Initial Statement Research Articles

Histopathology reporting of temporal artery biopsy specimens for giant cell arteritis: results of a modified Delphi study

The temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is regarded as the gold-standard test in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). There is a lack of agreement among experienced pathologists regarding the...

Expectation versus reality: How crisis statement essentials are evaluated by Gen Z stakeholders and crisis communication practitioners

AbstractAt the onset of a crisis, an initial organizational statement sets the tone for subsequent discussion. While existing literature provides strategic guidance, it offers limited insight into the message‐level execution of such statements. This study synthesizes insights from literature and trade publications to complement strategic literature by proposing a practical set of ‘crisis essentials’ which practitioners can leverage in composing an initial crisis statement. Upon identification of these elements from scholarly and industry literature, two online surveys presenting a hypothetical crisis scenario are released to Gen Z stakeholders and crisis communication practitioners in the United States; respondents rate the relative importance of each element. Gen Z was selected as the stakeholder population of interest due to their high activity on social media, their role as the talent which will be entering the workforce and eventually leadership roles, and the more limited existing analysis of this segment. Comparative analysis is conducted, based on two online surveys among adult individuals from these two populations, to evaluate whether gaps exist in stakeholder expectations and practitioner approaches. Findings reveal: the proposed elements (e.g., statement of the crisis, attribution, expert quote; 11 in total) were of nonzero importance to both Gen Z stakeholder respondents and crisis communication practitioner respondents, essentials related to the assuring stakeholders (e.g., action steps) were rated more highly than informational essentials (e.g., timeline), and importance ratings across survey samples were generally consistent. Practitioners should consider each of these proposed essentials when developing communication materials, and that while stakeholders expect sufficient information to understand a crisis event, they ultimately care about what the crisis means for the future of the organization. This study, grounded in crisis communication theory, provides a relevant, practical contribution to the implementation of effective strategic crisis communication in situations concerning Gen Z stakeholders.

International Comparison of Weather and Emission Predictive Building Control

Building operational energy alone accounts for 28% of global carbon emissions. A sustainable building operation promises enormous savings, especially under the increasing concern of climate change and the rising trends of the digitalization and electrification of buildings. Intelligent control strategies play a crucial role in building systems and electrical energy grids to reach the EU goal of carbon neutrality in 2050 and to manage the rising availability of regenerative energy. This study aims to prove that one can create energy and emission savings with simple weather and emission predictive control (WEPC). Furthermore, this should prove that the simplicity of this approach is key for the applicability of this concept in the built world. A thermodynamic simulation (TRNSYS) evaluates the performance of different variants. The parametrical study varies building construction, location, weather, and emission data and gives an outlook for 2050. The study showcases five different climate locations and reveals heating and cooling energy savings of up to 50 kWh/(m2a) and emission savings between 5 and 25% for various building types without harming thermal comfort. This endorses the initial statement to simplify building energy concepts. Furthermore, it proposes preventing energy designers from overoptimizing buildings with technology as the solution to a climate-responsible energy concept.

The complex intervention day hospice — a quality-assured study on the implementation, realization, and benefits with model character for Germany (IMPULS) using the example of “Day hospice Adiuvantes”

BackgroundCurrently, a conclusive experience on the uniform implementation and benefits of day hospice structures and interventions is lacking in Germany. The following questions should be clarified: (1) Which structural conditions and interventional measures should be established in day hospices from the point of view of patients, relatives, and specialist staff?; (2) Are the planned structures or interventions feasible and implementable under real conditions and accepted by patients, relatives, and staff?; (3) How can a final implementation and intervention catalog for day hospices be designed?; (4) Is this final catalog of services feasible, reasonable, economical, and effective under everyday conditions in day hospices?MethodsWe planned to perform a multistage investigation, guided by the Medical Research Council Framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. In Stage 1, an initial theoretical construct on structures and interventions will be established through an extensive literature and guideline review on day hospices and through qualitative interviews. In a nominal group process, we will create a catalog of offers. In Stage 2, feasibility testing is conducted in a single-day hospice under real-life conditions using quantitative quality indicators and qualitative interviews. Structures and interventions can be adapted here if necessary. In a second nominal group process, a final structure and offer catalog is created, which is then implemented in Stage 3 in the day hospice under investigation and evaluated under real daily conditions through a process and effectiveness test. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative quality indicators will be used and a comparative cohort of patients who are not cared for in the day hospice – but in the same network structure (oncology–palliative care network Lower Bavaria) – is examined.DiscussionFinally, the initial statements on the reasonable and realizable structures or interventions in day hospices and their benefits in daily real-life conditions as well as possible optimization processes shall be made.Trial registrationThe study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID DRKS00031613, registration date April 04, 2023) and the display portal of the Center for Clinical Trials of the University Hospital Regensburg (Z-2022-1734-6, registration date July 01, 2023).

National Consensus Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Adult Patients with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease

Background: The emergence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), defined by the presence of antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), has prompted the need for standardized management approaches. Given the current absence of high-level evidence, we aimed to develop consensus-based guidance for the management of MOGAD.Methods: The Korean Society of Neuroimmunology established a task force comprising a panel of 13 experts, and the RAND/UCLA appropriateness methodology was adopted. Definitions were developed for core clinical manifestation, acute stage, relapse, and persistent MOG-IgG seropositivity. Based on extensive review of the literature, initial guidance statements on four key topics were developed. Two rounds of anonymous votes were conducted to achieve consensus on guidance statements, with modifications based on panel input.Results: Comprehensive guidance statements were developed covering MOG antibody assay and diagnosis, acute treatment, and long-term immunotherapy for MOGAD.Conclusion: This guidance is a national formal consensus of MOGAD experts intended to serve as a valuable guide for clinicians managing Korean adults with MOGAD.

National Consensus Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Adult Patients with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease

Background: The emergence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), defined by the presence of antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), has prompted the need for standardized management approaches. Given the current absence of high-level evidence, we aimed to develop consensus-based guidance for the management of MOGAD.Methods: The Korean Society of Neuroimmunology established a task force comprising a panel of 13 experts, and the RAND/UCLA appropriateness methodology was adopted. Definitions were developed for core clinical manifestation, acute stage, relapse, and persistent MOG-IgG seropositivity. Based on extensive review of the literature, initial guidance statements on four key topics were developed. Two rounds of anonymous votes were conducted to achieve consensus on guidance statements, with modifications based on panel input.Results: Comprehensive guidance statements were developed covering MOG antibody assay and diagnosis, acute treatment, and long-term immunotherapy for MOGAD.Conclusion: This guidance is a national formal consensus of MOGAD experts intended to serve as a valuable guide for clinicians managing Korean adults with MOGAD.

Scythians and ξεινικὰ νόμαια

Abstract Herodotus’ logos about Scythians and ξεινικὰ νόμαια—amusing and ominous, as is typical of him, yet insightful—consists of two stories about the sad lots of Anacharsis and Scyles; the story begins with a statement that Scythians shun practicing customs of other peoples, particularly those of Hellas; it ends as an adage asserting the initial statement: that is the way Scythians guard their customs (4.76–80). Herodotus describes the barbarian neighbors’ attitude towards foreign and alien customs. But these two examples are about their own, Scythian, heroes or rather antiheroes. Both the philhellenes forswear their native religion and customs and abandon themselves to Greek ritual practices; therefore, they suffer for their behavior. The author of the article holds that Herodotus was sympathetic to Scythians’ resentment against ξεινικὰ νόμαια. The Greek historian speaks about piety and patriotism of Scythians, who believe that the offence against νόμαια is a threat to the very foundation of their culture.

Long-term maintenance treatment of rosacea: experts' opinion.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by remissions and flares. Although the rosacea active treatment phase is well established, the long-term maintenance phase is still challenging. To discuss and make recommendations on how to treat patients during the long-term maintenance phase for the main rosacea phenotypes. A panel of six board-certified Brazilian dermatologists and one American dermatologist gathered to compose a consensus based upon an initial statement on how to treat rosacea during the long-term maintenance phase based on the methodology Nominal Group Technique. The experts discussed each factor based upon an initial statement on how to treat rosacea patients in the long-term maintenance phase. A sequence of comprehensive narrative reviews was performed; a questionnaire preparation about the definition of the maintenance phase and its management was presented; an interpersonal discussion and ranking of the ideas were conducted. Recommendations were made if the specialists had 75% agreement. The maintenance treatment phase, which starts by achieving IGA 0 or 1 grades at the active phase, should be considered at least during the 9-month period after remission. The recommendations of all treatments target this period. Daily skincare regimen and sunscreen are crucial. Active treatment phase should be recommended if signs or symptoms reappear or worsen. Maintenance phase success depends on patient's adherence to daily skin care, appropriate treatments, continued follow-up with dermatologist, and self-assessment to identify new signs and symptoms indicating disease relapse.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning- the New Emerging Technology

With the emergence of new requirements & needs and ways to resolve these needs, nowadays software development has become the most demanding and powerful way to solve and satisfy the requirement of the customer and end user. Any requirement raised by the set of people from different domains and age groups, there are multiple ways to solve the purpose but nowadays software development has become the most powerful approach to solve the purpose. Additionally, software implementation has become the most effective way to satisfy the customer requirement. Basically, software development is a defined and structured method that starts with a set of requirements or some problem statement. Once the requirement is finalized then in the next phase the approach is defined to solve the requirement which is followed by code development considering the fact that it is the most suitable approach to solve the purpose. Also, this software had the capacity to solve or change the traditional mechanism of working. For example, around 10-15 years back, the BFSI sector was working with the help of pen and paper. All records were kept on some paper or registered with lots of problem statements like maintenance of documents, extra delay in processing, and flexibility of using own account money at some other location. Additionally, these bankers were not able to do any analysis or tend analysis for the available set of data which was available with the available data set. In addition to trend analysis, these people were not able to do the projection analysis finally resulting in the loss of business opportunity which was possible with the help of trend analysis. Implementation of software that could automate the activity was able to solve the initial problem statement with the help of projection and trend analysis attracting the business opportunity. The people were able to maintain track of each customer and region accordingly. Also, timely action on these data and corrective action was possible. Still, the missing part was the processing of a large dataset and extracting meaningful information from the available dataset. Also, they were not able to do a trend analysis for the market. In order to resolve the above-said problem statement Artificial Intelligence was introduced which is also known as AI which has the capacity to process larger datasets and is able to extract information that is accurate and correct in nature. Additionally, with the help of AI, the researchers were able to do the sentiment analysis of the market through which they were able to do the corrective action as per the requirement. Additionally, AI help in fraud detection, compliance enforcement, and other help in the most cost-effective manner and in very less time.

Consensus goals and standards for specialist cough clinics: the NEUROCOUGH international Delphi study.

Current guidelines on the management of chronic cough do not provide recommendations for the operation of specialist cough clinics. The objective of the present study was to develop expert consensus on goals and standard procedures for specialist cough clinics. We undertook a modified Delphi process, whereby initial statements proposed by experts were categorised and presented back to panellists over two ranking rounds using an 11-point Likert scale to identify consensus. An international panel of 57 experts from 19 countries participated, with consensus reached on 15 out of 16 statements, covering the aims, roles and standard procedures of specialist cough clinics. Panellists agreed that specialist cough clinics offer optimal care for patients with chronic cough. They also agreed that history taking should enquire as to cough triggers, cough severity rating scales should be routinely used, and a minimum of chest radiography, spirometry and measurements of type 2 inflammatory markers should be undertaken in newly referred patients. The importance of specialist cough clinics in promoting clinical research and cough specialty training was acknowledged. Variability in healthcare resources and clinical needs between geographical regions was noted. The Delphi exercise provides a platform and guidance for both established cough clinics and those in planning stages.

Adaptive Synthesized Control for Solving the Optimal Control Problem

The development of artificial intelligence systems assumes that a machine can independently generate an algorithm of actions or a control system to solve the tasks. To do this, the machine must have a formal description of the problem and possess computational methods for solving it. This article deals with the problem of optimal control, which is the main task in the development of control systems, insofar as all systems being developed must be optimal from the point of view of a certain criterion. However, there are certain difficulties in implementing the resulting optimal control modes. This paper considers an extended formulation of the optimal control problem, which implies the creation of such systems that would have the necessary properties for its practical implementation. To solve it, an adaptive synthesized optimal control approach based on the use of numerical methods of machine learning is proposed. Such control moves the control object, optimally changing the position of the stable equilibrium point in the presence of some initial position uncertainty. As a result, from all possible synthesized controls, one is chosen that is less sensitive to changes in the initial state. As an example, the optimal control problem of a quadcopter with complex phase constraints is considered. To solve this problem, according to the proposed approach, the control synthesis problem is firstly solved to obtain a stable equilibrium point in the state space using a machine learning method of symbolic regression. After that, optimal positions of the stable equilibrium point are searched using a particle swarm optimization algorithm using the source functional from the initial optimal control problem statement. It is shown that such an approach allows for generating the control system automatically by computer, basing this on the formal statement of the problem and then directly implementing it onboard as far as the stabilization system has already been introduced.

Consensus for voice quality assessment in clinical practice: guidelines of the European Laryngological Society and Union of the European Phoniatricians.

To update the European guidelines for the assessment of voice quality (VQ) in clinical practice. Nineteen laryngologists-phoniatricians of the European Laryngological Society (ELS) and the Union of the European Phoniatricians (UEP) participated to a modified Delphi process to propose statements about subjective and objective VQ assessments. Two anonymized voting rounds determined a consensus statement to be acceptable when 80% of experts agreed with a rating of at least 3/4. The statements with ≥ 3/4 score by 60-80% of experts were improved and resubmitted to voting until they were validated or rejected. Of the 90 initial statements, 51 were validated after two voting rounds. A multidimensional set of minimal VQ evaluations was proposed and included: baseline VQ anamnesis (e.g., allergy, medical and surgical history, medication, addiction, singing practice, job, and posture), videolaryngostroboscopy (mucosal wave symmetry, amplitude, morphology, and movements), patient-reported VQ assessment (30- or 10-voice handicap index), perception (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain), aerodynamics (maximum phonation time), acoustics (Mean F0, Jitter, Shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio), and clinical instruments associated with voice comorbidities (reflux symptom score, reflux sign assessment, eating-assessment tool-10, and dysphagia handicap index). For perception, aerodynamics and acoustics, experts provided guidelines for the methods of measurement. Some additional VQ evaluations are proposed for voice professionals or patients with some laryngeal diseases. The ELS-UEP consensus for VQ assessment provides clinical statements for the baseline and pre- to post-treatment evaluations of VQ and to improve collaborative research by adopting common and validated VQ evaluation approach.

THE ELEATIC STRANGER'S METHOD IN ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS

This article examines Aristotle's method for defining the concept of happiness in his Eudemian and Nicomachean ethics. In particular, the article draws attention to a methodological passage (Eth. Eud. 1.6 1216b26–35), in which he claims that ‘If we start from what is truly yet not clearly spoken, clarity will be won as we make progress’. This expression comes from Plato's Statesman 275a and 281d. Aristotle then seems to adopt the Eleatic stranger's method in two ways to clarify the initial imprecise statement that happiness is the greatest and best of human goods: first, he distinguishes a target object from other similar objects, and second, he refers to appearances as illustrations to clarify more abstract ethical concepts. This analysis illuminates the influence of the later Platonic method on Aristotle's ethics from a new angle.

Complications and consistency: investigating the asymmetric information management ‘AIM’ technique with follow-up statements

ABSTRACT The Asymmetric Information Management (AIM) technique encourages truth tellers to adopt a forthcoming verbal strategy and liars a withholding strategy. We investigated the effectiveness of this technique using a follow-up statement. We predicted that truth tellers in the AIM condition would provide more new and overall detail, with a higher proportion of complications, compared to control truth tellers, whereas AIM liars would use more self-handicapping strategies and common knowledge details, with fewer commissions, repetitions, and less overall detail than control liars. This was tested using a mixed-factors design in which truth tellers (n = 65) gave an honest recollection of a recent trip while liars fabricated a story (n = 62). Participants provided an initial statement and half received the AIM instructions prior to providing their second statement. Truth tellers in the AIM condition provided more new detail and complications in their second statement compared to truth telling controls. Unlike previous research, AIM instructions had no significant effect on liars’ statements. No other differences emerged. In conclusion, the AIM instructions elicit some new information from truth tellers but do not improve classification from liars.

Applicability of classic analytical calculation approaches for the design of plastic gears

AbstractPlastic gears are produced cost-effectively in high volume but mainly for applications under low load. Current trends are leading to the design and application of plastic gears for more demanding operating conditions. This requires finding the optimum macrogeometry for the application, which is determined in practice using iterative design processes. Numerical and analytical approaches are available for the design of gears. Due to their speed, only the latter are suitable for an iterative design process. However, the approaches currently used in the calculation programs are designed with a focus on steel gears. Their applicability to gears made of plastics, which material properties differ drastically from those made of steel, is therefore only partially possible.The paper presents an investigation into the applicability of the classic analytical calculation approaches of Weber/Banaschek and Schmidt for contact analysis and the load-carrying capacity calculation of plastic gears. For this purpose, the results from analytical calculations are compared with those from numerical calculations. In addition, a comparison is made with typical standards (DIN3990, ISO6336) and guidelines (VDI2736).As a result, the paper provides an initial statement on the transferability of results from steel-focused analytical approaches to gears made of plastic. In addition, calculation results are identified in which particularly large differences occur between the various calculation approaches and which must be considered in the design phase.

Dimensions of Ethical Accounting Practices among Certified Public Accountants: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

This research study explored and established the dimensions representing ethical accounting practices among Certified Public Accountants. The respondents were Certified Public Accountants from different sectors of the profession in Davao del Norte, of legal age and with at least two years of experience in accounting who were chosen through stratified random sampling. Responses from the Key Informant Interview were analyzed and the item statements were then used as initial statement pool for the survey. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index for sampling adequacy, Bartlett’s test of sphericity for testing the multidimensionality, principal component analysis for data reduction, and VARIMAX for rotation. Thirty-one (31) original items were surveyed and processed through exploratory factor analysis and only twenty-six (26) items of ethical accounting practices passed the ≥.40 threshold after ten iterations which loaded to eight dimensions. The identified eight generated dimensions of ethical accounting practices were moral philosophies, personal values and principles, religiosity, objectivity, reliance to authority, integrity, professional behavior and public_welfare.

Consensus-based Recommendations for Vibration Amplification of Sound Energy at Resonance Ultrasound-assisted Liposuction

Background: Ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL) is a popular and minimally invasive cosmetic procedure. Third-generation devices such as the vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER)lipo system are used for body contouring with enhanced tissue specificity. Despite the widespread use of VASER UAL, published guidelines and recent expert consensus recommendations are lacking. The objective of this study is to develop an expert consensus on the recommendations for use of VASER UAL. Methods: In a modified Delphi process, a panel of five US-based, expert plastic surgeons participated in three rounds of consensus building that spanned 4 months to align on guidance statements for the use of VASER as an adjunct to liposuction. Results: After the experts responded to an online questionnaire that assessed device settings, postoperative instructions, side effects or complications, and best practices, 32 initial consensus statements were developed. By round 3, these consensus statements for VASER UAL had been reduced and refined to a total of 18. Conclusions: To improve patient outcomes, clinicians must understand key factors and best practices when using VASER UAL, including device settings, provider technique, managing side effects, potential complications, and postoperative care. The consensus statements developed herein aim to provide clinicians with expert-backed recommendations for the use of VASER UAL.

Developing generalized model representations of thermal shock for local non-equilibrium heat transfer processes

Objectives. Processes of energy transfer in solids and resultant thermal loads are widespread in nature and technology. This explains the scientific and practical significance of constructing a theory of these processes, as well as developing effective methods for studying the modeled concepts developed on this basis. The purpose of such studies is to determine basic flux patterns of complex processes occurring especially under conditions of powerful energy impacts in various technological operations. These include plasma-chemical processing of materials, their processing in infrared furnaces and solar plants, intense heating of materials carried out by laser or electron beams, and the use of powerful radiation emitters for thermal hardening and hardening of the surface of products. In these cases, the phenomenon of thermal shock arises, forming one of the central topics in thermomechanics and strength physics of solids. The present work considers an open theoretical problem of thermal shock in terms of a generalized model of dynamic thermoelasticity under conditions of a locally nonequilibrium heat transfer process. Depending on the type and curvature of the boundary surface of the considered massive body, the model can be used to study the problem in three coordinate systems: cartesian coordinates—a massive body bounded by a flat surface; spherical coordinates—a massive body with an internal spherical cavity; cylindrical coordinates—a massive body with an internal cylindrical cavity. Three types of intensive heating are considered: temperature heating, thermal heating, and heating by medium. Following the development of an analytical solution, the results of conducted numerical experiments are presented along with their physical analysis.Methods. The study applies methods and theorems of operational calculus according to the theory of special functions.Results. Generalized model representations of thermal shock are developed in terms of dynamic thermoelasticity for locally nonequilibrium heat transfer processes simultaneously in three coordinate systems: Cartesian, spherical, and cylindrical. The presence of curvature of the boundary surface of the thermal shock area substantiates the initial statement of the dynamic problem in displacements using the proposed corresponding “compatibility” equation.Conclusions. A generalized dynamic model of the thermal reaction of massive bodies with internal cavities simultaneously in Cartesian, spherical, and cylindrical coordinate systems under conditions of intense temperature heating, thermal heating, and heating by medium is proposed. The model is considered in terms of displacements based on local nonequilibrium heat transfer. A numerical experiment carried out according to the obtained analytical solution for stresses forms a basis for a description of the wave nature of the propagation of a thermoelastic wave. A comparison with the classical solution is made without taking into account local nonequilibrium. The calculation of engineering relations carried out on the basis of the operational solution of the problem is important in practical terms for the upper estimate of the maximum thermal stresses.

Why Is It Better to Treat Every Provision of EU Directives as Having Horizontal Direct Effect?

The provisions of EU directives do not have horizontal direct effect. This contribution explains how that initial choice and statement made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in Marshall came to be gradually undermined by the numerous exceptions to this rule. If viewed together, they make one wonder about the nature of the present-day rule and the exceptions, in particular in areas like employment law or various aspects of prohibition of discrimination. This leads to the advice that could be given to national practitioners, puzzled about the present-day normative impact of directives in horizontal relationships: after the lapse of the transposition period, it is prudent to treat every provision of a EU directive as having horizontal direct effect. Court of Justice of the European Union, Marshall, Normative Impact of Directives, Employment Law, Horizontal Direct Effect

An Analysis of Psychological Perceptions of Survivors of Sexual Assault.

Sexual assault, although not limited to females, is predominantly a form of male-on-female oppressionanda form of torture and trauma, both physical as well as psychological, and may have longstanding and lasting effects.It includes any sexual behavior or act which is threatening, violent, forced, coercive, or exploitative and to which a person has not given consent or was not able to give consent. The impact of victimization is utterly profound and there is a wide range of responses a person may have to sexual assault. Some last a few days, others a few weeks, but most can entrench far longer. A detailed analysis was conducted on the data of each case using a standardized form and guided interview of 206 survivors who had experienced alleged sexual offenses and met the specified criteria, seeking examination at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology in a tertiary level teaching hospital in India over a period of two years. Designed as a cross-sectional observational qualitative study, relying on interviews with the survivors. The inclusion criteria encompassed survivors of alleged rape cases, kidnapping cases, and anal sex ("sodomy") cases who presented to the department during the study period. Certain cases were excluded from the study, including those requiring only an "Ossification test" and cases involving prostitution. The experiences of 206 survivors were analyzed and we found that in the majority of cases, the assailants were known to the survivors. Reasons for this included proximity, familiarity, and taking advantage of trust and faith bestowed upon them by the victim. Up to 75.24% of the offenses were committed with consent, while 24.76% were committed without consent. The causes of consensual and forceful sex acts were explored, with the majority of consensual sex acts being attributed to false promises to marry and love affairs. The majority of non-consensual sexual offenses were forcefully committed with ill intent, with only a small number being influenced by alcohol or drug intoxication. The study also found that almost equal numbers of cases were reported by survivors and their parents, and that survivor statements were valuable for investigating cases, although there were instances where they differed from their initial statements. Mental and psychological status varied among survivors, with responses related to the elapsed time period from the occurrence of the assault.