Initiation-Response-Feedback Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Teacher-Student Interaction in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of teacher-student interaction in promoting authentic L2 classroom discourse. Classroom discourse is a major part of instruction that promotes speaking and develops students and teachers’ conversational skills. It constitutes a significant factor in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, as it promotes communicative activities (reception, production, interaction, mediation) fundamental to L2 learning. A common exchange pattern used extensively in classroom discourse is the Initiation, Response, Feedback (IRF) model, by Sinclair and Coulthard, (1975, 1992), in which the teacher initiates (I) an exchange through questioning the whole class or one single student, the student responds (R) to the question, and then the teacher gives feedback (F). A qualitative case study approach was adopted. Twenty-seven EFL high school classrooms in Israel were observed. Research instruments were: classroom observation forms, filled by the researcher, where instances of IRF exchanges were marked; and semi-structured interviews with seven of the teachers observed to obtain information regarding their use of L1 in IRF exchanges. Findings show that teachers use the IRF exchange model to organize talk and follow basic turn taking rules. However, deviations from common IRF exchanges result in (1) imbalance of dominance between teacher and student talk time; (2) excessive use of L1 in exchanges, minimizing students’ exposure to L2; and (3) limited flow of teacher-student spoken communication and lack of student willingness to participate in the lesson. Practical implications for teacher educators will be discussed.

Meaning-making in English-medium instruction science classroom interaction: from the systemic functional linguistics perspective

Abstract Teaching science in English is increasingly common worldwide. This study explores the role of language in science meaning-making during classroom interactions by drawing on video-recorded classroom observations of four biology lessons in secondary English medium instruction (EMI) settings in Hong Kong. Informed by systemic functional linguistics (SFL), we integrate classroom interaction analysis with Lemke’s approach to thematic analysis. The results reveal similar interactional patterns across full- and partial-EMI science classrooms, characterised by a lack of interactivity and authoritative teacher behaviour in selecting student responses to engage with. During extended initiation–response–feedback exchanges, teachers’ feedback on students’ responses appears to underscore the importance of teachers’ modified input – specifically input emphasising semantic relations within the field of biology – in developing students’ content knowledge and language skills. The implications of the findings for applying SFL pedagogies in EMI science classrooms to improve teacher–student interaction are discussed.

Teacher-Student Interaction in EFL Classrooms through Creative Problem-Solving: An Application of the Initiation-Response-Feedback Model

Effective teaching relies heavily on solid communication and meaningful interaction between teachers and students. These elements create an environment where students are more engaged and motivated, leading to better learning outcomes. One way to enhance this interaction is through Creative Problem-Solving (CPS), which incorporates creativity into the teaching process. CPS encourages students to think imaginatively, collaborate, and apply knowledge dynamically, fostering a more engaging and interactive classroom environment. This study aims to investigate how Creative Problem-Solving (CPS) facilitates teacher-student interaction patterns by applying the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) theory in an EFL classroom at a state university in Indonesia. The study involved 46 pre-service teachers, six males and 40 females, all fifth-semester undergraduate students enrolled in the Curriculum and Material Development course. Data collection methods included deep interviews and classroom observations. The research revealed that pre-service teachers faced challenges with CPS projects, especially those involving telecollaboration. However, they valued the lecturer's guidance and feedback, which played a crucial role in helping them overcome these difficulties and complete the tasks. Thus, to maximize the benefits of CPS, lecturers must provide a clear understanding of CPS principles, as it is a relatively new approach for many pre-service teachers. Additionally, encouraging pre-service teachers to seek guidance and actively engage in collaborative activities can enhance their critical thinking and overall learning experience.

Exploring teacher discourse patterns: Comparative insights from novice and expert teachers in junior high school EFL contexts

Effective teacher discourse is critical in improving English as a foreign language (EFL) education, particularly in junior high schools in China, where students are at a crucial stage in their language development. As junior high school students are at a pivotal developmental stage, this research investigates the discourse patterns employed by novice and expert teachers to assess their impact on students' engagement and language acquisition. Despite the extensive research on teacher discourse in higher education, a significant gap remains regarding its application in compulsory primary education settings. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the current classroom discourse patterns of EFL teachers in junior high schools to identify the distinctions between novice and expert teachers and explore the factors contributing to these differences. This mixed-methods study includes qualitative and quantitative analyses. Verbatim transcriptions of six classes were used to create a corpus exceeding 20,000 words. The data were analysed using cross-tabulation in Excel and Chi-square tests in SPSS 22.0, complemented by semi-structured interviews with selected teachers. The theoretical framework is grounded in Long's（1996）interaction hypothesis, which underlines the significance of communication in facilitating language proficiency through meaningful interaction, and the analysis follows Sinclair and Coulthard's（1975）discourse patterns. The initiation-response-feedback (IRF) and initiation-response-0 (IR0) emerged as predominant patterns among both novice and expert teachers. Novice teachers predominantly relied on the basic IRF pattern, while expert teachers exhibited greater flexibility and more frequent use of variant patterns, such as IRFR, I[RnFn] and [InRn]F. Such adaptability among expert teachers creates a more interactive and engaging learning environment, thereby enhancing student participation and language acquisition. The study also identifies a novel variant structure, IRnF, used more frequently by expert teachers, underlining the benefits of group work in fostering teamwork and independent thinking. Expert teachers demonstrated a greater propensity to adapt their discourse strategies to foster a more production-oriented learning environment, which was the main factor driving the teachers' differing discourse patterns. This study significantly contributes to the analysis of teacher discourse in the junior high school EFL context, providing empirical evidence and practical insights that bridge the gap between theory and practice. By elucidating the distinct discourse practices of novice and expert teachers, this study offers valuable recommendations for teacher professional development and highlights the importance of employing varied and interactive discourse structures to improve EFL teaching effectiveness. The study also provides valuable insights for educators striving to improve their instructional practices and the language acquisition in EFL classrooms.

The Realization of the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) Model in English Classroom at STAIKAP Pekalongan

This study aimed to identify the realization of the initiation-response-feedback (IRF) model in English Classroom at STAIKAP Pekalongan. It used a descriptive-qualitative study that implemented classroom interaction analysis by Sinclair and Coulthard in 1975 which stands for teacher initiation, students’ response, and feedback by lecturer. The subjects of this study are the first semester from Manajemen Pendidikan Islam Major which consists of 16 students and 1 lecturer. This study used three instruments: observation classroom, video recorder, and lesson transcript to gain the data. Then, the data is analyzed by Sinclair and Coulthard's (1975) theory. The study results showed that the lecturer and student implemented the IRF model in the teaching and learning process in English class. In this study there are the IRF pattern that was found to dominate in speaking skills was teacher elicit, in reading skills the IRF pattern that dominated was also teacher elicit, in listening skills the IRF pattern that dominated was Acknowledge act, and last in writing skills the IRF pattern that dominated was student response react. In conclusion, it is advised that the lecturer should uphold the quality of classroom interaction and provide ample opportunities for students to participate in verbal exchanges actively. Keywords: Classroom Interaction, English Classroom, IRF

INITIATION-RESPONSE-FEEDBACK (IRF) ANALYSIS IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM INTERACTION AT THE EIGHTH GRADE OF UPTD SMP NEGERI 4 MANDREHE IN 2022/2023

The objective of the research is find out the dominant and why do the dominant applied teacher and students in classroom interaction at the Eighth Grade of UPTD SMP Negeri 4 Mandrehe in 2022/2023. The subjects were class VIII B with 21 students and 1 English teacher. The research findings was concluded that the teacher-students of VIII-B of UPTD SMP Negeri 4 Mandrehe in English classroom interaction through IRF (Initiation-Response-Feedback) was the dominan applied in classrom interaction in initiation is convergent question there were 32 (51%). In response, it found that the dominant applied in classroom interaction in response is similar students’ response there were 41 (64%), The last is Feedback it found that the dominant applied in classroom interaction in feedback is acknowledging a correct there were 24 (62%) the teacher praises the student for a correct answer. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that teachers should be use a variety of question, this helps to encourage students’ critical thinking and creativity. Then, teachers should give feedback to students who answer questions to show that the teacher values their participation in class interaction.

Discourse Pattern in the Major Subjects of English Language Learners during Synchronous Meetings

Students’ participation is one of the forefront responsibilities of every teacher. Through a well-designed discursive move, students take responsibility in their learning and take ownership of the development of the lesson. Since classroom talk is highly recognized, this study was conducted to examine the discourse patterns in the major subjects of English Language Learners during synchronous meetings. This qualitative study considered Literature and Language Major Subjects during the second semester of school year 2019-2020. The recorded synchronous meetings were analyzed to determine the prevailing discourse patterns. The result revealed that three discourse patterns were identified namely: Initiation – Response – Feedback (IRF), Initiation – Response – Evaluation (IRE), and student – initiated: Initiation – Response (IR) /Initiation – Response – Follow-up (IRF) exchange. In the IRF pattern, teachers intentionally used non-evaluative follow-up to encourage and elicit more talk from students and the use of non-evaluative feedback to maintained students’ engagement throughout the class time. In the IRE pattern, the teacher provided evaluative feedback when the desired answer was rightly provided by the students. However, the teacher would initiate another interaction when the right answer was not provided without explicitly stating the incorrectness of the answer to further students’ participation until the expected answer is given. In the inverted IRF, students initiate interaction in the class and it is a vivid picture that students are not apprehensive and hesitant to share their thought about the lesson being developed in their major classes.

The Expert EFL Teachers" Language Operation in and beyond Third-turn Feedback

This paper investigated how experienced English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers adapt language when giving feedback, especially in large class sizes where learners have low language proficiency. Particular attention was paid to how teachers use language to extend learning opportunities and interactions to the whole class after completing the one-to-one Initiation-response-feedback (IRF) sequence. With the use of classroom videos and Conversation Analysis (CA) research methods, the feedback of three experienced EFL teachers was analyzed intensely. The results revealed that experienced EFL teachers were flexible in adjusting the tone and content of the feedback and, crucially, that in large classes of beginners in language learning. Teachers mostly offered another one-to-many question or interactive invitation immediately after the one-to-one IRF, which extended the learning opportunities and participation to the whole class, i.e., somehow enhancing the learning opportunities and participation of the whole class. Throughout this article, it is hoped that the language used by teachers in large classes mentioned therein will provide some reference and practical techniques for instructors in comparable situations, particularly in providing effective feedback.

EXPLORING CLASSROOM INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL VIRTUAL LEARNING

Abstract: This study analyzed classroom interaction patterns in four EFL virtual learning classes at IAIN Parepare: speaking, listening, writing, and reading. The purpose of this study was to give an overview of classroom interaction involving lecturers and students during the learning process. The researchers used a video recorder and field notes to capture the spoken and written interaction during the learning process. Data were transcribed and codified based on the intuitive taxonomy of the discourse act framework of Tsui. Data showed that both in spoken and written interaction, patterns of Initiation-Response (IR), Initiation-Response-Follow up (IRF), and Initiation-Response-Follow Up-Follow Up 2 (IRFF) occurred. In detail, the complete interaction patterns were in listening class, both in spoken and written form. In reading and writing classes, the Initiation-Response (IR) and the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) occurred. However, in speaking, only Initiation-Response (IR) was produced. In written interaction, except in the listening class, only Initiation-Response (IR) occurred. Data also showed that utterance categories occurred less in written interaction than in spoken. Most of the interactions were done when the lecturer provided information on learning material and instructions on how to do assignments. Thus, there was no feedback given by the lecturer in this interaction. The study also found that the interaction was lecturer-centered, and both the lecturers and the students employed the L1 in the classroom interaction.

Classroom Discourse Analysis on English Learning Interaction During the Covid-19 Pandemic

AbstractThe spread of Covid-19 has an impact on changing learning patterns from offline learning to online learning or hybrid types. This phenomenon intends to fill the gap that this research analyzes both offline and online learning during pandemic Covid19. The learning pattern was investigated to obtain information about the characteristics of the learning pattern, advantages, disadvantages, and benefits in classroom interaction. The aims of this study are to find out the types of teacherstudent interaction patterns in the classroom (IRF patterns) in offline and online learning, to describe the IRF patterns in each learning interaction, and to identify IRF patterns that frequently appear. The participants in this study were 18 mathematics and science class students from a private high school in Surabaya, Indonesia. The main data were teacher-students interaction in the English class, collected by observing and recording the class offline and online learning and they were analyzed by applying the IRF theory of Sinclair and Coulthard. The results of data analysis showed that there were eleven kinds of exchanges in offline and online learning. In offline learning the initiation-response-feedback (IRF) pattern was balanced between the teacher and the students, while in online learning, the teacher was more dominant in providing explanations and initiations, while students were less active. Therefore, this study implicates on how to implement appropriate communication in teaching learning process.

Teacher-Student Interaction for English-Medium Instruction (EMI) Content and Language Learning and the Effects of Implementing Multimodal Input of Classroom Interaction: University Students’ Perceptions

The discourse of interaction, Initiation-Response-Feedback (I-R-F) gained its popularity by fostering discussion between the teacher and learners but received critics for developing interactive communication in a controlled manner. With an attempt to provide pragmatic implications for EMI instructors, the study probed into perceptions of students (n=42) from different majors on how two pedagogical approaches (i.e., the I-R-F and the multimodal input of classroom interaction) differed in one EMI Cross-cultural Communication course in one middle-ranked university in Taiwan. The comparative, quasi-experiment research firstly investigated these students’ perceptions of teacher-student interaction for EMI content and language learning and secondly compared their perceptions on the implementation of the multimodal input of classroom interaction against the conventional baseline, the I-R-F. Both quantitative (i.e., survey) and qualitative (i.e., post-lesson student reflection journals and audio recordings) research methods were used. The survey results showed that these students were inclined to engage in extensive and substantial verbal output, expressed the importance of teacher-student interaction for learning the content of the course, and expected chances of lengthy verbal output and corrective feedback from the instructor. The results from students’ journals yielded that the instructor’s use of the multimodal input of classroom interaction significantly outperformed the use of the I-R-F in the categories of effectiveness, the level of student engagement, and the effectiveness of helping them learn the content. Ultimately, it was found that the use of the multimodal input of classroom interaction had triggered their higher-order of cognitive processing more (i.e., analyzing, evaluating, and creating).

Flagging a turn as humorous with prospective indexicals

This study explores how second language students design their turns to produce a humorous frame in Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) sequences. More specifically, it examines and unpacks the multimodal resources deployed by students in flagging utterances as humorous and how they are responded to within task-based context. Using Conversation Analysis, we demonstrate that various resources deployed by the speaker in different sequential placements collectively serve as “prospective indexicals” (Goodwin, 1996), through which speakers (1) mobilise participants’ attention and (2) prepare them as to the nature of the forthcoming utterance and thus, what to listen for, and (3) signal that the utterance is to be treated as a laughable as well as indicating which specific part of the utterance is. In doing so, this study provides implications for teacher education and foreign language teaching as well as shedding light on an under-researched phenomenon in both L2 classroom interaction research and humour scholarship.

Eliciting student participation in synchronous online L2 lessons: The use of oral and written DIUs

This study examines the teacher's use of verbal and written designedly incomplete utterances (DIUs) within the initiation-response-feedback (IRF) sequence by analyzing data collected from synchronous online language learning classrooms conducted via Zoom. Multimodal conversation analysis was employed to demonstrate that both the teacher and the students paid close attention to the construction and completion of DIUs through both written and spoken modes. This practice was primarily deployed by the teacher to elicit talk from students by offering the initial part of the response turn. The 121 sequences containing DIUs solicited participation from students through collaborative writing of their answers on the shared screen. This study may contribute to recent CA research on the embodied work of teaching (Hall & Looney, 2019) and situated learning activities (Goodwin, 2013; Kyratzis & Johnson, 2017) by describing a pedagogic practice that may have been adopted to help students participate in online discourses. The results may also offer a much-needed description of the actual occurrences of DIUs in online L2 classrooms.

Critical Insights: A Perspective on Discourse Analysis

Discourse is the study of language beyond the sentence level concerning its social and cultural practices in context. This paper 'Language as Discourse' mainly aims to analyze and explore the contribution of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in education and Classroom Discourse Analysis critically to ensure an effective teaching-learning process for better academic achievement. Similarly, it also provides insights on language, discourse, discourse analysis, and Critical Discourse Analysis. This theoretical study reveals that Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) contributes a lot to education by providing the lens to the learners to view the outer world through critical eyes and by encouraging them not only to question and criticize the dominations, suppressions and oppressions existed inside the classrooms and society but also to empower them for the emancipation and transformation. It was also found that analyzing the discourses observed inside the classrooms as Classroom Discourse Analysis assumes, facilitates the teachers for active interaction or communication inside the classroom in harmony with Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) chain for the better academic achievement. The study has been concluded with a note that the pedagogy of Nepal should also be guided towards interactive, communicative, emancipatory, and interactive mode where teachers and learners are the responsible change agents for it. This study will provide some insights for those who want more exploration of discourse, discourse analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and Classroom Discourse Analysis through the critical and analytical eyes.

An Analysis of Initiation Response Feedback (IRF) Pattern in Classroom Discourse at Half Nelson Movie

<p class="abstrak" align="center"><strong><em>Abstrak</em></strong><strong> </strong></p><p class="abstrak"><em>Latar belakang penelitian berdasarkan observasi peneliti dalam film Half Nelson yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pola IRF yang digunakan selama interaksi antara guru dan siswa di dalam kelas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola IRF terjadi di dalam kelas, bagaimana guru berinisiatif, bagaimana respon siswa, dan bagaimana umpan baliknya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis wacana dalam linguistik terapan dan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah interaksi yang terjadi ketika guru dan siswa saling berinteraksi dalam naskah film Half Nelson. Penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada enam jenis inisiasi yang digunakan, yaitu teacher elicit, teacher direct, teacher inform, teacher listing, re-inisiation (i), re-initiation (ii). Respon tersebut adalah respon siswa spesifik, silent, silent-av, bingung berorientasi kerja, tertawa, respon siswa open-ended, dan nonverbal. Jenis-jenis umpan balik adalah mengulang, mengakui jawaban yang benar, memperluas atau memodifikasi, menunjukkan jawaban yang salah, meringkas, memuji. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru menggunakan berbagai jenis inisiasi dalam situasi yang berbeda.</em></p><p class="abstrak"><strong><em>Kata Kunci: </em></strong><em>Pola IRF, Film Half Nelson, Interaksi</em><em></em></p><p class="abstrak" align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="abstrak">The background of the research based on the researcher observation in <em>Half Nelson</em> movie which indicated that there was an IRF pattern used during interactions between teachers and students in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to find out how the IRF pattern occurs in the classroom, how the teacher initiates, how students respond, and how the feedback. This research was conducted using qualitative research by using a discourse analysis approach in applied linguistics and using descriptive methods. The data in this study is the interaction that occurs when teachers and students interact with each other in the Half Nelson movie script. This study uses purposive sampling as a technique in data collection. The results of this study indicate that there are six types of initiation used, <em>namely teacher elicit, teacher direct, teacher inform, teacher listing, re-initiation (i), re-initiation (ii)</em>. The responses are <em>students’ response specific, silent, silent-av, confused work-oriented, laughter, students’ response open-ended, and nonverbal</em>. The types of feedback are <em>repeating, acknowledging a correct answer, expanding or modifying, indicating an incorrect answer, summarizing, praising</em>. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the teacher used various types of initiation in different situation.</p><p class="abstrak"><strong>Keywords:</strong> IRF Pattern, Half Nelson Movie, Interaction</p><p class="abstrak" align="left"> </p>

Interactional Patterns in English as a Second Language Classrooms at Higher Learning

This study investigates the interactional patterns that were used in ESL classrooms at higher learning at the University of Botswana and the reasons for the said patterns. A qualitative approach was employed and the classroom observations were used to investigate the topic. To further shed some light on the patterns used in the CSS classrooms, reference will be made to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Sinclair & Coulthard’s Initiation, Response, Feedback (IRF) analytical tool. The results indicated that there were ‘new’ interactional patterns at the University of Botswana classrooms. Some of these were Initiation Response (IR) and Initiation Response Response (IRR) which led to the conclusions that the patterns of interaction which emanated from the study were, “better”, “good”, and “not so good” (BGN interactional patterns). This study concludes that there is an attempt to produce quality classroom interaction as the interactional patterns of “better”, “good”, and “not so good” (BGN interactional patterns) were demonstrated with the first two categories carrying higher percentages.

THE IRF EXCHANGE AS A PEDAGOGICAL TOOL: A STUDY OF ESL CLASSROOMS IN POKUASE TOWNSHIP, GHANA

<p>The classroom is a place where teachers and their pupils or students engage in interaction in order to promote effective learning. Such interactions can follow different patterns, and one such pattern is the IRF (initiation-response-feedback) exchange structure, developed by Sinclair and Coulthard (1975, 1992). This study examines the use of the IRF exchange pattern as a pedagogical tool in the English language classrooms of some Basic Schools in Pokuase, a town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It investigates the way teachers and pupils initiate, respond to, and provide feedback for effective language acquisition. In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative case study was adopted to analyze 11 hours and 40 minutes of classroom recordings and 100 minutes of interview data. Results regarding the IRF structure show that the various acts within the initiation move included nomination, directing, and prompting; the acts in the response move were replying and reacting, while the acts within the feedback move were acceptance, praise, criticism, and expansion. This result is an indication that there were more initiation and feedback acts than response acts, suggesting the teachers dominated the use of the exchange pattern, leaving the pupils to only provide responses. Results of the teachers’ role indicate that they are engaging in teacher talk as a way of providing explanation, organizing the lesson, and redirecting learners in the interaction. The teachers also provided prompt guidelines by creating conducive environment for the learners to be able to write, read, also provided specific and individual feedback to either correct learners’ language input or to encourage them to learn more. Based on the results, it is argued that teachers, especially at the basic level, should endeavour to employ the use of the IRF pattern because it has the potential to contribute a great deal to ESL teaching and learning.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0845/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Going against the grain: The classroom underlife in an English language programme in Myanmar (Burma)

This paper describes the classroom underlife found in an English language programme in Myanmar (Burma) – an under-investigated peripheral ELT (English language teaching) context. Taking a comparative ethnographic approach, it analyses how the same cohort of students behave in two English language courses taught by two teachers: one from the local non-western context and the other from the western context. The findings indicate that seemingly collaborative behaviour can mask sites of resistance and ideological struggles. The study also shows that students exploit a variety of rich-meaning making practices to give emotional, intellectual and social support to each other against the monotony of class activities and against the unequal power-relationship imposed by the IRF (Initiation-Response-Feedback) routine usually found in language classes. The study extends the notion of classroom underlife to include sites of resistance not only between but also within agents. The study shows that both teachers and students participate in oppositional or resistant behaviour against official, prescribed norms as well as against their previous norms. It also highlights the importance of understanding how students in a peripheral ELT context make secondary adjustments when what is being imported is not just language teaching materials but also teachers from a western context.

Topic management and opportunities for learning in an advanced Francophone Cultures class

Drawing on conversation analysis and its extension to classroom discourse studies, this article examines the ways in which topic is managed and opportunities for learning are created in an advanced US university-level Francophone Cultures class. In the analysis, topic is treated as an ongoing interactional achievement rather than a stable “subject” of conversation. A single-case analysis is presented to show how topic is accomplished between the teacher and her students in relation to preference organization and epistemic stance. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates how a prototypical three-turn Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) sequence is elaborated over multiple turns that expand the teacher’s explicitly announced topic to include a side sequence addressing a metalinguistic problem and a disagreement between two students that results in an expansion of the topic beyond the teacher’s agenda. In the discussion, the results are synthesized in relation to how opportunities for learning emerge in the comanagement of topics. Implications for research and pedagogy are also offered.

The Differences between English and Indonesian Lecturer in the Classroom Interaction Based on Sinclair and Coulthard Model

This study was about IRF (Initiation-Response-Feedback) analysis on classroom interaction between English and Indonesian lecturer with students. The aimed of this study were to describe the processes of Initiation-Response-Feedback are employed by the English and Indonesian Lecturers with students in classroom interaction based on Sinclair and Coulthard Model. This research used qualitative research. The data of this study were the utterances that expressed by the English and Indonesian lecturer with students in thelearning process. The source of data was English and Indonesian lecturer with the students in STKIP Budidaya Binjai. The data were collected in five ways by Rymes (2009) observing, recording, transcribing, interviewing and analyzing. The data were analyzed based on Sinclair and Coulthard (1975). The result of this study were English subject, the lecturer initiaton was the highest appear in classroom interaction. The students felt enthusiastic in learning it although they had problem in pronounciation and write words but they want to try to do the task given by the lecturer. Lecturer initiation as the highest appear in classroom interaction. The competition as the technique of teaching that lecturer used in this learning process just made one student of each group that become active in share their opinion. The other students felt ashamed to share their opinion because of afraidness to get bad score from the lecturer