitigation through the Consumer Product Safety Commission. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database was analyzed to collect data on martial arts equipment-related injuries on the upper extremities within the last 10 years. Over the most recent span of 10 years (2013-2022), there were approximately 78,680 injuries reported to the ED. The majority of them took place in 2013 (12.8%). Men were 2.4 times more likely to get injured than women. Injuries peaked in the age group 10-19-year-olds (33%) and particularly age 12 (4.8%). The upper extremity most commonly affected was the shoulder (29.1%), and the most common diagnosis group was a fracture (29.2%). Most injuries presented to the emergency department were not hospitalized (98.7%). This study highlights the occurrence of upper extremity injuries due to martial arts within the last 10 years and provides new information on the prevalence of such injuries. The results highlight that these injuries are usually non-severe and most commonly affect adolescent males; however, future research should explore performance-based recovery post-injury and long-term pain.

An epidemiological study of martial arts injuries in patients presenting to US emergency rooms

IntroductionWith the advent of mixed martial arts (MMA) growing in popularity, there has been a described increase in its participation. The term MMA generally describes the hybridization of combat disciplines including but not limited to: karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai. With increased participation in MMA and martial arts, differing physical demands are placed on participants. Due to the physical nature of combat sports, there are injuries associated with participation. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence and characteristics of injuries seen from various martial art disciplines presenting to United States Emergency Rooms in order to educate participants and providers alike about risks assumed with participating in martial arts. MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for martial arts-related injuries from 2009 to 2019. Cases were examined and data including patient age and gender, injury type and location, hospital disposition, and type of martial arts practiced were extracted. ResultsA total of 8,400 injuries were recorded, leading to a national estimate of 310,143 martial-arts related injuries over the 11 year period of 2009–2019 (95 % CI 239,063–381,223). The most common types of injuries were strains/sprains (n = 2664, 31.7 %), fractures (n = 1,575, 18.8 %), and contusions/abrasions (n = 1,698, 20.2 %). There were 260 dislocations, with shoulder dislocations being most common (n = 96, 36.9 %). Lower extremities were affected more frequently than upper extremities (n = 3566, 42.5 % versus n = 3026, 36.0 %), with the knee being the single most common location of injury (n = 811, 9.7 %). Males more commonly sustained fractures (19.7 % versus 17.4 %, p = 0.03) and dislocations (3.5 % versus 2.4 %, p = 0.01) when compared to females. Ankle injuries were more common in females than males (10.4 % versus 6.0 %, p < 0.001). Only 2.2 % of patients required admission to the hospital. Risk factors for admission included patients >35 years of age and male sex. ConclusionMartial arts injuries are a significant source of musculoskeletal injuries among patients presenting to US emergency rooms. Lower extremity injuries are seen most frequently, with patients rarely requiring hospital admission. Using this information, both providers and participants may be better equipped to make educated decisions on injury prevention and treatment.

Martial Arts: Orthopaedic Injuries and Related Biomechanics.

Martial arts are various systems of combat skills encompassing striking and grappling. Many styles have evolved into modern sports, and some have been included in the Olympics. The physicality of these can predispose practitioners to musculoskeletal injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures; patellar, shoulder, or elbow instabilities; extremity fractures; and hand and spine injuries, which have been studied both clinically and biomechanically. The most common injury related to longer time loss from participation is an anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Higher injury incidence is associated with a higher level of experience and competition. Orthopaedic management of martial arts injuries should reflect the specific needs of each martial artist and the biomechanics of motions common to each style. Full-contact practitioners may benefit from broader surgical indications and special attention to the choice and positioning of implants; nonsurgical treatment may be appropriate for certain pediatric or noncontact practitioners. Approximately 60% of martial artists can return to the preinjury level of participation after a major injury. Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should optimize neuromotor control and core engagement to ensure proper body mechanics. Gradual incorporation of martial arts movement into the postoperative physical therapy curriculum can benefit physical progress and help gain confidence toward full participation.

LESÕES ARTICULARES NAS ARTES MARCIAIS E SUAS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Martial arts athletes are highly prone to joint injuries during training or sports events. These injuries can affect professional performance and cause deleterious psychological damage to athletes. Objective: Explore the current status of joint injuries in martial arts and propose effective preventive measures. Methods: Martial arts athletes were selected to evaluate the types of joint injuries and the method of training in rehabilitating these injuries (n=32). They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received a specific functional preventive training protocol based on updated scientific findings, while the control group received traditional physical training. Range of motion and functional FMS tests were performed before and after the interventions. The results were compared statistically. Results: The most common type of injury for athletes in martial arts is joint injury, followed by ligament and synovial inflammation. The probability of a joint injury rises when athletes are in continuous action training; the FMS test results of the athletes in the experimental group were significantly improved, with a very significant effect. Conclusion: The preventive functional training proposed in this paper can improve athletes’ fitness, improve coordination and joint stability, and prevent sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Upper limb injuries in mixed martial arts

ABSTRACT Objective Mixed-Martial-Arts(MMA) is a worldwide growing sport that incorporates different fighting styles and disciplines and is often associated with the Ultimate Fighting Championship(UFC) . The aim of this study is to explore the patterns and trends of upper limb injuries in MMA. Methods Ringside physician reports of the UFC fights between 2016 and 2019(inclusive) were extracted and screened from the Nevada State Athletic Commission(NSAC). The following variables were included: sex, weight division, injury mechanism, injury type, injury location, and type of finish. Injury rates were calculated and expressed per 100 athletic exposures (AE). An independent t-test, a one way analysis of variance(ANOVA), and a Joinpoint regression analysis were conducted to explore any significant differences or trends among variables. P-values<0.05 were considered significant(95% CI). Results A total of 81 upper limb injuries in 408 fights were recorded between 2016 and 2019. The injury rate was 9.9 injuries per 100 athletic-exposures(AE). Striking opponents was the most common mechanism of injury(p < 0.001). The hand was the most commonly injured location with an injury rate of 6.61 per 100AE(p < 0.001). Females had a higher upper limb injury rate than their male counterparts, but the difference failed to reach significance(p = 0.454). Similarly, no significant differences existed between rates of different types of injures. Matches ending with decision had the highest number of upper limb injuries with a rate of 12.6 per 100AE; however, no significant difference was determined between the rates of different ways of finish(p = 0.115). The strawweight(20.5 per 100AE), female flyweight(19.2 per 100AE), and male flyweight(13.8 per 100AE) divisions had the highest upper limb injury rates. Conclusion The hand was the most commonly injured upper limb location in MMA, and ‘striking opponent’ was the most common injury mechanism. Increasing padding in gloves and implementing medical examinations during bouts can help reduce injury rates.

Automated Detection Model Based on Deep Learning for Knee Joint Motion Injury due to Martial Arts.

Objective Develop a set of knee joint martial arts injury monitoring models based on deep learning, train and evaluate the model's effectiveness. Methods This paper mainly collects knee MRI images of 1546 patients with knee joint martial arts injuries from 2015 to 2020. Through manual annotation, the data set is divided into six categories: meniscus injury, tendon injury, ligament injury, epiphyseal cartilage injury and synovial joint capsule loss. The human knee collaborative MRI image database is established, and the data set is divided into the training and validation sets. And test set. Establish a deep neural network, train the model using the training set and validation set, locate the knee joint injury location, and classify the specific injury type. The model's validity was validated using the test set, and the model's sensitivity, specificity, and mean accuracy for detecting lesions were evaluated. Results In the test set, the accuracy of meniscus injury, tendon injury, ligament injury, bone and bone cartilage injury and synovial joint capsule injury were 83.2%, 89.0%, 88.0%, 85.9%, 85.6% and 83.5%, respectively, and the overall average accuracy value was 86.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 91.3% and 87.3%, respectively. Conclusion The application of the deep learning method in the classification and detection of knee joint martial arts injuries can significantly improve the diagnosis effect, reduce the diagnosis time and misdiagnosis rate, and provide decision support for surgery.

A Comparison of 2,845 Head and Neck Injuries in Various Martial Arts

The primary purpose of this study is to estimate and compare the frequencies, types, and hospital admission rates of head and neck injuries in subjects who practice different martial art fighting styles, including karate, kung fu, kickboxing, taekwondo, judo, and jiu jitsu. The investigators designed and implemented a 20-year cross-sectional study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Information related to head and neck martial art injuries from January 2000 through December 2019 was included in this study. Study variables were obtained from both patient demographics and injury characteristics (date of injury, diagnosis, body part, type of martial art, and disposition). Patient and injury characteristics were compared through χ2 and independent sample tests. Taekwondo was the most likely type of martial art to lead to a head injury (P<.01), whereas jiu jitsu (P<.01) and judo (P<.01) were most likely to cause neck injuries. The type of martial art was not significantly associated with admission rates (P=.190); however, patients with head injuries were more likely to be admitted relative to patients who did not suffer head injuries (P<.05). Moreover, injuries secondary to judo were more likely to result in admissions relative to that of all other martial arts (P<.05). Judo was the most severe martial art during this time period as it led to the highest rate of hospital admissions. Karate injuries are most likely to occur in younger populations of fighters under the age of 18 years.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN P3K BALUT BIDAI PADA CEDERA BELADIRI TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERAMPILAN ANGGOTA TAPAK SUCI

Background: First Aid is a temporary treatment for accident victims before getting more comprehensive help from health workers. In sports, it’s necessary to have knowledge about sports injuries includes the causes, prevention, and skills in handling the injuries.&#x0D; Objective: This research aimed to analyze the effect of the education of first aid using splint and bandage on martial arts injuries toward the knowledge and skills of Tapak Suci members.&#x0D; Methods: This was pre-experimental quantitative research with pre-test post-test design without a control group. There were 50 respondents as the population and 30 respondents were taken as the research sample using a simple random sampling technique. The research data were collected using a questionnaire and observation sheets. Then they were analyzed using the Paired Sample T-test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed the average score of respondents' knowledge before and after the health education was 10.7 and 16.07 respectively. While that of skills before and after the health education was 4.23 and 7.53 respectively. Based on Paired T-test sample results, it was obtained that p-value = 0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is an effect of the education first aid using splint and bandage on martial arts injuries toward the knowledge and skills of Tapak Suci.

Prevalence, Patterns, and Characteristics of Eye Injuries in Professional Mixed Martial Arts

PurposeTo describe the frequency and type of eye injuries in fighters in mixed martial arts (MMA) competition.MethodsFight result data were collected from the Nevada Athletic Commission database from 2001 to 2020. Any fighters in a professional mixed martial arts (MMA) contest with an eye injury were included. Main outcome measures included frequency and rate of eye injuries per fight and the types of eye injuries. Secondary outcome measures were gender, laterality, decision type, and length of no-contact recommended.ResultsOf the 256 MMA events in the database, 187 events (73.3%) had at least one eye injury. Of a total 2208 fights at these events, there were 363 fighters who sustained 369 eye injuries, with the yearly rate of eye injuries per 100 fighters ranging from 2.56 to 12.22. The most common injuries were eyebrow and eyelid lacerations (n=160, 43%), lacerations around the eye (n=98, 27%), and orbital fractures (n=62, 17%). Most eye injuries were right sided (n=197, 53.3%) and the majority of fighters with eye injuries lost their match (n=228, 62.8%). Fifty-seven fighters were recommended for further ophthalmology clearance after the match. The most common reasons for recommended ophthalmology follow-up was orbital fracture (n=25, 44%) and retinal injury (n=7, 12%). Forty-three fighters received no-contact requirements relating to their injury for an average of 8.9 weeks (range 1–24 weeks).ConclusionOphthalmic injuries in professional MMA were prevalent, were most often lacerations surrounding the eye, and often accompanied the fighter losing their match.

Martial Arts Training Prediction Model Based on Big Data and MEMS Sensors

In martial arts teaching and sports training, the accurate capturing and analysis of martial arts athletes’ posture is conducive to accurately judge sports postures, as well as correcting sports movements in a targeted manner, further improving martial arts athletes’ performance and reducing physical damage. The manufacturing level of MEMS sensors continues to improve, and status perception of assembly objects is becoming more and more abundant and accurate. The shape is small and can be worn, and data can be collected continuously without obstacles. The price is relatively low, the privacy protection is strong, and the advantages are clear and prominent. A considerable number of technicians choose to use MEMS sensors as the main tool for human behavior detection data collection. Therefore, this article designs multiple MEMS inertial sensors to form a human body lower limb capture device, and its core components are composed of accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. In order to make the obtained acceleration value, angular velocity value, and magnetometer value accurately reflect the movement state of the lower limb structure, different data fusion algorithms and magnetometer ellipsoid fitting calibration algorithms are studied to realize the calculation of the posture angle of each joint point and obtain martial arts posture big data. In addition, through big data analysis, this article designs a martial arts training performance and injury risk prediction model, which can provide guidance and suggestions for martial arts teaching tasks.

Craniofacial and traumatic brain injuries in mixed martial arts

ABSTRACT Objective: Mixed-Martial-Arts (MMA) has witnessed a rapid growth over the recent years. This study aims to explore the patterns and trends of head injuries in MMA. Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Setting: Ringside physician reports of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) fights between 2016 and 2019 (inclusive) were screened. Data were extracted from the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC) database. Play-by-play video analysis was also conducted. Participants: UFC fighters involved in fights sanctioned by the NSAC, between 2016 and the end of 2019 (N = 816). Independent variables: Sex, location of head injury, type of head injury, injury mechanism, number of significant head strikes, type of finish, and weight division. Main outcome measures: Head injury rates were calculated. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore any statistically significant differences between injury rates of different locations, types, and types of finishes. An independent t-test was used to determine whether any significant differences existed between the two sexes, and a Joinpoint regression analysis was used to determine the statistical significance of the trends of head injury rates across different weight divisions. P-values <0.05 were considered significant (95% CI). Results: A total of 288 head injuries in 408 fights were recorded during our study period. Head injury rate constituted 35 injuries per 100 athletic-exposures (AE) in sanctioned fights. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) were the most common type of injury, with a rate of 16 per 100AE, significantly greater than that of fractures (p = 0.003). Males had a head injury rate of 37 per 100AE, higher than that of females which was 23 per 100AE. Technical Knockout (TKO)/ Knockout(KO) was the type of finish with the highest rate of head injuries, significantly greater than that of decision or submission (p < 0.001). In general, head injury rates were higher as weight divisions increased. Conclusion: Head injuries are prevalent in MMA. Preventive measures need to be implemented to ensure fighter safety and limit injury risk.

Martial arts injuries: a longitudinal study about judo, karate and wushu carried out in the Community of Madrid, Spain.

Martial arts are currently being practiced throughout the world by about 100 million people. Considering that sports injuries account for 20% of all emergencies treated in hospitals, this is an issue that should be further studied. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and type of injuries in wushu, judo, and karate practitioners in Community of Madrid, Spain. A descriptive epidemiology study was carried out. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 457 men and women practicing karate, judo and/or wushu, including injuries from the past five years, type of injury and occurrence during training or competition. Injuries that disrupted training occurred in 56% of judokas, in 36.7% of karatekas and in 38.9% of wushu practitioners (WP). For judokas, the most common injury site was "shoulder/arm/elbow" (13.43%), for karatekas, it was "lower leg/foot/ankle" (9.95%), and for WP it was "groin/hip/thigh" (9.45%) (P=0.000). The most common injuries in judo and karate were "ankle sprains and joint injuries" (4.98% and 3.98%), while for WP the most common injury were "hamstring strains" (5.47%) (P=0.008). There was no relationship between occurrence of a first injury and sex, age or belt rank. Judo is the martial art with the highest percentage of injuries, followed by wushu and then karate.

Evaluation of the incidence of limb injuries in martial arts using the example of MMA and Muaythai

Introduction. Martial arts, including MMA and Muay Thai are considered to be high-risk disciplines due to the nature and specificity of the sports activity undertaken. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of limb injuries in martial arts using the example of MMA and Muay Thai. Material and research method. The study covered a group of 66 individuals, including 38 (57.6%) MMA athletes and 28 (42.4%) Muay Thai practitioners. It was carried out in one of Krakow's martial arts clubs in 2016, based on a self-constructed survey questionnaire. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet and the Statistica software version 10.0 PL. Results. Among the persons surveyed, 67% suffered an upper and/or lower limb injury. Injuries occurred both among the athletes with short training experience (1-3 years) and those who have trained for a longer period of time. The athletes with the shortest training experience (1- 3 years) were statistically more likely to suffer an injury. The number of injuries was significantly higher among Muay Thai athletes. The incidence of injuries was not significantly lower among the individuals who used protective equipment during training, or among recreational athletes. Injuries were more common among the individuals who trained with a sparring partner, including 24 MMA fighters (70.6%), and 10 Muay Thai athletes (55.5%). Conclusions. 1. Upper and lower limb injuries are a common problem among martial arts practitioners, especially among MMA athletes. 2. The athletes' weight category and age do not have any effect on the incidence of injuries among MMA and Muay Thai practitioners. 3. Injuries are considerably more common during contact exercises, both in MMA and in Muay Thai. 4. The incidence of injuries is equally high among the individuals who participate in sports competitions and in amateur athletes.

Development of Multimedia Based Sport Injury Pencak Silat Management Model

Pencak silat is one of the sports that become the mainstay of the Indonesian nation in every national and international tournament. In its practice, however, foot accidents often occur. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data on product effectiveness as a result of developing multimedia-based martial arts injury models to increase the knowledge of trainers and athletes in handling injuries. The research method used is quantitative. As the results, each coach and athlete can understand the handling of injuries that occur so that athletes who experience injuries do not experience mismanagement which can result in recurring injuries or decreased the performance of athletes. It can be concluded that athletes or coaches can collaborate with physiotherapists in determining the exercises that are appropriate to the strand and type of injury.

Загальна характеристика травматизму в східних єдиноборствах

Анотація. Мета: за допомогою аналізу науково-методичної, медичної та спеціальної літератури виявити основні причини й засоби профілактики травматизму в східних єдиноборствах. Матеріал і методи . Під час роботи для вирішення поставлених завдань застосовувалися наступні методи дослідження: аналіз, систематизація та узагальнення наукової і науково-методичної літератури. Результати: в олімпійсь­кому й традиційному спорті досягнення високого спортивного результату залежать не лише від бажання спортсмена, матеріальної забезпеченості, але й від уникнення ризику травматизму. Травматизм в тому чи іншому виді східних єдиноборств ви­кликає численні дискусії. Для кожного виду спорту або групи видів спорту характерні свої особливості травматизму. У зв’язку з цим у даному огляді увага акцентується на аналізі травматизму в представників східних єдиноборств. Було виявлено, що найбільш поширеними видами травм серед спортсменів-єдиноборців є травми голови й шиї, травми плеча й передпліччя, вивихи в суглобах пальців рук і ніг, у тому числі колінного, плечового й ліктьового, також забої, які здебільшого локалізуються в ділянці плеча, стегна та значно частіше – у ділянці тулуба. Для профілактики травм практикується грамотне екіпірування спортсмена, вико­ристання різних засобів захисту (шоломи, капи, бинти, щитки, рукавички й тому поді­бне), відповідність місця проведення змагань вимогам техніки безпеки, заборона до до­пуску в змаганнях недостатньо підготовлених спортсменів, а також проведення регу­лярного передсезонного медичного обстеження. Висновки. Основними причинами травматизму в східних єдиноборствах є: невірно організований тренувальний процес; невірно проведена розминка; недостатній рівень підготовки спортсмена до зазначеного типу навантаження чи змагань; використання пошкодженої або неякісної екі­піровки, відсутність захисних засобів тощо. Дотримання засобів профілак­тики дозволить звести ризик травми до мінімуму й уникнути неприємних наслідків. Ключові слова: травматизм, єдиноборства, тренувальний процес, причини, фактори, профілактика, спортсмени.

Quantitative CT study of martial arts sports injuries based on image quality

Wushu is an outstanding cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and one of the most extensive mass sports in China. As a traditional sports event in China, martial arts are undergoing rapid changes. However, martial arts are a systemic sport with high requirements for speed, explosiveness and coordination. In recent years, with the rapid development of martial arts, competitive competitions have become increasingly fierce. It is easy for athletes to suffer physical damage during the practice of difficult movements. This not only affects the normal exercise and physical health of martial arts enthusiasts, but also affects the improvement of sports level and teaching quality. Therefore, it studies the common parts of martial arts sports injuries. Distribution, looking for its causes, proposing preventive measures, rapid development of image processing technology, digital image has become an indispensable part of multimedia information technology. Digital image is an important carrier for people to obtain information and communicate. Under this background, the research of image quality evaluation has become a hot spot in the field of image processing. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the anatomical characteristics of knee joints of martial arts athletes, the mechanics of injury, the pathophysiological changes after injury, and establish a mathematical model by computer algorithm to accurately perceive the image quality of martial arts sports damage, and finally achieve the use of computer instead of human vision. The system goes to view and recognize images. In this paper, the application value of quantitative CT parameters of martial arts exercise in the evaluation of martial arts injury joints is based on image quality, in order to provide valuable reference for the treatment of martial arts injury selection and prognosis evaluation.

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Judo, and Mixed Martial Arts Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2008-2015.

Limited research has systematically examined injuries resulting from Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ), Judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA), especially when compared to more well-known or -established martial arts. These three combative sports differ substantially regarding their rules and techniques. BJJ emphasizes ground positioning and submission, Judo rewards throwing an opponent on their back with submission ending the match, and MMA emphasizes knocking out or forcing the submission of one's opponent. We examined injuries, among people of any age, experienced from participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA. We analyzed data from the United States (U.S.) Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to create estimates of injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We compared injury profiles between sports, including estimated numbers of injuries, their site, type, and mechanism. Participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA resulted in an estimated 39,181 injuries presenting to U.S. EDs from 2008 through 2015. Strains and sprains were the most common diagnoses for BJJ and Judo participants, whereas abrasions/contusions were the most commonly diagnosed MMA injury. Being struck resulted in the majority of injuries for all three sports. The head was the most injured body region for BJJ and MMA, whereas the leg was the most injured body region for Judo. Finally, the majority of BJJ and Judo injuries occurred during noncompetitive grappling, whereas most MMA injuries occurred during competition. Our study adds to the limited literature examining injuries from BJJ, Judo, and MMA using data from a probability sample and is an initial step towards understanding the national burden of injury from participation in these sports. Given the quantity and severity of injuries sustained by participants, additional research is needed to assess the riskiness of participation and the effectiveness of interventions, such as improved personal protective gear and mats, as a means to prevent commonly occurring injuries.

Injuries in martial arts and combat sports: Prevalence, characteristics and mechanisms

Summary Objective To measure sports injuries prevalence, types and mechanisms, considering grappling and impact modalities. Equipment and methods An observational, descriptive epidemiology study was conducted involving 125 recreational practitioners. Subjects were inquired regarding the type of martial arts and combat sports (MACS), age, practice time and weekly training volume. Results From all, 53.6% athletes suffered injury in the last 12 months. The most common were tendon injuries (39%) and sprains (39%), followed by dislocation/subluxation (23%). In grappling MACS, as Judo, joints injuries were the most frequent, especially the knees and shoulders. For striking modalities, such as Karate, muscle injuries were more frequent and the most common sites were feet and toes, followed by hands and fingers. The lower limbs were the most affected site (χ2 = 67.8, P Conclusion There was a high percentage of injury in lower limbs for both modality groups, and the higher frequency of injuries in the upper limbs were the shoulders, hands and fingers, while for lower limbs were the feet and toes, ankles and knees. Injury occurred mainly during technical training and, in most cases, without protective equipment.